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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T22697755A93637402 Scope: Global Language: English Pygoscelis papua, Gentoo Penguin Assessment by: BirdLife International View on www.iucnredlist.org Citation: BirdLife International. 2016. Pygoscelis papua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22697755A93637402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20163.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en Copyright: © 2016 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale, reposting or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. For further details see Terms of Use. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. If you see any errors or have any questions or suggestions on what is shown in this document, please provide us with feedback so that we can correct or extend the information provided. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Aves Sphenisciformes Spheniscidae Taxon Name: Pygoscelis papua (Forster, 1781) Common Name(s): • English: • Spanish: Gentoo Penguin Pingüino de vincha, Pingüino gentú , Pingüino juanito, Pingüino papúa Taxonomic Source(s): del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International, Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK. Identification Information: Identification 51-90 cm. The third largest penguin, although body size is highly variable across its range. Males typically larger than females. Black face, head and back. Conspicuous, but variable, white patches above eyes, typically meeting across the crown. Bright red-orange bill with black along the upper mandible and at the tip. Feet, pale whitish-pink to red. Assessment Information Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1 Year Published: 2016 Date Assessed: October 1, 2016 Justification: A recent estimate of the global population indicates that there has been an increase from 314,000 to 387,000 pairs (Woehler 1993; Lynch 2013). The population appears to have increased in the south of its range, while annual monitoring of the Falkland Islands’ (Malvinas) population indicates a positive trend over the past 25 years. Based on the overall population increase, this species has been downlisted as Least Concern. Previously Published Red List Assessments 2012 – Near Threatened (NT) – http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20121.RLTS.T22697755A40173793.en 2010 – Near Threatened (NT) 2008 – Near Threatened (NT) 2004 – Near Threatened (NT) 2000 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 1 1994 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc) 1988 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc) Geographic Range Range Description: Gentoo penguins are defined morphologically as a single species with a northern and southern subspecies. A recent phylogenetic tree based on mitochondrial DNA showed a deep division between populations in the Indian and Atlantic oceans, with at least three distinct clades, two in the respective sub-Antarctic and Antarctic zones of the Atlantic Ocean, and a deeply divergent and unnamed third clade in the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean (de Dinechin et al. 2012). Pygoscelis papua has a circumpolar breeding distribution that ranges in latitude from the Fish Islands on the Antarctic Peninsula (66°01'S) (Fraser unpublished) to the Crozet Islands (46°00'S) (Lynch 2013). Population trends are difficult to establish because of large year-to-year fluctuations in the size of the breeding population. The global population was estimated at 314,000 breeding pairs (Woehler 1993), however, a more recent estimate of 387,000 pairs suggests that the population may now be increasing, particularly in the south of its range (Lynch 2013). The three most important locations, containing 80% of the global population, are the Falkland Islands (Malvinas): 132,000 breeding pairs at about 84 breeding sites (Baylis et al. 2013), South Georgia: 98,867 pairs (South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands) (Trathan et al. 1996) and the Antarctic Peninsula (incl. South Shetland Island): 94,751 pairs (Lynch et al. unpublished). Other breeding sites include Kerguelen Island: 30,000-40,000 pairs (Weimerskirch et al. 1988) and Crozet Island: 9,000 pairs (Jouventin 1994) in the French Southern Territories, Heard Island (to Australia): 16,574 pairs (Woehler 1993), South Orkney Islands: 10,760 pairs (Lynch et al. unpublished), Macquarie Island (Australia): 3,800 pairs, South Sandwich Islands: 1,572 pairs (Convey et al. 1999) and Prince Edward Island (South Africa): 1,000 to 1,250 pairs (Dyer and Crawford 2015). Small numbers (<100) are also found on Martillo Island and Islas de los Estados in Argentina (Bingham 1998, Ghys et al. 2008). On the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) annual monitoring has provided increasing evidence of large fluctuations at the population scale over extended time periods (c 10-12 years; Pers. Comm. A. Stanworth). Reports of population declines by c.45% from 1932-33 to 1995-96(Bingham 1998), observed and following periods of apparent stability (Trathan et al. 1996, Bingham 2002, Clausen and Huin 2003, Crawford et al. 2009, Forcada and Trathan 2009) are within the scale of these fluctuations (Pers. Comm. A. Stanworth). Population trends have been positive for the last 13 years (Crofts and Stanworth 2016) with indications of an overall positive trend over the past 25 years. Breeding pair estimates are currently higher than those observed in 1932-33 (132,000 compared to 116,000) (Baylis et al. 2013). The populations at sub-Antarctic islands may have decreased substantially in the past—at Bird Island, South Georgia by c.67% in 25 years (J. P. Croxall in litt. 1999), and at Marion Island (Prince Edward Islands) by 52% (Dyer and Crawford 2015) between 1994 and 2012. However, populations at some locations now appear to be stable or increasing (Forcada and Trathan 2009; Lynch 2013; Dunn et al. 2016), though populations are still declining at Marion Island (Crawford et al. 2014) and may still be declining on Heard Island and on Kerguelen Island (Lescroël and Bost 2006), all in the southwest Indian © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 2 Ocean. The reasons for the increases are unknown, but could be related to changing marine foodwebs. Country Occurrence: Native: Antarctica; Argentina; Australia (Macquarie Is.); Chile; Falkland Islands (Malvinas); French Southern Territories (Crozet Is., Kerguelen); Heard Island and McDonald Islands; South Africa (MarionPrince Edward Is.); South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (South Georgia) Vagrant: New Zealand; Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Present - origin uncertain: Bouvet Island © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 3 Distribution Map Pygoscelis papua © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 4 Population Populations are increasing at most sites where they are monitored on the Antarctic Peninsula, particularly at those sites at the southern extent of the breeding range (Lynch et al. 2008, Ducklow et al. 2013, Lynch 2013); here regional populations have grown by more than 1,100% since 1974 (e.g., the Palmer Archipelago, Fraser 2016; Fountain et al. in press). However, at some sites, significant interannual variability in the numbers returning to breed is now evident (Fraser unpublished), suggesting that prior rates of increase may be slowing. Trend Justification Probably stable, or increasing in the southern part of the range. Likely decreasing in the southwest Indian Ocean. Rates of change simulated from integrating diverse census data from 70 breeding sites in the southwest Atlantic across 31 years in a robust, hierarchical analysis, showed that average rates of increase are 2.4% ± 0.3% per annum (Lynch et al. 2012). At Marion Island in the southwest Indian Ocean there was a 52% decrease in 18 years or 2.1 generations between 1994 and 2012 equivalent to a 74% decrease in three generations (Dyer and Crawford 2015). Current Population Trend: Stable Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) Nests on flat beaches or among tussock grasses in South Georgia and the Falkland Islands and in grasses at Marion Island. Further south, on the Antarctic Peninsula, nests are typically on low lying gravel beaches and dry moraines. Colonies are much smaller than other Pygoscelis species, with the largest including only c. 6,000 breeding pairs (Lynch et al. 2008). Opportunistic feeder, preying predominantly on crustaceans, fish, and squid. Preference for foraging inshore, close to the breeding colony. Winter habitats are less well studied, but available data suggest more local movements relative to its congeners and a preference for coastal areas (Tanton et al. 2004; Hinke et al. In Review) Systems: Terrestrial, Marine Threats (see Appendix for additional information) Historically, egg collection was widespread on the Falkland Islands (Clausen and Pütz 2002), and some legal egg collection still continues (Otley et al. 2004). Increasing oil exploration around the Falkland Islands is a growing concern (Lynch 2013). Disturbance from tourism has been shown to cause decreased breeding productivity (Trathan et al. 2008, Lynch et al. 2009) and the associated marine traffic is likely to impact penguins foraging in inshore waters (Lynch et al. 2010). Interactions with © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 5 fisheries may also be a problem (Ellis et al. 1998). Environmental change may be influencing food availability at the Prince Edward Islands (Crawford et al. 2014). Oil spills may also be important at local scales. Protection of habitat on land and at sea is important, with the designation of appropriate protection for transit, foraging and rafting areas at sea. Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation Actions Underway Long-term monitoring programmes are in place at several breeding colonies. Conservation Actions Proposed Continue/extend long-term monitoring of breeding colonies. Minimize disturbance to breeding colonies. Minimize oil and other pollution in breeding and foraging areas as this could have significant consequences for a sedentary inshore forager like the gentoo. Terrestrial protections for gentoos should include the protection of breeding habitat and the minimization of colony disturbance during the breeding season. In the Antarctic, visitor site guidelines already specify minimum approach distances of 5 meters and off-limit areas. Investigation of eradication of invasive mice at Marion, as well as foxes and other invasive species at the Falkland Islands. Best practice guidelines for reducing risk of disease outbreaks at islands are being developed by the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels. Once available, these guidelines should be implemented. The impact of any proposed fishery on the prey of gentoo penguins should be carefully assessed before such a fishery is allowed. Consideration should be given to declaring marine protected areas at important feeding grounds of gentoo penguins. Credits Assessor(s): BirdLife International Reviewer(s): Butchart, S. & Symes, A. Contributor(s): Ballard, G., Barbraud, C., Bost, C., Crawford, R., Croxall, J., DuBois, L., Fraser, W., Hinke, J., Lynch, H., Makhado, A., Schmidt, A., Schneider, T., Stanworth, A. & Trathan, P. Facilitators(s) and Compiler(s): Allinson, T, Benstead, P., Calvert, R., McClellan, R., Moreno, R., O'Brien, A., Symes, A. & Trathan, P. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 6 Bibliography Baylis, A.M.M., Crofts, S., Wolfaardt, A.C. 2013. Population trends of Gentoo Penguins Pygoscelis papua breeding at the Falkland Islands. Marine Ornithology 41: 1–5. Bingham, M. 1998. The distribution, abundance and population trends of Gentoo, Rockhopper and King penguins in the Falkland Islands. Oryx 32: 223-322. Bingham, M. 2002. The decline of Falkland Islands penguins in the presence of a commercial fishing industry. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75: 805-818. Clausen, A. and K. Pütz. 2002. Recent trends in diet composition and productivity of gentoo, Magellanic and rockhopper penguins in the Falkland Islands. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12: 51-61. Clausen, A. P. and Huin, N. 2003. Status and numerical trends of king, gentoo, and rockhopper penguins breeding in the Falkland Islands. Waterbirds 26(4): 389-402. Convey, P., Morton, A. and Poncet, J. 1999. Survey of marine birds and mammals of the South Sandwich Islands. Polar Record 35(193): 107-124. Crawford, R.J.M., Dyer, B.M., Upfold, L., Makhado, A.B. 2014. Congruent, decreasing trends of Gentoo Penguins and Crozet Shags at sub-Antarctic Marion Island suggest food limitation through common environmental forcing. African Journal of Marine Science 36: 225–231. Crawford, R. J. M.; Whittington, P. A.; Upfold, L.; Ryan, P. G.; Petersen, S. L.; Dyer, B. M.; Cooper, J. 2009. Recent trends in numbers of four species of penguins at the Prince Edward Islands. African Journal of Marine Science 31(3): 419-426. Crofts, S. & Stanworth, A. 2016. Falkland Islands Seabird Monitoring Programme Annual Report 2015/2016 (SMP23). Falklands Conservation. de Dinechin, M., Dobson, F.S., Zehtindjiev, P., Metcheva, R.,Couchoux, C., Martin, A., Quillfeldt, P., Jouventin, P. 2012. The biogeography of Gentoo Penguins (Pygoscelis papua). Canadian Journal of Zoology 90(3 ): 352-360. Ducklow, H.W., Fraser, W.R.,Meredith, M.P., Stammerjohn, S.E., Doney, S.C., Martinson, D.G., Sailley, S.F., Schofield, O.M., Steinberg, D.K., Venables, H.J., Amsler, C.D. 2013. West Antarctic Peninsula: An icedependent coastal marine ecosystem in transition. Oceanography 26(3): 190–203. Dunn, M.J., Jackson, J.A., Adlard, S., Lynnes, A.S., Briggs, D.R., Fox, D., Waluda, C.M. In press. Population size and decadal trends of three penguin species nesting at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. PLoS ONE. Dyer, B.M., Crawford, R.J.M. 2015. Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua. In: Taylor, M.R., Wanless, R.M. Peacock, F.. (eds) The Eskom Red Data Book of birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland BirdLife South Africa, Johannesburg. Ellis, S., Croxall, J.P. and Cooper, J. 1998. Penguin conservation assessment and management plan: report from the workshop held 8-9 September 1996, Cape Town, South Africa. IUCN/SSC, Apple Valley, USA. Forcada, J.; Trathan, P. N. 2009. Penguin responses to climate change in the Southern Ocean. Global Change Biology 15: 1618-1630. Fountain, A.G., Saba, G., Adams, B., Doran, P. Fraser, W.,Gooseff, M., Obryk, M., Priscu, J.C., Stammerjohn, S., Virginia, R.A. In press. The impact of a large-scale climate event on Antarctic © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 7 ecosystem processes. BioScience. Fraser, W.R. 2016. A new survey of the Rosenthal Islands. Report submitted to the U.S. National Science Foundation, Division of Polar Programs, Arlington, VA, USA: 6 pp. Ghys, M. I.; Rey, A. R.; Schiavini, A. 2008. Population trend and breeding biology of Gentoo Penguin, Martillo Island, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Waterbirds 31(4): 625-631. Hinke, J.T., Cossio, A.M., Goebel, M.E., Reiss, C.S., Trivelpiece, W.Z., Watters, G.M. In review. Identifying Risk: Concurrent Overlap of the Antarctic Krill Fishery with Krill-dependent Predators in the South Atlantic. PLoS One. IUCN. 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 07 December 2016). Jouventin, P. 1994. Les populations d'oiseaux marins des T.A.A.F.: résumé de 20 années de recherche. Alauda 62: 44-47. Lescroel, A.; Bost, C. A. 2006. Recent decrease in Gentoo Penguin populations at Iles Kerguelen. Antarctic Science 18: 171-174. Lynch, H. J., Crosbie, K., Fagan, W. F. and Naveen, R. 2010. Population trends and reproductive success at a frequently visited penguin colony on the western Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biology 33: 493-503. Lynch, H. J., Fagan, W. F., Naveen, R., Trivelpiece, S. G. and Trivelpiece, W. Z. 2009. Timing of clutch initiation in Pygoscelis penguins on the Antarctic Peninsula: Towards an improved understanding of offpeak census correction factors. CCAMLR Science 16: 149-165. Lynch, H.J., Naveen, R., Trathan, P.N. and Fagan, W.F. 2012. Spatially integrated assessment reveals widespread changes in penguin populations on the Antarctic Peninsula. Ecology 93(6): 1367-1377. Lynch, H.J.; Naveen, R.; Trathan, P.N.; Fagan, W.F. 2012. Spatially integrated assessment reveals widespread changes in penguin populations on the Antarctic Peninsula. Ecology 93: 1367-1377. Lynch, H. L. 2013. The gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua). In: García Borboroglu, P. G. and Boersma P. D. (eds), Biology and Conservation of the World’s penguins, University of Washington Press, Seattle U.S.A. Otley, H.M.; Clausen, A. P.; Christie, D.J.; Pütz, K. 2004. Aspects of the breeding biology of the Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua at Volunteer Beach, Falkland Islands, 2001/02. Marine Ornithology 32: 167171. Tanton, J.L., Reid, K., Croxall, J.P., Trathan, P.N. 2004. Winter distribution and behaviour of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua at South Georgia. Polar Biology 27: 299-303. Trathan, P. N., Daunt, F. H. J. and Murphy, E. J. (eds). 1996. South Georgia: An Ecological Atlas. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK. Trathan, P.N., Forcada, J., Atkinson, R., Downie, R.H., Shears, J.R. Population assessments of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) breeding at an important Antarctic tourist site, Goudier Island, Port Lockroy, Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica. Biological Conservation 141(12): 3019-3028. Weimerskirch, H.; Zotier, R.; Jouventin, P. 1988. The avifauna of the Kerguelen islands. Emu 89: 15-29. Woehler, E. J. 1993. The distribution and abundance of Antarctic and Subantarctic penguins. Scientific Commission on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, U.K. Woehler, E. J.; Cooper, J.; Croxall, J. P.; Fraser, W. R.; Kooyman, G. L.; Miller, G. D.; Nel, D. C.; Patterson, D. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 8 L.; Peter, H.-U.; Ribic, C. A.; Salwicka, K.; Trivelpiece, W. Z.; Weimerskirch, H. 2000. A statistical assessment of the status and trends of Antarctic and Subantarctic seabirds. Citation BirdLife International. 2016. Pygoscelis papua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22697755A93637402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en Disclaimer To make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use. External Resources For Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website. © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 9 Appendix Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Habitat Season Suitability Major Importance? 4. Grassland -> 4.3. Grassland - Subantarctic Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.1. Marine Neritic - Pelagic Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.1. Marine Neritic - Pelagic Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.2. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.2. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.3. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.3. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.4. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.4. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.5. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.5. Marine Neritic - Subtidal Sandy-Mud Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.7. Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.7. Marine Neritic - Macroalgal/Kelp Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.9. Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged) Breeding Suitable Yes 9. Marine Neritic -> 9.9. Marine Neritic - Seagrass (Submerged) Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.1. Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m) Breeding Suitable Yes 10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.1. Marine Oceanic - Epipelagic (0-200m) Nonbreeding Suitable Yes 10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.2. Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (200-1000m) Breeding Suitable Yes 10. Marine Oceanic -> 10.2. Marine Oceanic - Mesopelagic (200-1000m) Nonbreeding Suitable Yes Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Threat Timing Scope © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en Severity Impact Score 10 11. Climate change & severe weather -> 11.3. Temperature extremes 5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trapping terrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species is the target) 5. Biological resource use -> 5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources -> 5.4.4. Unintentional effects: (large scale) [harvest] 6. Human intrusions & disturbance -> 6.1. Recreational activities 9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents -> 9.2.3. Type Unknown/Unrecorded Unknown Unknown Unknown Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Unknown Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality 2. Species Stresses -> 2.3. Indirect species effects -> 2.3.7. Reduced reproductive success Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.3. Indirect ecosystem effects 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.2. Species disturbance Ongoing Minority (50%) Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation Unknown Rapid declines Negligible declines Negligible declines Unknown Unknown Medium impact: 6 Low impact: 4 Low impact: 4 Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Research, Monitoring and Planning Action Recovery plan: Yes Systematic monitoring scheme: No In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management Conservation sites identified: Yes, over part of range Occur in at least one PA: Yes Invasive species control or prevention: No In-Place Species Management Successfully reintroduced or introduced beningly: No Subject to ex-situ conservation: No In-Place Education Subject to recent education and awareness programmes: No Included in international legislation: No Subject to any international management/trade controls: No © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 11 Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes) Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology 3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends Additional Data Fields Distribution Continuing decline in area of occupancy (AOO): No Extreme fluctuations in area of occupancy (AOO): No Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 16500000 Continuing decline in extent of occurrence (EOO): No Extreme fluctuations in extent of occurrence (EOO): No Continuing decline in number of locations: No Extreme fluctuations in the number of locations: No Population Number of mature individuals: 774000 Continuing decline of mature individuals: No Extreme fluctuations: No Population severely fragmented: No Continuing decline in subpopulations: Unknown Extreme fluctuations in subpopulations: No All individuals in one subpopulation: No No. of individuals in largest subpopulation: 100 Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: No Generation Length (years): 7 © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 12 Habitats and Ecology Movement patterns: Not a Migrant Congregatory: Congregatory (and dispersive) © The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pygoscelis papua – published in 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697755A93637402.en 13 The IUCN Red List Partnership The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London. THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™