Download Diagram Sodium has 11 protons and 11 neutrons in its nucleus

6SA1 Hints
1.
Sodium has 11 protons and 11 neutrons in its nucleus. Draw a sodium atom. Be sure to
label the particles. Hint: The first energy level has ______ electrons, the second has ________,
and the third has _____ electron.
2.
Explain why carbon monoxide (CO) is or is not an element. H: Carbon monoxide is not
an element because it has two different kinds of ________.
3.
Explain Are all compounds molecules? Why or why not? H: No; only compounds formed
by __________ bonding are molecules.
4.
Compare van derWaals forces, ionic bonds, and covalent bonds and how the number of
electrons in an energy level affects bond formation. H: Van der Waals forces hold __________
together. Ionic bonds are __________ attractions between two oppositely charged atoms. A
covalent bond forms when electrons are ___________.
5.
Explain how the number of electrons in an energy level affects bond formation? H:
Atoms are most stable when there are a complete set of ____ electrons in the outer energy level
(the ________ rule).
6.
Beryllium has four protons in its nucleus. How many neutrons are in
beryllium-9? Explain how you calculated your answer. ____ neutrons (Subtract
Be’s atomic number from its mass); the number of protons added to the number of
neutrons gives the atomic mass.
6CA1 Hints
1. (not protons and neutrons) are negatively charged and circulate in energy orbitals around the nucleus,
whereas
(not electrons and neutrons) are positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus.
2. (not hydrogen nor covalent) bonds are formed when one atom donates an electron to another atom, whereas
(not hydrogen nor ionic) bonds are formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons.
3. An (begins with “I” and name means very similar) is a form of an element that has a different number of
neutrons.
4. An atom is (not positive nor negative) whereas (not an isotope, but charges starting with “I”) are either
positively or negatively charged.
5. What does the image above (burning candle) show? H: new compounds formed
A. a covalent bond
C. a chemical reaction
B. a physical property
D. van der Waals forces
6. Which process changes a chlorine atom into a chloride ion? H: Gains a negative charge with this particle
A. electron gain
C. proton gain
B. electron loss
D. proton loss
7. Which of the following is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by a chemical reaction? H: its got
bonds between two or more elements
A. a compound
C. an element
B. Mixture
D. a neutron
8. How do the isotopes of hydrogen differ? H: what’s in the nucleus with no charge?
A. the number of protons
C. the number of energy levels
B. the number of electrons D. the number of neutrons
6SA2 Hints
1. Identify the parts of this chemical reaction: A+B->AB. H: reactants on left, products on
right.
2. Diagram the energy changes that can take place in a chemical reaction. H: Diagrams should
resemble Figures 6.15, 6.16, 6.17, which depict exothermic, endothermic, and catalyzed
reactions.
3. Explain why the number of atoms of reactants must equal the number of atoms of products
formed. H: Matter is neither _________ nor __________; it can only change ________.
4. Describe the importance of enzymes to living organisms. H: Enzymes ________ the
activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
5. For the following chemical reaction, label the reactants and products, and then balance the
chemical equation. _ H202 -» _ H20 + _ 02 H: Reactants on left, products on right – we did this
one in class!
6. Draw a diagram of a roller coaster and write a paragraph relating the ride to activation energy
and a chemical reaction. H: Roller coaster must be brought to the top of the structure before it
can speed downhill; chemical reactions need sufficient activation energy to begin.
6CA2Hints
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
A.
B.
19.
A.
B.
20.
A.
B.
activation energy – energy for the reaction to start
substrate – what the enzyme works on
enzyme – what changes the enzyme
product – on the right side of the equation
Which of the following is a substance that lowers the activation energy? H: doing this speeds up reaction
an ion
C. a catalyst
a reactant
D. a substrate
In which of the following are bonds broken and new bonds are formed? H: has a left and right side
chemical reactions C. isotopes
elements
D. polar molecules
Which statement is true of chemical equations? H: reactants are on left
Reactants are on the right.
C. Products have fewer atoms than reactants.
Products are on the right.
D. Reactants have fewer atoms than products.
6SA3 Hints
1. Water's ability to increase and decrease ________________ helps maintain pH.
2. As a polar molecule, electrons in hydrogen atom bonds are closer to the ____________ atom,
creating a ___________ charge that attracts _________ atoms in solutes.
3. Check pH table: hydrochloric acid, ______ 7; sodium hydroxide, ______ 7; water, at __
(neutral).
4. Solutions are ____________ mixtures (can’t separate as in salt water). Suspensions are
____________ mixtures (can separate as in salad dressing made out of oil and vinegar).
6CA3 Hints
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
solution-mixture H: think one is homogeneous, the second herterogeneous
pH-buffer H: ones a measurement, the other lessens the effect of acids and bases
acid-base H: below 7 above 7
solvent-solute H: the first dissolves the second
polar molecule-hydrogen bond H: because of the first, the second can be formed
What does the image above show (nuts, bolts, screws)? H: it’s a mixture that can be separated
A. a heterogeneous mixture
C. a solution
B. a homogeneous mixtrure D. a suspension
31. Which statement is not true about pure water? H: how are water molecules bonded one to another, not
internally
A. It has a pH of 7.0.
C. It is composed of ionic bonds.
B. It is composed of polar molecules.
D. It is a good solvent.
32. Which is a substance that produces OH- ions when dissolved in water? H: raises the pH
A. a base
C. a buffer
B. an acid
D. salt
6SA4 Hints
1. no, because all known life-forms contain _________
2. Check table in text: ____________ store energy and provide support; lipids store energy,
provide barriers; proteins transport substances, speed reactions, provide structural support, and
make hormones; nucleic acids store and communicate genetic information.
3. Look at structure in text: ____________: C, H, 0; ____________: C, N, 0, H, S
4. Protein properties stem from the _________ in which the amino acids assemble and
determine how the peptides _______ into a three-dimensional structure.
6CA4 Hints
38. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are__________. H: very large organic molecules
39. Proteins are made from __________that are joined by__________. H: an acid with nitrogen inside and a
polypeptide is a protein
40. __________make up fats, oils, and waxes. H: not a carbo, protein or nucleic acid
41. DNA and RNA are examples of__________. H: not a carbo, protein or lipid
42. Which two elements are always found in amino acids? H: the most common atmospheric gas
A. nitrogen and sulfur
C. hydrogen and phosphorus
B. carbon and oxygen
D. sulfur and oxygen
43. Which joins amino acids together? H: see #39 above
A. peptide bonds
C. van der Waals forces
B. hydrogen bonds
D. ionic bonds
44. Which substance is not part of a nucleotide? H: not H2 O
A. a phosphate
C. a sugar
B. a base
D. water