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Biology Midterm Study Guide t Chaoter The Nature of Life (o.2) Students will be able to... identify variables in an experiment distinguish between observations and inferences match examples to characteristics of living things o o o lo earn? Whlch do Mike's dad always buys bread with preservatives because he says it lasts longer. Mike asks, "Will bread with preservatives stay fresh longer than bread without preservatives?" He hypothesizes that bread with preservatives will not grow mold as quickly as bread without preservatives. ln order to test his hypothesis, he obtains one slice of bread containing preservatives and one sllce of bread without any preservatives. He dampens two paper towels and folds the paper towels so that they will lay flat inside two separate ziploc bagB. One slice of bread is placed in each bag and the bags are sealed and kept in a dark environment for one week. Mike records mold growth once a day for one week. What is Mike's hypothesis? What is the independent variable? Dependent variable? Control group? Name 3 controlled variables in Mike's experiment. "The bread with preservatives has less mold growing on its surface than the bread without preservatives" is an (observation, inference, opinion). "The bread without preservatives tastes better" is an (observation, inference, opinion). "The preservatives in the bread include fungicides" is an (obseruation, inference, opinion). Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory. List the 8 characteristics of living things and gives examples of each: t. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Chapter 2: The Chemistrv of Life (o.34) Students will be able to... a Explain atomic structure, chemical bonding, and the properties of water a Distinguish between the macromolecules t Explain how enzymes work to speed up chemical reactions and how enrymatic reactions are affected by temperature and concentration of enzymes (Liver Lab) Distinguish between energr-absorbing and enerry-releasing chemical reactions MACROMOLECULE Carbohydrate Lipid Protern Nucleic Acid FUNCTION MONOMER EXAMPLE Chaoter 3: The Biosohere (o,62) Students will be able to... r r r r Deflne the levels of organization of studying ecologr/biology lnterpret food webs, food chains, and energr pyramids (feeding relationships) ldentif,the processes in the biogeochemical cycles (water, carbon, and nitrogen) Distinguish between the flow of energy and the flow of matter in an ecosystem tlrl.fr finotos lerfu,rcr, tfr (rrslnr'slis lu sioa'iorc urrr'r63r lroiri* tftrolrg.{r t$is faoil thain, Olle nrmao ins I'ep.r, dratt t os a* em'lrfte, . The gouid eatg the smcll ffsh, . The erioslankton eat the aleae, gle sdurcl. . The I lr€ slrark shaik eats eab the squid. Ttre srndl fish eat thi zooplankton, " THE NITROGEN CYCLE (p.78): Complete the diagram How much of the sun's eners/ does the shark receive? @ iJY 4rir:D Zooptaftktofl Which animal represent the trophic level with the least amount of biomass? Chaoter 4: Ecosletems and Communities (o.86) Students will be able to... o Explain the climate patterns on the globe a Give examples of biotic and abiotic factors a Give examples of community interactions and symbiotic relationships ldentify characteristics of the major biomes and marine ecosysterns Define and give examples of: PredationCompetition- MutualismCommensalismParasitism- THE CARBON CYCLE (p.77): Complete the diagram AlSas Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. Sketch a climatogram (climate diagram). Which is the temperature? Precipitation? Compare and contrast two biomes of your choice. Chaoter 5: Pooulations (o.1181 Students will be able to... o r o o Calculate growth rate and population density Distinguish between exponential and logistic growth Give examples of limiting factors (density-dependent and density-independent) Discuss the growth of the human population (past, present, future) A population of whitetail deer increased from 205 to 1230 from 2005 to 2009 in 4OO acre metropark forest. What is the growth rate? What is the population density in 2009? Sketch a Logistic Growth Curve and Exponential Growth Curue. Distinguish between densitydependent and density-independent limiting factors. Give examples of each. Gettin4 to Know the Comoound Microscooe (o. 10701 Students will be able to... ldentify the parts of the microscope and their functions Focus, stain, and prepare a wet mount Measure with the microscope o o r ldentify the parts of the microscope: L. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1'1". t2. 13. 1-4. Explain how the measure with the microscope. What diameter do you use at low power? High power? Chaoter 7: CellStructure and Function (o. 1681 Students will be able to... Explain the role of technology in our understanding of life (developing the cell theory) ldentiry cell organelles and their functions (diagrams, plant vs. animal cells) Explain how molecules move across the membrane (diffusion, active transport, osmosis) Explain cellular organization and cell specialization Look at the ba*ers at the l$t, In tfu bcoktt's on tht right, drnt tu any drnlgcs in roflt?r lqtel or wwfter of soltte Nfitcles a, cttclt tide { ihe. Use p. 175 to Label the PLANT CELL: . o . r ueaibrnrc thnt occur ns a rcflilt of tfu dexrilxd pmc*>. Plant cell smootlr eodoplasml< retlcul0m D'tI* ffi? I il I JorttolVli Prftrder>l tl \*v-j 34iite pdrtklr rffi emeot' ffi\ o'm"'>w Y.ttlr mardnlcnt Students will be able to... Compare and contrast photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation Write the chemical equations for all of these Photosynthesis: o r Respiration: 'W Fermentation: Explain ATP- what is it? Where does it come from? How is it used? Chaoter 10: Cell Growth and Division (o. 240) Students will be able to... e Relate cell size to diffusion efficiency (surface area to volume ratio) o Explain how the cell cycle is regulated and identify the steps of mitosis Use pp. 246-247 to label Cell Clcle: @ts @' \,c --r\2 @ PrfturP- e^#-*Mffi## Pwi<w Algae 1. a) Whici ones are consumers? Decomposers? Producers? Heterotrophs? Autotrophs? (There may Lre multiple answers for each one). b) Which has the smallest biomass? c) Which has the largest biomass? Owl 5. Label and state the function of each' o. a) Whattypeofcellisthisandhowdoyou know? b) What controls cell growth? Tree shrews Z. c) What does the surface area to volume ratio have to do with cell size? al What do trophic levels show? b) lf the tree Sives 1500 cal to insects, how much energy does the owl get? ) lnsects Tree 3. a) Label all the zones. b) Which zone gets the mostsunlight and explain why? _ c) Whl do temps drop as one moves further away from the equator? d) Explain how air moves on the planet. <-<--- 0 l. a\ How many populations of animals are shown? b) What are the nonliving factors here? sunlighl g. <-- pI{ Values of Some Common Label everything, what is this cycle called? Substance Hydrochloric acid Sulfuric acid Tomatoes Rainwater Pure water Sea water Ammonium chloride Sodium hydroxide S$ttg!., PH l-0 1 2 4.7 6Z 10 8.5 l1.l 13.0 a) Which is the strongest acid? b) What is the PH of the weakest acid? c) What is the pH of the stron8est base? d) lf a solution has a high concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) is it an acid or a base? e) Which is a strongeracid? Atomatoorraln water? -t or*r' €gl| de !l 02 46I 9. a) tf a limiting nutrient is supplied to the producers, what effect does it have on birds? b) How many kcal will the Bass get? 10.0@ kcd c) What 3 scientific approaches do ecologists use to explain ecoldgy? ' Growth rde 11. ,IY= Ell1,._-,,,,1 o 2 4 6 8 1012141618 4$'"* Days 4p$"^' er*r' &t! dd 5pid4 # rato -t € E 'l Il ilr*a | I P. caudelun d8 I1012141618 Days 10. a) Listallthebioticandabioticfactors. b) What would happen if a dam was built in region a) Which species has greater initialgrowth when grown seParatelY? b) Which species has greater initial growth together? when grown ci wtrai type ot population gro*h curve is C? c) Which regions contain more nutrients than other regions and explain why? @K" shown in the first graph? d) Explai;hy P. caudatum declined in trowth when theY were grown together' .\Yfl ;ChreQ-=--f4. a) ls this an animal or a plant cell and explain how you knew that. b) LabelXandY' c) Label each step and order. d) put them in the correct Draw a picture of what the next step might look like. @@ 16. 15. a) Howmanyenergytransferringstepsaway from the sun is the deer? b) compare the energy available to ihe wolf if Finish the table. it eats first level consumers instead of second level consumers. A shrdent placed three cubes of agar that contaiaed the indicator phenolphthalein in a beaker of vinegar. The cubes were the following lengths: 3 cm, 2 cm, and I cm. ln the presence of an acid, such as vinegar, phenolphthaleil h:ms from pink to clear. After l0 minutes, the shrdent cut each cube open and measured the distance that the vinegr had diffirsed into each cube. She thm started to complete the data table. o Vinegar Agar cubes Figure 10-5 Agar Cubes Cube Surface Volume (cmt) Size Area (length in cm) (c-') 3 54 27 10 6 1 10 2 1 Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Depth of Diffusion (mm) Time Rate of (minutes) Diffusion (mr/minute) 10 a) Which steps show the carbon cycle passing . through living systems? b) After learning about respiration and . photosynthesis, explain how the carbon cycle and the oxygen cycle are related.