Download 國立臺南大學 生態科學與技術學系 生態學期中考題 (A 卷)

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國立臺南大學 生態科學與技術學系
A卷
生態學 期中考題 (A 卷)
日期：2013 年 4 月 26 日(週五) 上午 9:10—11:30 學生人數：36 位 教師：鄭先祐
選擇題
(單選，請選出最佳答案)：
每題 2 分，共 60 題，總計 120 分。
《雙面印製》
選錯，每兩題倒扣 1 分。倒扣後分數，計分四捨五入，整分登錄。
1. Because leaf-cutter ants and fungi help each other overcome plant defenses, the
leaf-cutter ant-fungus mutualism can be described as a(n) _________ mutualism.
(A) trophic
(B) habitat
(C) service (D) chemical
(E) idiopathic
2. For an ecological interaction to be a mutualism, the net benefits must
(A) exceed the net costs for both partners.
(B) exceed the net costs for one, but not necessarily the other, partner.
(C) to less than the net costs for both partners.
(D) be less than the net costs for one, but not necessarily the other, partner.
(E) be constant through time.
3. A bear accidentally carries the seeds of a weedy plant in its fur. Transporting the
seeds neither helps nor harms the bear, but it is beneficial to the plant. This is an
example of
(A) mutualism
(B) commensalism
(C) parasitism
(D) symbiosis
(E) ammensalism
4. What percentage of gymnosperms form mycorrhizal associations?
(A) Less than 10%
(B) About 25%
(C) About 50%
(D) About 75%
(E) More than 95%
5. Which of the following statements about leaf-cutter ants is false?
(A) Nonresident fungi periodically invade leaf-cutter ant colonies.
(B) Some fungus-growing ants occasionally gather new, free-living fungi from
surrounding soils, which they then culture.
(C) In some fungus-growing ant species, fungi always come from propagates passed
on from a parental colony to each of its descendant colonies.
(D) Fungi-tending is a relatively recent innovation in ants (less than three million
years old).
(E) All of the above are true; none are false.
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6. A mycorrhizal-associated fungus grows between cells of the root of a plant, forming a
mantle around the exterior of the root. This is an example of ____________.
(A) Arbuscular mycorrhizae
(B) communalistic mycorrhizae
(C) Ectomyorrhizae
(D) endomycorrhizae
(E) supramycorrhizae
7. Which of the following statements about the evolution of mutualisms and
commensalisms is correct?
(A) Host-parasite relationships can evolve into commensalisms
(B) Host-parasite relationships can evolve into mutualisms
(C) Parasites and hosts often coevolve.
(D) All of the above
(E) none of the above
8. Which of the following statements about fig-fig wasp mutualisms is false?
(A) These interactions show clear signs of coevolution
(B) These mutualisms are obligate.
(C) Wasp larvae tend to develop within long-styled stigmas due to the long
ovipositors of their mothers.
(D) Both the wasp and the figs derives benefits from the mutualism
(E) All of the above are true; none are false.
9. Janzen’s studies of the ant-acacia system found that compared to plants with ant
colonies, those without an associated ant colony weighted __________ and were
attacked by insect herbivores ________.
(A) more; more
(B) more; less
(C) less; more
(D) less; at similar rates
(E) less; less
10. A commensalism is _________ obligatory for the species that does not receive any
benefits; ________coevolution occurs in commensalisms.
(A) never; significant
(B) never; little to no
(C) sometimes; significant
(D) sometimes; little to no (E) always; significant
11. Which of the following statements about the “killer alga”, Caulerpa taxifolia, is false?
(A) It was unintentionally released into the Mediterranean b the Oceanographic
Museum of Monaco.
(B) Its range extends at least as far as Spain on the west and Croatia on the east.
(C) It is toxic to humans and other mammals.
(D) It has evolved cold resistance.
(E) All of the above are true; none is false.
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12. What is the primary difference between interaction webs and food webs?
(A)
Interaction webs include more trophic levels.
(B) Interaction webs include fewer trophic levels.
(C) Interaction webs do not consider primary producers, whereas food webs do.
(D) Interaction webs include non-trophic interaction; food webs do not.
(E) There is no difference between food webs and interaction webs.
13. Species that feed on more than one trophic level are called
(A) tertiary consumers
(B) herbivores
(C) omnivores
(D) primary producers
(E) secondary consumers
14. A species that has large effects on other species in the community by virtue of its
high abundance and biomass is called a(n)
(A) ecosystem engineer
(B) keystone species (C) dominant species (D) trophic facilitator
(E) strong interactor
15. Although beavers are relatively rare, they have considerable influence over species
interactions in communities in which they are present because of their dams. The
beaver is thus an example of a(n)
(B) ecosystem engineer
(C) keystone species
(E) Both B and C
(A) foundation species
(D) Both A and B
16. Which of the following statements about keystone predators is true?
(A) They usually influence primary producers indirectly.
(B) They usually are abundant in number and/or have disproportionately high biomass.
(C) They are the same as foundation species.
(D) Both A and B
(E) Both B and C.
17. Lions prey on animals, such as zebras and wildebeest, that feed primarily on grasses.
Lions thus should be considered
(A) primary consumers
(B) herbivores
(C) secondary consumers
(D) both (A) and (B)
(E) both (B) and (C)
18. Which of the following statements about food webs is true?
(A) Most well-studied food webs have two to five trophic levels.
(B) A species trophic level in a food web never changes.
(C) Food webs generally provide much information about the strengths of
interactions across trophic levels.
(D) both (A) and (B)
(E) both (B) and (C)
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19. Suppose you wanted to determine whether you had adequately sampled the species
richness of a given community. Which of the following results would most likely
lead you to conclude that the current sampling had adequately assessed the species
richness?
(A) A high Shannon index value
(B) A low Shannon index value
(C) A linear species accumulation curve
(D) A species accumulation curve that leveled off (E) A high alpha diversity
20. A species that has large effects on other species in the community by virtue of its
high abundance and biomass is called a(n)
(A) Ecosystem engineer
(B) keystone species
(C) Dominant species
(D) trophic facilitator
(E) strong interactor
21. Which of the following statements about change in communities is true?
(A) Only biotic factors can be agents of change.
(B) Only abiotic factors can be agents of change.
(C) Disturbances create opportunities for some species to grow or reproduce
due to the injury or death of other individuals.
(D) “Stress” and “disturbance” are interchangeable words that describe the
same processes.
(E) Disturbance can be an agent of change by acting as an ecosystem engineer.
22. Which of the following types of succession involves colonization of habitats devoid
of life?
(A) Primary
(B) Secondary
(C) Pristine
(D) Facilitation
(E) Abiotic
23. The final theoretical stage of succession is called the __________stage.
(A) Omega
(B) ultimate
(C) penultimate
(D) climax
(E) pioneer
24. Which of the following early ecologists maintained that plant communities were
analogous to “superorganisms”?
(A) Henry Cowles
(B) Fredrick Clements
(C) Henry Gleason
(D) F. Stuart Chapin
(E) John Sutherland
25. Which of the following human activities can bring about shifts in communities to
alternative stable states?
(A) Habitat destruction
(B) introduction of invasive species
(C) Overexploitation of native species
(D) all of the above
(E) none of the above
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26. In the succession that followed the eruption of Mount St. Helens, which organism
played an important role as an ecosystem engineer?
(A) The toad Bufo boreas
(B) The salamander Ambystoma gracile
(C) The pocket gopher Thomomys talpoides
(D) The frog Rana cascadae
(E) The newt Taricha granulosa
27. Plants with bacterial symbionts that fix _________ are often important players in
_______ stages of succession.
(A) phosphorus; early
(B) phosphorus; late
(C) sulfur; early
(D) sulfur; late
(E) nitrogen; early
28. The inability of a system to shift back to the original community state, even after the
original conditions have been restored, is called
(A) The photic state
(B) hysteresis
(C) stress
(D) An ecological valley
(E) the climax stage
29. At which stage of succession is facilitation usually most important?
(A) Early
(B) Middle
(C) Late
(D) Facilitation is equally important in middle and late stages
(E) At no stage is facilitation important.
30. An example of a biotic factor that can be an agent of change(communities) is
(A) Competition
(B) a drought
(C) a hurricane
(D) a forest fire
(E) All of the above
31. Character displacement should result in __________ competition coefficients and
_________ resource partitioning.
(A) Higher; higher
(D) Lower; higher
(B) higher; lower
(E) lower; lower
(C) higher; the absence of
32. Which of the following statements about allelopathy is true?
(A) It is a form of interference competition.
(B) It occurs when individuals of one species release chemicals that harm
individuals of another species.
(C) It is a form of character displacement.
(D) Both (A) and (B)
(E) none of the above
33. Which of the following statements about Schoener’s studies of Anolis lizards is true?
(A) Within species, larger individuals were found on thicker perches.
(B) Across species, species that were larger tended to be found on thinner
perches.
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(C) The species were engaged in resource partitioning
(D) All of the above
(E) none of the above
34. Which of the following would most likely help in the long-term persistence of a
fugitive species?
(A) Character displacement
(B) Apparent competition
(C) Allelopathy
(D) the competitive exclusion principle
(E) Periodic disturbances
35. Which of the following cannot be a resource?
(A) Oxygen
(B) Physical space
(E) All of the above can be resources
(C) Light
(D) Day length
36. The competitive exclusion principle was first formulated by
(A) Connell
(B) Brown
(C) Tansley
(D) Gause
(E) Tilman
37. In Brewer’s experiment on pitcher plants, growth was highest when neighbors were
___________ and the pitchers were ____________.
(A) kept intact; left open
(C) reduced; removed
(B) kept intact; starved
(D) reduced; left open
(E) reduced; starved
38. Soil salinity affects the growth rate of plants but is not depleted by the plants.
Which of the following terms best described salinity in this situation?
(A) Physical factor
(B) Resource
(C) Isocline
(D) Gausian factor
(E) Allelopathic agent
39. Which of the following statements about analyses of studies on the importance of
competition in nature is true?
(A) The analyses show that nearly all studies find competition occurring;
competition is ubiquitous in nature.
(B) The analyses show that a large proportion of studies find competition
occurring; competition is common in nature.
(C) Such analyses face several possible sources of bias, including the failure of
researchers to publish studies that show no significant results.
(D) Both A and C
(E) Both B and C
40. Which of the following statements about predators is false?
(A) Many predators have broad diets.
(B) Some predators can switch their foraging to whichever prey is most
plentiful.
(C) Some predators actively move about in search of prey.
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(D) Some predators are sit-and wait predators.
(E) All of the above are true.
41. Herbivores most commonly eat the _________ of plants.
(A) Seeds
(B) stems
(C) roots
(D) leaves
(E) Both (A) and (B)
42. When predators are abundant, snowshoe hares
(A) Evolve aposematic coloration
(B) become more cryptic
(C) Alter their behavior
(D)produce more secondary compounds
(E) None of the above
43. Which of the following plant-produced chemicals would be an example of a
secondary compound?
(A) A chemical that is toxic to the plant’s herbivores
(B) A chemical that attracts parasites of the plant’s herbivores
(C) A chemical that attracts predators of the plant’s herbivores.
(D) All of the above
(E) none of the above
44. Which of the following statements about predators and prey is true?
(A) Mimicry is found only in prey, not in predators.
(B) Prey capture is facilitated in snakes by their rigidly attached skull bones.
(C) The body form of the cheetah enables it to have great bursts of speed,
improving its likelihood of capturing gazelles and other prey.
(D) All of the above
(E) none of the above
45. All exploitative relationships have the potential to reduce the __________ of food
organisms.
(A) survival
(B) growth
(C) reproduction
(D) All of the above
(E) none of the above
46. In Huffaker’s studies of an herbivorous mite and its mite predator in a complex
environment
(A) Prey and predator population both increased for a while but soon crashed
and went extinct
(B) Predators soon went extinct, but prey persisted
(C) Prey soon went extinct, but predators persisted
(D) Predators and prey persisted and maintained relative stable population size.
(E) Predators and prey persisted with population cycles.
47. When animals are exposed to chronic stress, ______________ is(are) suppressed by
the stress response.
(A) Growth
(B) reproduction
(C) the immune system
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(D) All of the above
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(E) none of the above
48. The hormone ___________ stimulates the release of stored glucose to make it
available to muscles.
(A) Immunoglobulin
(B) estrogen
(C) cortisol
(D) Insulin
(E) pituitary-releasing hormone
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49. What is major difference between predation and herbivory versus parasitism and
parasitoidism?
(A) Parasitism and parasitoidism are not exploitative relationships.
(B) Most parasites and parasitoids spend their entire live consuming a single
individual, whereas herbivores and predators usually eat at least several
different individuals.
(C) Unlike parasitoids and parasites, predators and herbivores usually do not
exert strong selective pressures on their food organisms.
(D) Both (A) and (B)
(E) Both (B) and (C)
50. Which of the following statements about predators and herbivores is true?
(A) Having a broad diet is more typical of a predator than an herbivore.
(B) More herbivores eat seeds than any other plant part.
(C) There are few herbivorous insects
(D) All of the above
(E) none of the above
51. Which of the following is a potential adaptation against predators?
(A) Aposematic coloration
(B) mimicry
(C) crypsis
(D) All of the above
(E) none of the above
52. The population cycles of collard lemmings are driven by
(A) Predators
(B) food organisms
(D) Both (A) and (B)
(E) none of the above
(C) decomposers
53. Which of the statements about parasite natural history is false?
(A) Different parts of human bodies provide suitable habitat for a wide range of
parasites.
(B) It is rare for a host species to have a parasite that eats only that species.
(C) Many species are host to more than one parasite species.
(D) Large or small, parasites typically feed on one, or at most a few, host
individuals.
(E) All of the above are true.
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54. In the years since Myxoma was introduced to Australia, the virus __________ and
rabbits __________ to the virus.
(A) evolved to become more lethal; evolved resistance
(B) evolved to become more lethal; have not changed in their level of
resistance
(C) has not changed in its lethality; evolved resistance
(D) evolved to become less lethal; evolved resistance
(E) evolved to become less lethal; have not changed in their level of resistance.
55. A latency period is
(A) The time delay imposed by parasites on population cycles.
(B) The time period after an individual has been infected but before it either
dies or recovers.
(C) The time period after an individual has been infected but before it can
transmit the disease.
(D) The time period after an individual has been infected but before it shows
symptoms of the disease.
(E) The life span of a parasite.
56. In humans, red bold cells that have been infected with malaria are destroyed mostly
in the
(A) liver
(B) spleen
(C) pancreas
(D) thymus
(E) Kidney
57. Park’s studies of flour beetles and their protozoan parasite best exemplify which of
the following principles?
(A) There are costs to both host defenses and parasite counter defenses.
(B) Selection can favor a diversity of host and parasite genotypes.
(C) Parasites can alter the outcomes of competitive interactions between
species.
(D) Parasites can drive host populations to extinction.
(E) For a disease to spread, the density of susceptible hosts must exceed a
critical threshold.
58. Microparasites and macroparasites are best distinguished by differences in
(A) Whether they live inside the host or on a host.
(B) Their size.
(C) Whether they cause disease in humans.
(D) Whether they infect animals or plants.
(E) The number of different hosts they have in their life cycle.
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59. Which of the following is an advantage that ectoparasites have over endoparasites?
(A) They can more easily disperse to other hosts.
(B) They are less exposed to predators.
(C) They are less exposed to changes in the external environment.
(D) All of the above
(E) none of the above
60. Which of the following statements about the effects of parasites on ecological
communities is false?
(A) Parasite can permit the coexistence of species that would otherwise go
extinct
(B) Parasites can alter the physical environment.
(C) Parasites can change the outcome of competitive interactions between
species.
(D) Parasites can affect the condition of their hosts, making them more
susceptible to predator.
(E) All of the above are true.
二、感想與建議：(不計分，空間若不足，正反面空白處，都可寫)
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一、選擇題：
A卷
(單選，請選出最佳答案)：(A 卷)
每題 2 分，共 60 題，總計 120 分。
《雙面印製》
選錯，每兩題倒扣 1 分。倒扣後分數，計分四捨五入，整分登錄。
(A 卷) (參考用：for your eyes only………………)
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※註：答案是紅色，得分一半，只有 1 分。
(A 卷)