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Ancient Egypt A Palace of Mud A Highway of Water A Hall of Two Truths HELPING HOOVES Freshen Your Face with Animal Fat WOMEN RULE! IN PARTNERSHIP WITH Ancient_Egypt_FC.indd 1 3/1/17 2:21 PM 2 The Gift of the Nile hat s the first ord that comes to mind hen ou hear ancient pt ummies ramids haraohs ummies p ramids and pharaohs ere all important parts of life in ancient pt. ut there is much more to no a out this lon lastin ci ili ation. ome isit the ancient ptians here their ci ili ation e an on the an s of the ile i er. u THE EGYPTIANS developed techniques, such as dams and canals, to help them irrigate (bring water to) their fields. This allowed them to extend their farmland and plant more. Farmers began to harvest more food and grain than they could use themselves. This Ancient_Egypt_2-3.indd 2 surplus food could feed others, and some Egyptians began to do jobs other than farming. As people began to do different kinds of work, the social, economic, and political systems of their communities became more complex. s ou e plore ou ma notice that o er pt is north of pper pt. he ords upper and lo er refer to the direction of the o of the ile i er. pper pt is land upstream alon the up per ile . o er pt is do nstream here the lo er ile empties into the editerranean. PREDYNASTIC EGYPT c. 6520–3000 BCE WAY BACK WHEN C. 4500 BCE First semipermanent villages in Egypt C. 3100 BCE l Earliest writing develops in Mesopotamia 3/1/17 2:23 PM MEDITERRAN EAN SEA ALEX NILE DELT AN A DR IA depositing thick, black mud over the countryside. The fertile soil of this 10-mile-wide, 600-mile-long Nile Valley was ideal for growing barley, wheat, flax, vegetables, and fruit. These farmers are sowing seeds after the floodwaters receded. Animals’ hooves push the seeds into the ground. LOWER EGYPT CAIRO GIZ A MEM PH IS RA QA SAQ EA DS RE THE EARLIEST KNOWN settlements in Egypt were farming villages established over 5,000 years ago along the banks of the Nile. Each year, the river overflowed, LE NI R VE RI CA RI ABOUT 90 PERCENT of Egypt is desert. UPPER Without water from EGYPT S the Nile, people BESSEDY E A s P H could not live in g T COM NT-DAAND Kin he (EN ESE AK ) t Egypt. The Nile f P R RN OR KA LUX yo e l begins high in l Va the mountains of central East Africa and flows north into Egypt, where it empties into the Mediterranean Sea. In ancient times, almost all Egyptians lived in the Nile Valley, AREA OF along the banks of DETAIL A the Nile River. No F wonder Egypt has been called the “Gift of the Nile.” l THE NILE GAVE Egyptians gifts besides crops. People fished in it for food, and they made paper, sandals, and other items from the papyrus reeds growing along the river’s banks. Wooden boats carried passengers and products up and down the Nile, then on to ports l ALL HOUSES, including the royal palace, were made of mud brick. The farmers’ flatroofed houses usually had one large room and a in the eastern Mediterranean. In exchange for grain, gold, and papyrus sheets, Egyptians took home items such as incense, ivory, and horses. courtyard for animals and storage. The roof served as a place to relax. The houses’ thick walls and small windows kept out the heat. OLD KINGDOM c. 2675–2130 BCE C. 3100 BCE l Earliest hieroglyphic writing in Egypt. Egypt unified as a single kingdom Ancient_Egypt_2-3.indd 3 C. 2630 BCE l First stone pyramid built, at Saqqara, Egypt C. 2585–2560 BCE l Great Pyramid built at Giza, Egypt C. 2600–1900 BCE r Mohenjo-Daro and Indus River cultures in India and Pakistan 3/1/17 2:23 PM 4 Mighty Pharaoh u AMONG ANCIENT Egyptian queens, Hatshepsut, wife of King Thutmose II, stands out. She served as pharaoh, becoming a powerful ruler and building one of Egypt’s most spectacular temples, at Thebes. This statue is a typical Egyptian depiction of a pharaoh, seated and wearing a headdress. It communicates the pharaoh’s power and her status between humans and gods. Over time, Egypt’s villages formed larger kingdoms, and by around 3100 BCE, Egypt was united into a single, powerful kingdom. The reign of King Menes began the first ptian d nast a series of rulers all from the same family). Throughout its history, Egypt had more than 30 dynasties. Sometime between 1554 and 1304 BCE, Egyptians began to call their king “pharaoh,” a term that comes from words meaning “great house.” In the beginning, Egyptians thought of their rulers as living gods. Later, they saw them as the link between the gods and the people of Egypt. u ALL LAND BELONGED to the pharaoh or to the temples of the gods. Farmers owed a portion of their crops to the pharaoh. When their FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD MIDDLE KINGDOM C. C. 2130–1980 BCE Central government in Egypt collapses Ancient_Egypt_4-5.indd 2 land flooded, they went to work for their ruler to build temples, pyramids, and palaces. 2000–1650 BCE Kush civilization begins. Egypt controls northern Nubia r ALMOST EVERY year for two decades during the 1400s BCE, Queen Hatshepsut’s stepson, King Thutmose III, led his army into nearby regions. A brilliant general and gifted leader, he conquered Palestine, Syria, and the African kingdoms of Kush and Nubia. The Egyptians enslaved some people from these lands. They also took away copper, gold, ivory, and ebony. u ANOTHER important ruler was Akhenaten, who required Egyptians to worship only the sun god Aten. His wife, Queen Nefertiti, seen here (right) adoring the rays of Aten, helped him achieve this goal. SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD C. 1792–1750 BCE C. 1630–1523 BCE l Law code of Asian nomads King Hammurabi called Hyksos rule of Babylon northern Egypt NEW KINGDOM c. 1539–1075 BCE C. 1478–1458 BCE r Reign of Egyptian female pharaoh Hatshepsut 3/1/17 2:31 PM 5 One of Egypt’s most famous rulers was Cleopatra. How did her country become part of the Roman Empire? l TOWARD THE end of the New Kingdom, Egypt began to decline. Weak rulers couldn’t control the country, which broke into small states and lost many territories. Weakness attracted invaders, and by 1070 BCE, foreigners ruled Egypt. Alexander the Great (left) added Egypt to the Greek empire in 332 BCE. u CLEOPATRA WAS queen of Egypt from 51 BCE to 30 BCE. Under her rule, Egypt lost its independence and became part of the Roman Empire. This flat stone carving of Cleopatra shows some common features of ancient Egyptian art. For example, the head is shown in profile (from the side) and the shoulders and chest face toward the viewer. 75 BCE C. 1458 BCE Thutmose III extends Egypt’s empire to its greatest size Ancient_Egypt_4-5.indd 3 C. 1332–1322 l Reign of Tutankhamen, Egypt BCE C. 1279–1213 BCE l Reign of Egypt’s Ramses II, builder of more temples than any other pharaoh C. 1200–400 BCE l Olmec civilization on Gulf Coast of Mexico 3/1/17 2:31 PM Egyptians prized order (maat) in all things. They had rules about how to act in society and even about how to prepare for life after death. Their society was structured like a pyramid, with the pharaoh and important religious, military, and political leaders (viziers) at the top. Scribes and artisans were below governors, and farmers and other workers were at the bottom. For the poor, life was hard, and the average life span was 36 years. For the royal family and the nobles, life was much less work and much more play. TH Daily Life ES OC IA LP YR AM ID 6 A NOBLE FAMILY lived in a large house that had several bedrooms. Egyptian homes did not have much furniture. The house had stairways leading to the roof. Outside were a pool and a garden. In their leisure time, wealthier Egyptians enjoyed relaxing by their garden pools, taking boating trips, and hunting desert game. THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD C. 1075–664 Egypt divided into smaller states Ancient_Egypt_6-7.indd 2 BCE LATE PERIOD 664–332 BCE 8TH CENTURY BCE l Homer writes the Iliad and Odyssey. First Olympic Games held (in Greece) 730–671 BCE Kush pharaohs rule Egypt C. 671 BCE Assyrians conquer Egypt C. 605–562 BCE r Nebuchadnezzar II builds ziggurat of Babylon (the biblical Tower of Babel) 3/1/17 2:32 PM FOOD THE FARMERS’ GRAIN WAS used to make bread and beverages. Bread, often made from barley, was the staple of the Egyptian diet. Meals might also include onions, garlic, leeks, beans, lentils, figs, dates, melons, and apricots. The poor rarely ate beef. On special occasions they added protein to their diet, eating geese, ducks, and fish, caught with traps, nets, or hook and line. The rich attended lavish banquets where they dined on beef, mutton, and waterbirds, as well as vegetables and exotic fruits. Most of the time, Egyptians ate a vegetarian diet. Scientists figured this out by studying mummies’ bones, teeth, and hair. From head to toe, Egyptians liked to look good, and they knew how to do it. FOR THEIR MOUTH AND cheeks, Egyptian women used lip paint and rouge made from red ocher and henna. BOTH MEN AND women wore eye makeup, usually black or green. Eye paint was made by grinding up colorful minerals from rocks and mixing them with water. WELL-TO-DO MEN AND women sometimes wore wigs made of human hair and also sheep’s wool. Beeswax held the wig in place. WEALTHY MEN AND women wore earrings, necklaces, bracelets, rings, armbands, and anklets. WOMEN WORE close-fitting sheath dresses or pleated linen dresses, usually white. OFTEN MEN WENT shirtless. Sometimes they wore long, collarless tunics. CREAMS AND LOTIONS made from animal or vegetable fat not only made the skin look better but also protected it from hot, dry weather. MEN WORE PLEATED skirts, sort of like kilts. MOST PEOPLE WENT barefoot or wore sandals made of leather or papyrus or other reeds. 431–404 BCE Sparta defeats Athens in the Peloponnesian War Ancient_Egypt_6-7.indd 3 332 BCE l Alexander the Great conquers Egypt C. 210 BCE l Chinese emperor Shi Huangdi buried with “terracotta army” 31 BCE l Defeat of Antony and Cleopatra; Egypt becomes part of Roman Empire 3/1/17 2:33 PM 8 Gods, Priests, and Pyramids The ancient Egyptians worshipped dozens of gods and goddesses, each of whom had different powers. Many were depicted as animals or as humans with animal heads. To worship certain gods, the Egyptians built temples that held a golden statue of the god locked in a special room. Egyptians believed the gods’ spirits lived in these temples. l IN MEMPHIS AND other Egyptian cities, residents worshipped both their own local god and the major gods. Ptah, at left, was the creator god of Memphis and the patron of craftspeople. Ancient_Egypt_8-9.indd 2 l ALMOST NO one, except the pharaoh and high priests and priestesses, was allowed inside the temples. Priests washed, clothed, and fed the statues of the gods. Here, Nefertiti presents an offering. Ordinary Egyptians saw the divine statues only during religious festivals, when priests carried the statues around the town. u AS EGYPT’S DIVINE ruler, the pharaoh was expected to keep good relations between his people and the other gods. Rulers did so partly through their massive building projects, such as the temples at Karnak (above) and Luxor, which were begun by Amenhotep III, who ruled Egypt for 37 years. 3/1/17 2:40 PM 9 A PROCESSION OF THE barque (royal boat) of the god AmunRe leaves the temple of the pharaoh Hatshepsut. The leader carries an incense burner and sprinkles holy water. A pharaoh was the head of government and religion, and influ- enced the people of Egypt in both those roles. A good leader kept gods, the pharaoh, and humanity in harmony. Although this was a religious goal, it was also good for the social and political order of the country. Pyramid Builders During the Old and Middle Kingdoms, pyramids were built to house the pharaohs’ bodies after death. Some were 40 stories high, constructed of stone blocks that each weighed three tons or more. The Egyptians’ only tools were ropes, levers, wedges, and a few stone and copper hand tools. They lacked the wheel or any hoisting equipment to move the stone. How did they do it? They did it the hard way, with muscle power. For three or four months each year, while the Nile flooded, the pharaohs put farmers and laborers to work on pyramids and other building projects. Because a pyramid took decades to complete, a pharaoh had workers start on the one that would be his long before he expected to die. u THE FIRST PYRAMID was built for King Zoser in the desert at Saqqara around 2630 BCE. It is called a step r A PRIESTESS LIKE this one shook a sacred rattle called a sistrum to calm the gods. Priests and priestesses also read prayers or sang hymns during ceremonies. They scattered holy water and lit incense during the rituals in front of statues of the gods. Ancient_Egypt_8-9.indd 3 u THE GREAT Pyramid of King Khufu at Giza is the world’s largest stone structure. It is made from more than 2.5 million stone blocks. It took more than 20 years and 4,000 workers to build pyramid; its shape suggests a giant stairway that would lead the king’s spirit to join the sun god. the Great Pyramid. It was once covered in white limestone. The Sphinx – a huge statue of a creature with a lion’s body and a human head – crouches nearby. 3/1/17 2:40 PM Cliff Carvings Ramses II, or Ramses the Great, ordered many monuments to be built during his long reign. Among them were two temples carved out of the sandstone cliffs at Abu Simbel, south of Upper Egypt, in Nubia. The facade (front) of the Great Temple, built around 1250 BCE, shows four versions of the king, each about 65 feet tall. he tin fi ures between his feet are his mother, wife, and children. In the center is the god Horakhty. While Ramses II was pharaoh, the Egyptian empire enjoyed a time of strength, wealth, and military success. Ancient_Egypt_10-11.indd 2 3/1/17 2:42 PM Ancient_Egypt_10-11.indd 3 3/1/17 2:42 PM 12 l IN ANCIENT Egypt, few people could read or write, so they hired scribes to perform those tasks. The best scribes found jobs working for the pharaoh in the royal government. Leaving Their Mark We know them best for their pyramids and pharaohs, but the ancient Egyptians left many other achievements to mystify and amaze us. They invented the form of picturewriting known as hieroglyphs, as well as papyrus, a paper-like writing material. Their temples and pyramids give proof of their skills as architects and engineers. Ancient papyrus scrolls tell of their achievements as writers, doctors, and healers. r OVER 700 different signs make up the Egyptian picturewriting known as hieroglyphs. In hieroglyphs, picture symbols represent ideas and sounds. Ancient_Egypt_12-13.indd 2 r EGYPTIANS LEFT detailed medical texts on long scrolls. They describe women’s health care, childbirth, and treatment of injuries. They tell how to diagnose and treat diseases, and how to make medicines. Some explain how the Egyptians believed the heart and other organs worked. For a sick princess (pictured), the royal physician consults his medical papyrus before mixing a remedy from the ingredients on the table. Hieroglyphs were used mainly for religious inscriptions on temples and stone monuments and to record the deeds of royalty. Scribes were experts in writing hieroglyphs. 3/1/17 2:43 PM 13 l IN HIEROGLYPHS, the names of the royal family have an oval-shaped frame around them. The symbols here are for Pharaoh Ramses II. u THE INVENTION OF papyrus, made from a reed plant, was a significant advance over clay tablets. The lightweight writing material could be easily carried and stored. Scribes d FOR CENTURIES, no one could read hieroglyphs. Then, in 1799, the Rosetta Stone was discovered. It showed the same text in three languages and helped people to crack the code and understand hieroglyphs. The Rosetta Stone shows 1 Egyptian hieroglyphs, 2 cursive writing used in business, and 3 ancient Greek. l HIEROGLYPHS CAN be written from left to right, right to left, or top to bottom. A simpler, ancient cursive form was used for business contracts, letters, and scientific texts. Ancient_Egypt_12-13.indd 3 wrote on papyrus with brushes made from reeds. u THIS TEMPLE wall at Kom Ombo shows almost 40 different medical instruments. They include scales for weighing medicines, hooks for holding wounds open, and tools for scraping away infected tissue. 1 2 3 3/1/17 2:44 PM 14 Mummy Makers and the Afterlife The Egyptian religion was one of the first to stress life after death. To get to the afterlife, a dead person needed his or her body. If the body was properly preserved, its spirit would reenter it and bring it to life in the next world. To make sure the spirit could find and recognize the body, the Egyptians created a process called mummification. Turning a body into a mummy was a costly process that took a long time. That’s why it was usually done only for pharaohs and members of the highest social classes. But even those who couldn’t afford mummification hoped to go to the afterlife. Egyptians thought the afterlife was a place much like Egypt – but there they would live forever. KING TUTANKHAMEN’S Ancient_Egypt_14-15.indd 2 COFFIN u TO PREVENT THE body from decaying, the embalmer packed it in a salt mix called natron for 40 days to dry it out. Then he wrapped it tightly in long ribbons of resin-soaked linen and returned it to the family for burial. Anubis, the god of mummification (above), prepares a body for burial. u THE EMBALMER (the person who preserves the body) removed the intestines, stomach, liver, and lungs, and pulled the brain out through the nose. Only the heart was left in place, because the dead needed their hearts to get into the next life. l PUTTING THE BODY into a coffin was the last step in the embalming process. The rich had elaborate coffins. 3/1/17 2:47 PM 15 r SERVANTS CARRIED items for the dead person into the underground tomb. The family laid food, drink, tools, jewelry, clothes, and anything else that the person might need in the afterlife in the tomb with the coffin. d THE MUMMIFIED body traveled under the canopy of a funeral barge as it made its way through the underworld. u FAMILIES HIRED women mourners to follow the coffin. They tore at their clothes, put d THE MOST DANGERous part of the journey occurred in the Hall of the Two Truths. Here, the dead person’s heart, which held dust in their hair, and wailed. Their noise was perhaps meant to keep evil spirits away. a record of his or her past deeds, was weighed on a scale against the feather of truth. Serving as judge, Anubis threw the hearts of the unworthy to the Devourer of the Dead, who gobbled them up. Those judged worthy moved on to the kingdom of Osiris. l MANY COFFINS held a Book of the Dead. It contained magical spells to help the person pass through the underworld. This was a dangerous place filled with poisonous snakes, lakes of fire, and scary creatures. To pass through unharmed, a person had to recite the spells correctly. Ancient_Egypt_14-15.indd 3 3/1/17 2:48 PM 16 Nubia and Kush South of Egypt along the upper Nile River lay a land called Nubia. By 3500 BCE, Nubia was peopled by cattle herders, roaming with their herds through grasslands along the riverbanks. The region was rich with natural resources – gold, copper, emeralds, iron, and granite – and early agricultural settlements soon grew into manufacturing centers. Iron weapons and tools, jewelry, and pottery were made. The busy cities became commercial (trading) centers. Nubians began importing (bringing in) goods from farther south in Africa, including ivory, spices, ostrich eggs, feathers, and leopard skins. They then exported (sent out) these goods, along with their own gold, iron, and other valuables, to Egypt and other places. r WHILE EGYPT controlled the northern part of their land, the Nubians formed the kingdom of Kush in the south in about 2000 BCE. The Kushites defeated the invaders and got their independence back. Trade flourished again, now centered in the Kush capital city of Kerma. Many goods traveled by land, river, and sea between Kerma, Egypt, other parts of Africa, and Asia. These included elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, salt, incense, ebony, spices, and gold. Ancient_Egypt_16-17.indd 2 u TRADE AND manufacturing made Nubia rich. Egypt didn’t like that one bit! By 2600 BCE, Egypt had taken over northern Nubia’s trade routes and had begun to mine its gold and haul away its granite. In about 1938 BCE, Egypt annexed (made a colony of) northern Nubia. The Nubians were forced to follow Egyptian laws and customs. They had to make payments, called tributes, in the form of grain or other goods. Nubians often appeared as Egyptian subjects in artworks. l NUBIANS AND Kushites were famous archers, both as hunters and warriors. They fought for independence against Egypt and were often hired by foreign armies. r BY 1630 BCE, Egypt had fallen under the control of the Hyksos, from Asia. The king of Kush sided with the Hyksos. It was an unlucky choice. After beating back the Hyksos, Egypt came south and crushed Kerma. Nubia, including Kush, lost its independence for more than 500 years. RUINS OF KERMA 3/1/17 2:53 PM Eu ph rat es Tig R. ris R. 17 Mediterranean Sea ASIA Nile Delta Giza Memphis iv Nile R EGYPT Akhetaton er Valley of the Kings SAHARA Thebes Aswan ARABIA 1st NUBIA KUSH d Se 5th Kerma a Napata Meroë 6th Ni le City AKSUM Blue Khartoum (Sudan) White Ni le u KUSH ROSE AGAIN, with Napata as its capital, and defeated Egypt. Kushite pharaohs ruled Egypt from 730 to 671 BCE. This sphinx (above) has the body of a lion and the face of the Kushite pharaoh Taharqa. 4th Re 3rd 2nd Mediterranean Sea Cataract Giza EGYPT Fertile Area e rs ia n G u NUBIA lf ARABIA KUSH d Kerma Se a Ancient_Egypt_16-17.indd 3 P Akhetaton Re When the Egyptians conquered Kush, they forced the people to adopt Egypt’s customs and follow its laws. The Kushites rebelled and fought to regain the freedom to govern themselves. Can you think of any other societies that have fought for freedom from a ruling country, in the past or in the present? at the third cataract, Napata was near the fourth, and Meroë was south of the fifth. Kush came to an end when Meroë was destroyed by Aksum, an African neighbor, in around 325 CE. Memphis Thebes Aswan SAHARA ur SOUTH OF Egypt the Nile River has six cataracts – areas of waterfalls or rough water, difficult to ride a boat through. The capital of Kush moved southward over the years, putting more cataracts between itself and Egypt. Kerma was ASIA To E u r o p e Napata Meroë Khartoum (Sudan) AKSUM To A f r i c a n Interior ndi To I a Arabian Sea Trade Routes I N D I A N O C E A N In its later years, the culture of Kush became less Egyptian and more like the rest of Africa. Can you think of why that may have happened? u THE ASSYRIANS TOOK control of Egypt in 671 BCE, but Kush continued to thrive. Its new capital, Meroë, was close to the Red Sea. It became a great iron-manufacturing and trading center. Its culture combined Egyptian, Nubian, and African elements. Kush had its own language and writing, which even today has not been deciphered (figured out or translated). The Kushite kings were buried in pyramids (above), but these looked very different from the Egyptian kind. Hundreds of their servants and companions were sometimes buried with them. 3/1/17 2:54 PM 18 Activities WRITE A NARRATIVE Imagine you are a tour guide in Egypt leading a group through the Nile Valley. As part of the tour you want to help people understand what the Nile Valley was like in 2500 BCE. Think about the area’s geography and climate. What settlements were present? Write a narrative script for what you will tell tourists about the ancient Nile Valley. MAKE A POSTER Suppose your job is to create a visual summary for a museum exhibit on the Egypt and Kush civilizations, and you’ve decided to make a poster. To get started, draw and label a map of the region of ancient Egypt and Kush on a large sheet of poster board. On separate index cards, write descriptions of the political, commercial, and cultural relations between Egypt and Kush. Be sure to include a title on each index card. Attach the cards to the map and add a title to the poster. Ancient_Egypt_18-19.indd 18 3/1/17 2:55 PM 19 MAKE CONNECTIONS WITH THESE RELATED TITLES Mesopotamia Archaeology Language Ever wonder when the first written records appeared, when the wheel was invented, or where our modern counting system came from? Believe it or not, these and many other innovations – like glass, farming, complex legal systems, and basic astronomy – came from one civilization, the very first: Mesopotamia. Understanding the daily lives of ancient people is the driving force behind archaeology. The pottery, art, tools, and ruins early civilizations left behind provide a window into their habits and cultures. Learn all about the essential tasks of archaeologists, from mapping a site and sifting dirt to using delicate brushes to unearth artifacts. Language is more than just the words and sounds we use to communicate. The study of language helps us understand our past. From ancient hieroglyphs and the first papyrus scrolls, to sign language and computer programming, language has long been at the center of human society. CALIFORNIA STANDARDS HSS 6.2 Students analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Kush. LEARN MORE ONLINE! • The farming settlements along the Nile River grew into towns and then cities, where people did many different kinds of work. Cities became centers of commerce, industry, government, religion, or culture. • When a pharaoh was buried, gold, jewels, and other precious items were buried with him or her. Robbers often broke into tombs. • To the people of ancient Egypt, maat meant order, truth, and justice, in society, in nature, and in the cosmos. They believed everything had a certain orderliness granted by the gods. • Many Egyptian gods, or deities, had more than one form and several jobs. Ancient_Egypt_18-19.indd 19 6.2.1 Locate and describe the major river systems and discuss the physical settings that supported permanent settlement and early civilizations. 6.2.2 Trace the development of agricultural techniques that permitted the production of economic surplus and the emergence of cities as centers of culture and power. 6.2.3 Understand the relationship between religion and the social and political order in Mesopotamia and Egypt. 6.2.4 Know the significance of Hammurabi’s Code. 6.2.5 Discuss the main features of Egyptian art and architecture. 6.2.6 Describe the role of Egyptian trade in the eastern Mediterranean and Nile valley. 6.2.7 Understand the significance of Queen Hatshepsut and Ramses the Great. 6.2.8 Identify the location of the Kush civilization and describe its political, commercial, and cultural relations with Egypt. 6.2.9 Trace the evolution of language and its written forms. Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills: Chronological and Spatial Thinking 3. Students distinguish relevant from irrelevant information, essential from incidental information, and verifiable from unverifiable information in historical narratives and stories. Historical Interpretation 1. Students explain the central issues and problems from the past, placing people and events in a matrix of time and place. 3/1/17 2:56 PM hmhco.com EDITOR: Jennifer Dixon ART DIRECTION: Brobel Design DESIGNERS: Ian Brown, Ed Gabel, David Ricculli, Jeremy Rech PHOTO RESEARCH: Ted Levine, Elisabeth Morgan PROOFREADER: Paula Glatzer FACT-CHECKER: Nayda Rondon, Patricia Fogarty ACTIVITIES WRITER: Marjorie Frank AUTHOR: Linda Scher, Amy K. Hughes AUTHOR TEAM LEAD: Amy K. Hughes PRESIDENT AND CEO: Ted Levine CHAIRMAN AND FOUNDER: Mark Levine house middle GRADE 6 TITLES World’s Early People Ancient India Mesopotamia Indian Empires Ancient Egypt Ancient China Archaeology Early Romans Language Roman Empire Ancient Hebrews Christianity and Rome’s Legacies Early Greeks Olmec and Maya Greece’s Golden Age Civil Rights Ancient Persia ON THE COVER: Sphinx and pyramid, illuminated at night with full moon. Getty Images: Adrian Pope. PICTURE CREDITS: Alamy: rin a ni p. ottom left le ander the reat rchi e p. middle left le ander the reat anmas p. top left ss rian alace ar a p. ottom left tah ida icture i rar p. ottom ri ht o er of a el eter orree p. top ri ht leopatra he rint ollector p. ottom center oui ra el hoto p. center middle henaten orld istor rchi e p. ottom left d sseus . i le and ictures.com p. ottom center ode of ammura i . Art Resource: l um p. top ri ht ro al famil hiero l phs ritish useum ondon reat ritain p. top left phin of ahar a p. middle left i or clapper . Bridgeman Images: Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford, UK: p.2 middle right model ar oat rid eman ma es p. ottom left detail from the oo of the ead ptian useum urin tal p. ottom center a ricultural scenes . imatallah p. ottom ri ht terra cotta to ou re aris rance p. center middle model of a . arrier p. top ri ht u ians ational eo raphic reati e p. center u ian troops eter illi p. middle ri ht tom ship model . Getty Images: . a li rti p. ottom center amses ptian ational useum airo pt p. ottom left utan hamen ose nacio oto p. middle ri ht henaten offerin . Granger Collection, NYC: p. ottom ri ht umerian cuneiform p. top left atshepsut p. ottom ri ht lmec head p. middle ri ht pap rus p. ottom ri ht osetta tone p. left coffin of in utan hamen p. middle ri ht nu is armin the heart p. middle left hired mourners p. ottom left oo of the ead p. ottom ri ht ei hin the heart icture i rar p. center middle peasant . National Geographic Creative: . . e ret pp. top farmers so in seeds pp. top in hutmose p. full countr estate p. ri ht in s dau hter ith mirror p. middle left carpentr shop p. top left rindin our pp. top procession p. top left scri es pp. top ill princess and famil . Science Source: hristian e ou u liphoto iffusion p. top ri ht mummification u liphoto p. top ri ht mumm preparation . Shutterstock: Anneke Swanepoel: p. middle ri ht om m o nton ano pp. u im el rthit aeoratanapattama p. ottom center and p. top ri ht a ara pt erett istorical p. top ptian ile oats edor eli ano p. ottom left ptian hiero l phs raficam hmed aeed p. ottom ri ht ueen atshepsut hec e p. ottom ri ht uins at erma ose nacio oto p. center middle efertiti sp p. ottom athor ostin p. ottom ri ht reat ramid u ee he ear p. top ri ht archaeolo ist artchan p. ottom ri ht ero p ramids aul rescott p. ottom center reat ramid of i a ics tudio p. ottom museum interior tan tan p. ottom ri ht leopatra ton hao p. ottom center terra cotta arriors ladimir ho a p. top center apanese hiero l phs i nie u o s i pp. ottom arna temple . ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS: Acme Design Company: Map of the Nile, p.2. Brobel Design: aps p. . Michael Kline Illustration: ocial ramid p. core oard p. . Copyright © by Kids Discover, LLC All rights reserved. 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