Download Grade 9 - IGCSE PE Slides - Wesgreen International School

Unit 1: Factors Affecting
Participation
Skill
Definition of skill:
‘A SKILL IS A LEARNT
ABILITY TO BRING
ABOUT THE RESULT
YOU WANT WITH
MAXIMUM CERTAINTY
AND EFFICIENCY’
Types of skill:
BASIC SKILLS
• Simple and
straightforward.
COMPLEX SKILLS
• Take a long time to
learn.
• Usually Learnt at a
young age.
• Involve high levels of
co-ordination & control.
• Important to perform
basic skills before
attempting higher level
skills.
• Sport specific /
non-transferable.
Examples?
Examples?
Running, dodging an
opponent.
Smash shot in badminton, Lay
up in Basketball
Types of skill:
OPEN SKILLS:
• Constantly
changing, unstable
environment.
CLOSED SKILLS:
• Constant,
unchanging
environment.
• Skills have to
adapted to meet
the demands of the
situation.
• Not effected by the
sporting
environment.
• High level of
cognitive skill.
• Low level of
cognitive skill.
Types of skill:
FINE MOTOR SKILLS:
• Involve the small
muscles of the body
that enable such
functions as: Writing,
Grasping small
objects & Fastening
clothes.
•
Precise
•
High level of Handeye coordination.
GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
• Involve the large
muscles of the body
that enable such
functions as: Walking,
kicking & throwing a
ball.
•
Not very precise but
fundamental
•
A person’s gross motor
skills depend on both
muscle tone and
strength.
WHY IS FEEDBACK IMPORTANT?
It allows the performer to understand four things:
•
The reason for positive outcomes of actions.
•
The reason for negative outcomes of actions.
•
The overall perspective of their performance.
•
The methods to change future performances.
It also does the following things:
1. Stops mistakes being repeated before they become established.
2. Tells the performer if extra training is needed.
3. Allows the performer to set goals for improvement.
4. Motivates performer.
5. And allows the performer to compare themselves to the ideal
performance.
CONSIDERATIONS WHEN LEARNING A NEW SKILL:
• Limited channel capacity
• Overload
• Only do a little
• Simple Instructions
• Simple demonstrations
SKILL RETENTION:
• First movement
• Continual practice
=
=
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
DEFINITION:
“The process that initiates, guides and
maintains goal-orientated behaviour”
TYPES OF MOTIVATION:
Intrinsic:
An internal motivator linked to satisfaction of performance,
pride in winning or enjoyment
e.g. socialising, fun, personal development.
Extrinsic:
An external motivator linked to winning trophies or the
performers teammates.
e.g. prize money, adoration, salary.
Rewards & Incentives:
An external motivator which may provide the performer with something they
want.
Is motivation always one or the other, or do they mix?
INVERTED U THEORY:
PROBLEMS:
Over-Arousal:
• Caused by too much pressure from a Coach/Parent/The
Crowd/Team Mates.
• From Fear of Losing.
Anxiety:
• Synonyms: Nervousness, worry, apprehension.
• Faced with an unknown or daunting prospect, a
performer can become overly aroused and anxious.
SOLUTIONS FOR OVER ARSOUAL:
Relaxation:
• Breathing techniques aid performers & assist in lowering
heart rate.
Visualisation/Mental Rehearsal:
• Performers picture success/movements in their heads as
a ‘mental rehearsal’ before the physical activity.
Goal Setting:
• Breaks an overall goal into smaller goals.
WHY SET GOALS?:
Breaks long term ambitions down into short term targets.
Gives the performer a specific focus and how to reach that goal, rather than general
outcomes.
Setting goals can:
• Motivate.
• Give Confidence.
• Help Performers.
• Control Anxiety.
Two Types of sporting goals:
Outcome goals – The result of a competition.
Performance goals – The standard of performance.
Which one do performers have more control over?
GOAL SETTING (SMARTER):
Key Word
Meaning
Specific
Focus attention
Measurable
Assess progress against a standard
Agreed
Accepted by everybody involved
Realistic
Challenging but within capabilities
Time-phased
Specific date for completion
Exciting
Inspiring, challenging & rewarding for
performers to stop boredom
Recorded
Written down to evaluate progress,
provide feedback & motivate
performer
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON:
There are 4 major functions of bones.
1. Shape and support
2. Movement
3. Protection
4. Blood Production
SHAPE AND SUPPORT:
What would happen if we didn’t have a Skeleton?
• Provides a frame for posture.
BONE EXAMPLES:
• Where do muscles attach,
where is there ‘shape’.
• E.g. Clavicle, Pelvic Bone.
MOVEMENT:
The Skeleton has joints, it is these joints that allow
movement of the body.
There are different types of joints in your body. Each
joint allows for certain types of movement.
PROTECTION:
List of some Organs:
• Brain
• Lungs
• Heart
• Spinal Cord
What needs protecting in our bodies?
Organs!
EXAMPLES:
Organ
Bones that Protect the Organ
Brain
Cranium
Lungs
Ribs
Heart
Ribs
Spinal Cord
Vertebrae
BLOOD PRODUCTION:
Blood is produced in the Long Bones of the body.
(Femur, Tibia, Fibula)
BLOOD:
Red Blood Cells: They collect and transfer Oxygen
and Carbon Dioxide.
White Blood Cells: Fight foreign organisms that enter
your body. (Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses)
JOINT DEFINITION:
•
‘A joint is a place where two or more bones meet’
3 MAIN GROUPS OF JOINT:
There are 3 main groups of joints.
1. Fixed/Immoveable joints (fibrous)
2. Slightly Moveable joints (cartilaginous)
3. Freely Moving joints (synovial)
SYNOVIAL JOINT CONSTRUCTION:
Ligaments:
• Attach bones to bones.
• Holds them together.
• Stops dislocation.
Hyaline Cartilage:
• Covers the head of the bones and joint sockets.
• Hard, tough, slippery layer for protection &
reduction of friction.
Synovial Fluid:
• Lubricates the joints for friction free movement.
Synovial Membrane:
• Protective barrier for synovial fluid.
Joint Capsule:
• Provides a protection barrier to all of the above.
SYNOVIAL JOINT PROBLEMS:
Synovial Fluid:
• Synovial membrane puncture = leakage of fluid.
Hyaline Cartilage:
• Deterioration = Joint rubbing
• = Arthritis!
Ligaments:
• Loose ligaments = dislocation of joint.
• Tear/snap = extreme pain & discomfort.
• Takes a long time to heal.
Types of Joints:
1. Pivot
2. Hinge
3. Gliding
4. Ball and Socket
5. Saddle
6. Conyloid
MOVEMENT AT JOINTS:
Flexion:
• A bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the
knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the
bones of the limb at the joint.
Extension:
• Extension is the opposite of flexion, describing a
straightening movement that increases the angle
between body parts.
Rotation:
• Rotation is movement in which something, e.g. a bone or a whole
limb, pivots or revolves around a single long axis.
Abduction/Adduction:
• The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body /
Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
BALL AND SOCKET:
Freely moveable in all directions.
Ligaments are used to keep the joint stable & prevent
dislocation.
Examples:
• Hip
• Shoulder
Movement Allowed:
• Flexion & Extension
• Abduction & Adduction
• Rotation.
HINGE:
Can only move in certain directions.
Opens until straight
Limited Movement: Shape of the bones & Ligaments
Examples:
• Elbow
• Knee
Movement Allowed:
• Flexion & Extension
PIVOT:
Part of a bone fits into another ring of bone.
Examples:
• Atlas (C1) & Axis (C2) Vertebrae. These are the first two bones of your
spine. They allow your head to turn side to side.
Movement Allowed:
• Rotation
CONDYLOID:
Rounded end (Condyle) into hollow end (elliptical cavity).
Back and forward, side to side.
Ligaments prevent rotation.
Examples:
• Wrist
Movement Allowed:
• Flexion & Extension
• Abduction & Adduction
SADDLE:
Bones shaped like saddles and fit together
Bone shape prevents rotation.
Examples:
• Thumb
Movement Allowed:
• Flexion & Extension
• Abduction & Adduction
GLIDING:
Flat surface meeting flat surface.
Little movement is possible in all directions.
Limited movement due to ligaments.
Examples:
• Vertebrae
• Carpal bones in the hand
Movement Allowed:
• Gliding
TYPES OF MUSCLE:
1. Voluntary / Skeletal Muscle
2. Involuntary Muscles
3. Cardiac Muscles
VOLUNTARY / SKELETAL MUSCLES:
•
•
•
•
•
Names Skeletal
Muscles as they attach
to the bones.
These are the majority
of the muscles in your
body.
Gives the body shape
& allows movement.
Under your conscience
control.
Used for movement,
especially in sport.
VOLUNTARY / SKELETAL MUSCLES:
NOT under your conscious control
Found in intestines and blood vessels
Have to keep contracting for crucial body functions to continue.
Operate automatically.
CARDIAC MUSCLE:
The walls of the heart.
Never fatigue!! (get tired)
Deltoid