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Name: ______________________________ Exam 2 = 200 pts October 17, 2005 If the statement is “True” then circle True. If the statement is “False”, then circle False. 1. True / False: Motor nerves regulate muscle contraction. 2. True / False: Somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies contained within the central nervous system. 3. True / False: Nerve cells depolarize due to the influx of potassium. 4. True / False: Cells become more positive during hyperpolarization. 5. True / False: Myelinated axons transmit action potentials more rapidly than unmyelinated axons. 6. True / False: A lack of extracellular Ca2+ would cause increased release of neurotransmitter. 7. True / False: Norepinephrine binding to a receptor stimulates the activity of adenylate cyclase. 8. True / False: Animals that cannot synthesize neuropeptide Y would tend to be obese. 9. True / False: Capillaries in brain do not have pores between adjacent endothelial cells. 9. True / False: Damage to the frontal lobe of the cerebrum would impair somatosensory interpretation. 10. True / False: Visual inputs are interpreted at the level of the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. 11. True / False: Impaired voluntary movements would suggest damage to the basal ganglia. 12. True / False: Damaging the right motor cortex would limit voluntary movements on the body’s right side. 13. True / False: Melatonin is stored and released in the anterior pituitary. 14. True / False: The spinal cord receives efferent sensory fibers and sends out afferent motor fibers. 15. True / False: Organs innervated by autonomic motor neurons are often under voluntary control. 16. True / False: Norepinephrine binds to α1-adrenergic receptors and causes relaxation of the bronchioles of the lung. 17. True / False: Sympathetic stimulation of an organ often opposes the effects of parasympathetic stimulation. 18. True / False: Gastrointestinal function is increased in response to sympathetic stimulation. 19. True / False: Pre- and postganglionic parasympathetic nerves release acetylcholine. 20. True / False: An epinephrine antagonist would stimulate decreased heart rate. 21. True / False: The heart is dually innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. 22. True / False: Most lipid-soluble hormones are derived from vitamin D. 23. True / False: Responsiveness of cells to hormones is determined by the presence or absence of specific hormone receptor proteins. 24. True / False: A chronically high hormone concentration often leads to increased receptor number. 25. True / False: Protein hormones bind to receptors located within the plasma membrane. 26. True / False: Inhibition of G-proteins would cause an increase in hormone-induced intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. 27. True / False: Calcitonin and PTH are antagonistic hormones. 1 Fill in the blank with only the word choices found listed in the word bank below. These are sort of in ABC order. acetylcholine amygdala arachadonic acid astrocyte Barr Body Ca2+ cranial cytochrome dimerization dorsal dyspnea Ependymal Epinephrine Erythropoietin FSH hippocampus hyaline Insula insulin Interleukin-2 inulin IP3 (inositol triphospahte) iodine glucose glycoprotein glucagon glucocorticoid gonadotropin releasing hormone lactose leptin leukocyte LH lumbar mast cell microglia melatonin motor muscarinic myelin sheath myosin semen sinusoid sodium somatomedin nicotinic Neuropeptide norepinephrine nociceptor nodes of Ranvier oligodendrcyte SPS synapse tachycardia thoracic Thymopoietin Thyroxin (T4) oxytocin parasympathetic pepsin phagocytosis potassium protein sensory Sertoli cells stage of exhaustion steroid sympathetic ventral Vitamin D zona glomerulosa zona fasciculate zona reticularis 28. Information is conducted to the central nervous system by neurons. 29. The central nervous system would become susceptible to infection if the supporting cells known as were destroyed. 30. Minimal cerebrospinal fluid suggests that the optimally. 31. The cells are not functioning are unmyelinated regions of myelinated axons. 32. The membrane of resting nerve cells is more permeable to ions. ions than 33. Acetylcholine usually induces an excitatory postsynaptic potential when binding to receptors and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential when binding to receptors. 34. Destruction of the root of a spinal nerve would affect the ability to contract muscles innervated by that spinal nerve. 2 35. Contained within the cerebral cortex, the _____________ coordinates the cardiovascular response to stress. 36. Unlike somatic motor nerves, autonomic motor nerves leaving the spinal cord before reaching the target organ. 37. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons originate in the levels of the spinal cord. and 38. Damage to the midbrain would probably have a greater effect on the division of the autonomic nervous system. 39. is released by preganglionic sympathetic nerves. 40. Insulin hormone action requires receptor _____________________. 41. Elevated basal metabolic rate occurs due to excessive ________________ secretion. 42. A deficiency of dietary _____________ would result in excessive TSH secretion. 43. Appetite is suppressed by 44. Inhibition of hepatic (liver) secretion from adipose tissue. _______ 45. LH, FSH, and TSH are classified as secretion would limit cell division. hormones. 46. Mutating the calmodulin gene would alter the ability of second messenger. 47. Reproduction requires the secretion of 48. Atrophy of the adrenal to act as a ____________ by the hypothalamus. would result in impaired glucose metabolism. 49. In the phospholipase C-Calcium second messenger system, phospholipase C catalyzes the formation of ___________________ which causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. 3 50. Increased blood glucose concentrations stimulates pancreatic secretion of ___ 51. All prostaglandins are derived from ___________________ ______. . Please circle the correct answer. 52. Nerves and ganglia comprise the a) central nervous system. c) brain. b) peripheral nervous system. d) spinal cord. 53. Reflex control of skeletal muscles a) utilizes somatic motor neurons. c) utilizes sympathetic neurons. b) utilizes autonomic motor neurons. d) utilizes parasympathetic neurons. 54. Blocking voltage-regulated Na+ channels a) stimulates cellular depolarization. c) inhibits cellular depolarization. b) stimulates cellular repolarization. d) inhibits cellular repolarization. 55. Action potentials a) can normally be halted. c) are usually spontaneous. b) are all-or-none. d) are variable in duration. 56. Mutations in the gene for calmodulin would a) block production of action potentials. b) block the depolarization of the cell. c) inhibit neurotransmitter synthesis. d) block the release of neurotransmitter. 57. Which of these fibers release norepinephrine? a) preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. b) postganglionic parasympathetic fibers. c) postganglionic sympathetic fibers in the heart. d) postganglionic sympathetic fibers in sweat glands. e) all of the above f) none of the above 58. Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by a) stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal. b) blocking Ca2+ influx in the axon terminal. c) blocking repolarization of the axon terminal. d) stimulating protein kinase activity. 59. Acetylcholine a) is always an excitatory neurotransmitter. b) can bind to adrenergic receptors. c) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter released by motor neurons. d) can bind to nicotinic receptors. 4 60. Nitric oxide a) is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase. b) stimulates the dilation of blood vessels. c) is produced from L-asparagine. d) all of the above. 61. These nerve cells are needed for the formation of synapses in the CNS. a) Ependymal. b) Microglia. c) Astrocytes. d) Dendrites. 62. Coordinated movement requires interactions between the , , and . a) cerebellum, basal nuclei, motor cortex b) hypothalamus, basal nuclei, pituitary c) pons, medualla oblongata, spinal cord d) cerebellum, Broca’s area, pineal 63. The __________________ is an area of the diencephalon (forebrain) which houses the choroid plexus where cerebrospinal fluid is formed and the pineal gland. a) limbic system b) epithalamus c) thalamus d) hypothalamus 64. Feeding is primarily controlled by the __________________ in the diencephalon (forebrain. a) limbic system b) epithalamus c) thalamus d) hypothalamus 65. Autonomic motor nerves innervate . a) smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, glands c) smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands e) none of the above are correct , , and b) cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle d) glands, skeletal and cardiac muscle f) all of the above are correct 66. The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system a) only utilizes epinephrine as a neurotransmitter. b) has a single neuron arising from the spinal cord. c) only utilizes norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. d) only utilizes acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. 67. The autonomic nervous system a) innervates skeletal muscle. b) is not under conscious control. c) is always excitatory. d) has a single nerve extending from the spinal cord. 68. The vagus nerve would innervate all of the following except a) the heart. b) the stomach. c) the liver. d) the iris. 5 69. The second messenger mediating the effects of norepinephrine would be a) increased intracellular Ca2+. b) decreased Ca2+. c) increased cyclic AMP. d) decreased intracellular cyclic AMP. 70. Circadian rhythms are integrated by the secretion of by the gland. a) melatonin, pineal b) estrogen, fat c) GnRH, pineal c). LH, pancreases 71. The major target of antidiuretic hormone is a) the skin. c) the stomach. b) the kidneys. d) the hypothalamus. 72. Inhibiting protein synthesis would limit the production of a) oxytocin. b) testosterone. c) progesterone. d) aldosterone. 73. A deficiency of dietary cholesterol would decrease the production of a) glucagon. b) atrial natriuretic hormone. c) melatonin. d) estradiol-17. 74. Thyroid hormones bind to receptors which a) activate tyrosine kinase. c) stimulate production of cyclic AMP. glycerol. b) regulate gene transcription. d) stimulate production of diacyl 75. Pheromones a) are endocrine regulators. b) modify the physiology of another member of the same species. c) are only detected via gustation. d) are relatively unimportant in regulation of endocrine function. 76. The adrenal cortex is not involved in a) regulation of blood glucose. c) regulation of Ca2+ balance. b) regulation of Na+ balance. d) regulation of reproduction. 77. The thyroid gland secretes a) parathyroid hormone. c) thyroid stimulating hormone. b) calcitonin. d) glucagon. 6 78. The above figure represents the differences in nicotinic and muscarinic receptor action. What does “A” represent? a) Sodium. b) G Proteins. c) Potassium. d) Acetylcholine. 79. The above figure represents the differences in nicotinic and muscarinic receptor action. What does “B” represent? a) Sodium. b) G Proteins. c) Potassium. d) Acetylcholine. 80. The above figure represents the differences in nicotinic and muscarinic receptor action. What does “C” represent? a) Sodium. b) G Proteins. c) Potassium. d) Acetylcholine. 81. The above figure represents the differences in nicotinic and muscarinic receptor action. What does “D” represent? a) Sodium. b) G Proteins. c) Potassium. d) Acetylcholine. 7 82. The above figure represents the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP second-messenger system. What does “A” represent? a) cAMP. b) protein kinase. c) adenylate cyclase. d) G-proteins. 83. The above figure represents the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP second-messenger system. What does “B” represent? a) cAMP. b) protein kinase. c) adenylate cyclase. d) G-proteins. 84. The above figure represents the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP second-messenger system. What does “C” represent? a) cAMP. b) protein kinase. c) adenylate cyclase. d) G-proteins. 85. The above figure represents the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP second-messenger system. What does “D” represent? a) cAMP. b) protein kinase. c) adenylate cyclase. d) G-proteins. 86. Name two hormones produced by the hypothalamus. (2pts) 8 87. Explain the actions of voltage gated sodium and potassium channels and describe the events that occur during the production of an action potential including the process by which an action potential is propagated from a pre to a post synaptic cleft. You may use a drawing to help demonstrate your mastery of this question. (6pts) 88. Describe the structures and the pathways involved in the reflex arc. (4pts) 89. List the three layers of the Meninges. (3pts) 9 90. List 2 of the three biological functions of the medulla oblongata. (2pts) 91. One day you decide to work cows with a buddy of yours from another university. This buddy shows up and whoops and hollers at your cows running them all over the pasture. Obviously, he has not had the production nor science classes you have had and simply does not understand how stress affects livestock. You fill him/her in by explaining how stress and the autonomic nervous system effect homeostasis in the cow. What did you tell him/her? Why should you be calm around your livestock? What affects does you being calm around your animals have on their biological system? (11pts; be specific) 10 92. Explain the effects of GnRH, LH, and FSH on the male reproductive system. (3pts) 93. Hormones exhibit an affinity for receptors. Explain affinity and how it affects the response of that tissue to a specific hormone. Give an example. (1pt) 94. Explain the significance of the term “tropic” with respect to the actions of anterior pituitary hormones. (2pts) 11