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WHS AP Psychology
Unit 2: Memory (Cognition)
Essential Task 2-1:
Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the
following steps:
- Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation,
short-term memory
- Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and
implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories)
- Retrieval
Information Processing
Model
1. Encoding
gone
Long Term
Memory
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
External
Stimuli
All the rest
Sensory
Registers
Retrieval
We are
here
Short Term
Memory
Essential
Task
2-1:
Outline
• Define memory
• Describe the Information Processing Model or
IPM for short
– Encoding:
•
•
•
•
•
external stimuli
sensory registers
selective attention
reticular formation
short-term memory
– Storage:
• long-term memory,
– explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories)
– implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories)
– Retrieval
Memory
• The ability to remember things we
have experienced, imagined, or
learned
• Memory is often seen as steps in an
information-processing model
Outline
– Encoding – (The process of putting
information into digital format.)
– Storage – Hard Drive
– Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive
Information Processing Model
– Encoding – (The process of putting
information into digital format.)
– Storage – Hard Drive
– Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive
Outline
Information Processing
Model
1. Encoding
gone
Long Term
Memory
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
External
Stimuli
All the rest
Sensory
Registers
Retrieval
Short Term
Memory
Conduct Seven Dwarves Activity
Outline
Recognition is easier than recall
• Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy,
Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy,
Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy,
Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy,
Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty,
Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby.
Outline
Encoding
Outline
• Much information is stored in STM
phonologically (according to how it
sounds)
• Some information is stored visually
• Research has shown that memory for
visually encoded information is better
than phonologically encoded
information
Information Processing
Model
1. Encoding
gone
Long Term
Memory
2. Storage
3. Retrieval
External
Stimuli
All the rest
Sensory
Registers
Retrieval
Short Term
Memory
Outline
Sensory registers
• Sensory registers are the first stop for
all sensory information
• The sensory registers are very large,
but information stays for only a very
short time
Outline
Visual and Auditory Registers
• Visual register holds images, or icons, that
represent all aspects of a visual image
– Icons normally last about ¼ second in the
visual register
• Auditory register holds echoes of sound
– Echoes can last up to several seconds in
the auditory register
Outline
• Why do the auditory registers last
longer?
Now let us test your visual registers
• I will flash the next picture for just ¼ of
a second.
• DON’T BLINK
• After the image flashes we’ll return to
a white screen and you can tell me
everything you saw.
Outline
Outline
Did you pay attention to everything?
Outline
Here is another image
• DON’T BLINK
Outline
Outline
How big is your attention?
Outline
Selective Attention
• Selects certain information for further
processing
• We normally pay attention to only a
SMALL
(PLEASE ENJOY THE IRONIC FONT SELECTION)
of incoming information
Outline
portion
What controls Selective Attention?
• Broadbent's Filter Model
• Treisman's Attenuation Model
Outline
Reticular Formation
Outline
Short-term Memory
• Short-term memory holds information
we are aware of or thinking about at
any given moment
• Sometimes referred to as working
memory
Outline
Capacity of Short-Term Memory
• Research indicates that STM can hold
7+/- 2 bits of information
• Current research has demonstrated
that STM can hold whatever is
rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds
• Larger amounts of information can be
held by using the process of chunking
Outline
Let’s see how good your STM is!
Outline
Short Term Memory
Outline
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
9754
68259
913825
5963827
86951372
719384273
9152438162
15284673189
Chunking Helps
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Outline
423-19
267-198
390-675-2
573-291-43
721-354-456
245-619-832-2
141-384-515-89
201-315-426-762
This is why I assign the concept maps –
creates chunks
Encoding in Short-Term Memory
Outline
• Much information is stored in STM
phonologically (according to how it
sounds)
• Some information is stored visually
• Research has shown that memory for
visually encoded information is better
than phonologically encoded
information
Maintaining STM
• Information can be held in STM by
using rote rehearsal, also called
maintenance rehearsal
• Rote rehearsal involves repeating
information over and over
• This technique is not very effective in
creating long term memories
Outline
Long-term Memory
• Everything that is learned is stored in
long-term memory
• Capacity of long-term memory
– Vast amounts of information may be
stored for many years
– No known limits to capacity
Outline
Encoding in Long-term Memory
• Most information is encoded in terms
of meaning
• Some information is stored verbatim
• Some information is coded in terms of
nonverbal images
Outline
– Research has shown that memory for
visually encoded information is better
than phonologically encoded information
CONCEPT MAPS CREATE A VISUAL!!!!
Types of Long Term Memory
• Explicit memory
– Episodic Memory
– Semantic Memory
• Implicit memory
– Procedural Memory
@#$!&
@#$!&
Outline
– Emotional Memory
Types of Long Term Memory
• Explicit memory
– Memory for information we can readily express
and are aware of having
– This information can be intentionally recalled
– Episodic Memories - Memories for personal
events in a specific time and place
– Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts
and concepts not linked to a specific time
• Implicit memory
Outline
– Memory for information that we cannot readily
express and may not be aware of having
Types of Long Term Memory
• Implicit memory
– Memory for information that we cannot readily
express and may not be aware of having
– Cannot be intentionally retrieved
– Procedural memories: Motor skills and
habits
– Emotional memories: Learned emotional
responses to various stimuli
Outline
Retrieval
– Bringing information from LTM back to
STM
Outline