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Salahaddin University College of Science Geology Department Geological Questions ------------------------------------ Part One Kurdistan-Questions 1) Zor Hauran Formation in south of Iraqequivalent towhich formation in the north part of Iraq: 1. 2. 3. 4. Kurra China Mirga Mir Beduh Baluti 2) All of the following formations in Iraq red colorin lithology except 1234- Prispiki Beduh Barsarin Gercus 3) Shale use after which formation when its write: 1234- Chia Gara Sarmord Sargelu Ora 4) The lower contact of Garagu Formation with 1234- Balambo Chia Gara Barsarin Gotnia 5) Which formation composed mainly of Sandston? 1234- Ga'ara Balambo Bajwan Alan 6) Anhydrite is lithology to 1234- Alan Anah Both of them None of them 7) The lens limestons present in Kolosh Formation is 1234- Avanah Khurmalah Anah Geli Khana 8) Contact in which of the following formations is not gradational 1234- Gercus – Kolosh Geli Khana – Kurra China Ora – Harur Geli Khana – Beduh 9) Which of the following is not correct succession in Iraq? 1234- Kaista-Ora-Harur Kurra China-Baluti-Sarki Chia Zairi- Mirga Mir- Beduh Gercus- Kolosh- Upper Fars 10) Which of the formations below have the same name in Iraq & Saudi Arabia? 1234- Yammama Sulaiya Gotnia Mulussa 11) Fossil fuel (Coal) rich in which of the formations below 1234- Chia Gara Karimia Noakelekan Kaista 12) During the Sehkaniyan formation deposited in Kurdistan which formation was deposited in south part? 1234- Alan Adaiyah Mus All of them 13) Which of the formations below belong to the Triassic period? 12345- Geli Khana Beduh Kurra China Mirga Mir All of them 14) Middle Oligocene (Kirkuk group) contain all of them in Iraq except 1234- Tarjil Ibrahim Bajwan Baba 15) Which of the following formations best to hydrocarbon potential in Iraq? 1234- SargeluF.n Ora F.n Aqra F.n Naokelekan F.n 16)Surdash anticline (Sulaimaniya) is type locality of all formations below in Iraq except: 1234- Sargelu F.n Sehkaniyan F.n Gulneri F.n Sarmord F.n 17) Who is described Khabour quartzite F.n in Iraq? 1- Wetzel 1950 2- Dunnington 1953 3- Morton 1952 18) Ammonite faunas rich in which of the following formations in Iraq? 1234- Ora shale F.n Shiranish F.n Chia Gara F.n Chia Zairi F.n 19) Thickness of the Harur limestone Formation in the type section in Iraq is: 1- 67 m 2- 36 m 3- 62 m 4- 83 m 20) Age of the Kometan Formation in Iraq is: 1234- Aptian Coniacian Cenomanian Turonian Part-Two Specialized Questions Igneous Rock 1) Igneous rocks that form from magma are known as: A) Basalt B) Granite C) Intrusive rocks D) Gneiss 2) IfthemagmathatproducedaRhyolitehadcooledbeforereachingtheEarth’ssurface,wewouldcall ita A.Basalt B.Granite C.Obsidian D.Diorite 3) Which of the following processes will produce metamorphic rock? A. B. C. D. Cementation of debris Solidification of magma Lithification of sediment Recrystallization of rock 4)Abasalticmagmacanbeproducedbya5-10%drypartialmeltof A.Basalt B.Plagioclase feldspar C.Mantle (peridotite) D.Diorite Usethefollowingdiagramofthecrosssectionofavolcanotoanswerquestions 5and6. 5)Whichtypeofvolcanois showninthediagram? A. B. C. D. Shield Plateau Lavadome Compositecone 6)Whichofthefollowinglavas wouldmostlikelybeproducedduringaneruptionofthis volcano? A. B. C. D. Maficwithlowviscosity Silicicwithlowviscosity Maficwithhighviscosity Silicicwithhighviscosity 7)Burial metamorphism,atypeofregional metamorphism,usually produces A.Foliatedrocks B.Faults C.Diagenesis D.Nonfoliated rocks Use the following diagram to answer questions 8 to 11. 8)Which of the following processes wouldmost likelyproduce the quartz grains from the granite? A. Physical weathering B. Chemical precipitation C. Contact metamorphism D. Magmatic Rystallization 9)The weathering of granite produces a solution of X. What is the name of a common mineral? Which could form (precipitate) from this solution? A. Gold B. Mica C. Calcite D. Pyroxene 10)What name is given to river transportation processY? A. Creep B. Solution C. Elastic rebound D. Rolling and bouncing 11)What is the name of rockZ? A. Chert B. Shale C. Breccia D. Conglomerate 12) Which of the following is the best description of the magma that produced the volcano shown? A. B. C. D. Low viscosity with mafic composition Low viscosity with silicic composition High viscosity with mafic composition High viscosity with silicic composition 13) Which of the following parameters influences the viscosity of magma? A. Temperature of the magma B. Oxygen content of the magma C. Depth of the magma beneath Earth’s surface D. Quantity of minerals in the magma 14)Agranitecontains themineralsquartz,muscovitemica,potassium plagioclasefeldsparwhichmineralistheeasiesttoscratch? A. B. C. D. feldsparand Quartz Muscovitemica Potassiumfeldspar Plagioclasefeldspar 15) You discover a rock with aphanitic texture containing amphibole, biotite, and sodium feldspar. This is A. Gabbro B. Granite C. Basalt, D. Andesite 16) An igneous rock with minerals that can be seen with the unaided eye exhibits A. Porphyritic texture B. Phaneritic texture C. Pyroclastic texture D. Visible texture 17) Rocksthat showevidenceofhighductile foliated,andcontainporphyroclastsare referredtoas: strain,arewell- A.Breccias B.Mylonites C.Cataclasites D.Gouges 18) Plutonic igneous rocks always have A. Olivine, calcium feldspar, pyroxene B. Phaneritic texture C. Quartz, muscovite, potassium feldspar 19) Explosive volcanoes always have A. Relatively low silica magmas B. Relatively low volatile contents C. Relatively high temperature magmas D. Relatively low viscosity magmas E. None of these 20) Name the rock sample: A. Basalt B. Gabbro C. Granodiorite D. Rhyolite 21)Which of the following is the mostimportant factor in determining the mineral Composition of the metamorphic rock marble? A. B. C. D. The pressure at which it formed The temperature at which it formed The density of the original parent rock The chemical composition of the original parent rock 22) What term is used to describe the parallel alignment of minerals in schist? A.Graded bedding B.Sedimentary layering C. Metamorphic foliation D. Regional metamorphism Use your knowledge of Bowen’s Reaction Series and igneous rock classification to complete the table below: SILICA CONTENT MINERAL COMPOSITION PHANERITIC TEXTURE APHANITIC TEXTURE HIGH 23 24 25 INTERMEDIATE 26 27 28 LOW 29 30 31 23) A) gabbro, basalt, granite, B) sodium feldspar, pyroxene, muscovite, C) muscovite, quartz, potassium feldspar, D) olivine, pyroxene, calcium feldspar, E) none of these. 24) A) gabbro, B) diorite, c) granite, D) basalt, E) andesite. 25)a) Rhyolite, B) gabbro, C) granite, D) basalt, e) diorite. 26) A) olivine, calcium feldspar, pyroxene, B) calcium feldspar, sodium feldspar, potassium feldspar, C) quartz, granite, muscovite, D) pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, E) hornblende, biotite, sodium feldspar. 27) A) andesite, B) Rhyolite, c) granite, D) basalt,E) diorite. 28)A) andesite, B) Rhyolite, C) granite, D) basalt, E) diorite. 29) A) quartz, biotite, olivine, B) olivine, quartz, sodium feldspar, C) quartz, muscovite, potassium feldspar, D) quartz, pyroxene, sodium feldspar, E) none of these. 30)A) gabbro, B) Rhyolite, C) granite, D) basalt, E) diorite. 31) A) gabbro, B) Rhyolite, C) granite, D) basalt, E) diorite. 32) Aphaneriticigneousrockcomposedoforthoclase,oligoclase,biotite,hornblende,andquart zis: A.Monzonite B.Syenite C.Latite D. Granodiorite 33) The principal agents of metamorphism are A. heat and chemical composition B. Texture and composition C. Pressure and texture D. Heat and pressure 34) Which of the following lists is arranged in order from lowest to highest grade of metamorphic rock? A) Gneiss, slate, schist, phyllite B) Gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate C) Slate, gneiss, phyllite, schist D) Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss E) Phyllite, gneiss, slate, schist 35) Volcanoes at convergent plate boundaries generally produce A) Basalt B) Rhyolite C) Granite D) Andesite E) Diorite 36) What type of igneous rock forms most of the Earth’s oceanic crust? A. B. C. D. Basalt Granite Breccia Andesite 37)Whichofthefollowingprocesses is associatedwiththeformationofhydrothermalmineral depositsinoceaniccrust? A. B. C. D. Magmaticassimilationinbatholiths Seawaterevaporationinoceanbasins Hotwaterconvectionat sea floorrifts Contactmetamorphismaroundplutons 38) Which of the following graphics below best illustrates an intrusive igneous rock? 39) You finda rock that hasa fine-grained composition. Looking at it carefully, you see what appear to be clam shell fragments in it.This rock is most likely: A. Intrusive igneous B. Extrusive igneous C. Sedimentary D. Metamorphic 40) For magma to become lava, it has to: A. Come to the Earth’s surface B. Lose some of its gases C.Lithify (cool and harden) D. Be subjected to intense pressure andheat fora long period of time. Questions41 refer to the diagram below which shows an underground series of igneous bodies, labeled A, B, C, and D. 41) Which of these intrusions would be described asa sill? A. A B. B C. C D.D 42) Which igneous rock has a vesicular texture and contains the minerals potassium feldspar andQuartz? (A) Andesite (B) Pumice (C) Pegmatite (D) Scoria 43) Which diagram represents a landscape where fine-grained igneous bedrock is found? 44)A volcano which is composed of lava flows and pyroclastic material and which is steepsided and very tall is known as: A) Syncline B) Composite cone C) Anticline D) None of these 45) The solidified lava of a volcano belongs to which rock family? Is it: A) Igneous B) Metamorphic C) Sedimentary D) Fossilized 46) In geological studies, a dome shaped intrusion is called a: A) Volcanic neck B) Laccolith C) Nuee ardent D) Caldera 47) A type of volcano composed of mainly pyroclastics is termed: A) Cinder cone B) Shield cone C) Composite cone D) None of these 48) Molten rock beneath the Earth's crust is called: A) Magma B) Liquicite C) Lava D) Igneous 49)An igneous rock which is commonly black, has a glassy texture, and has a conchoidal fracture is which of the following? A) Pelite B) Calcite C) Obsidian D) None of the above 50) A specialized form of concordant igneous intrusion that is characterized by a dome in the country rock and a nearly planar floor is called a: A) Lopolith B) Laccolith C) Batholith D) Stock 51)The most common mineral found in igneous rock is: A) Feldspar B) Olivine C) Muscovite D) Fluorite 52) The metamorphic rock which forms from pure limestone is: A) Slate B) Gneiss C) Schist D) Marble 53) Which coal is considered a metamorphic rock? A) Anthracite coal B) Bituminous coal C) Lignite coal D) All of these 54) In geological studies, cemented volcanic ash is called: A) Caldera B) A-a C) Lava D) Tuff 55) The core of the earth is thought to be composed of which of the following? A) Basalt and granite B) Compressed gases C) Uranium and lead D) Iron and nickel Sedimentary & Stratigraphy 1) Carbonic acid is extremely active in the chemical weathering of: A) Feldspar B) Quartz C) Carbon D) Quartzite 2) When shale weathers, it forms mostly: A) Clay B) Quartz C) Soluble carbonates D) Slate 3) A rock composed of cemented sand and gravel is: A) Shale B) Conglomerate C) Granite D) Marble 4) Of the following, the rock that is most resistant to both chemical andmechanical weathering is: A) Shale B) Limestone C) Marble D) Quartzite 5) Geologist James Hutton’sconceptofhowEarth’s physicalfeatures havechangedis called uniformitarianism. Accordingtothisconcept,whichofthefollowingexplainshowthese changeshaveoccurred? A. B. C. D. Suddencatastrophes Hardeningoftheearth’scrust Eruptions ofancientvolcanoes Naturalforces whichcontinuetohappen Usethefollowingcrosssectiontoanswerquestions 6 to10. 6)Whatnamewouldbegiventotheigneous structureatR? A. Sill B. Dike C. Stock D. Lava flow 7)Which of the following is true from oldest to youngest? A. B. C. D. Sedimentary Rx, limestone, igneous Rx. gypsum, shale Igneous Rx, sedimentary Rx. Limestone,gypsum,shale Sedimentary Rx, igneous Rx,Limestone,gypsum,shale Igneous Rx, limestone, sedimentary Rx, gypsum,shale 8)TherockatRiscomposedmostlyofdarkferromagnesiansandplagioclase withalittlePotassiumfeldsparandquartz.Nametherock. A. B. C. D. Basalt Diorite Granite Rhyolite 9)Whattypeofmaterialcomposes unitU? A.Clastic B.Organic C.Igneous D.Evaporate 10)TherockatVislimestone.WhatistherockatW? A.Schist B. Gneiss C.Marble D. Quartzite feldspar, Baseyouranswerstoquestions11through13ontheblockdiagramsoffourrockoutcrops,A,B,C,a ndD, Locatedwithin15kilometersof eachother.Therocklayershavenotbeenoverturned. 11)WhentherocklayersatoutcropsA,B,C,andD,a r e correlated, wouldbedeterminedtobetheoldest? whichrocklayer A.Quartzite B.Gneiss C.Marble D.Sandstone 12) WhentherocklayersatoutcropsA,B,C,andDarecorrelated, wouldbedeterminedtobetheyoungest? A.S h a l e B.Gneiss C.Sandstone D.Marble 13)Bywhichprocesswasthequartziteformed? A.Depositionof clastic sediment B.Metamorphism ofsandstone C,Precipitationfromseawater D.Cementation of shells whichrocklayer 14)Which of the following sediments shows the best sorting? A. B. D. C. Use the following electron micrograph of sand grains to answer question 15. Y W X Z 15) Which sand grain hasmost likely travelled the greatest distance? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z Use the following list of processes to answer question 16. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Cooling of granite Melting of sediment Weathering of granite Lithification of sediment Recrystallization of granite Transportation of sediment 16)Which of the following gives the correct order for the complete formation of a sedimentary rock? A. 5, 2, 1 B. 3, 6, 4 C. 4, 5, 2 D. 1, 3, 6 17)Which of the following sediments could be lithified to produce a biochemical sedimentary rock? A. B. C. D. Desert sands Glacial outwash Landslide deposits Microorganism skeletons 18)Fourquartzsamplesofequalsizeandshapewereplacedinastream. Whichofthefourquartzsamples belowhasmostlikelybeentransported farthestinthestream? ABCD 19) Whichofthefollowingisnota goodindicatorofdepositionaltopandbottom? A.Flutecasts B.Graptoliteorientation C.Gradedbedding D.Mudcracks 20)What are the 3 major environments of deposition? A. Lakes, rivers, ocean B. Swamps, beaches, marine shelves C. Marine, continental, transitional D. Shelf edge, slope, abyssal seafloor 21)A fault is always younger than the rock it cuts through" defines the: A. Principle of Fossil Succession B. Principle of Original Horizontality C. Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships D.PrincipleofLateralContinuity 22) Which of the following sedimentary structures can give information aboutCurrent direction at the time the sediment was deposited? A. B. C. D. Varves Mud cracks Cross bedding Graded bedding 23) Whatgroupofcommonlyoccurringsedimentarydepositsformsbyprecipitationofsaltsfro mland- lockedbodiesofconcentratedsolutionsorbrines? A.Sulfuricsedimentaryrocks B.Organicsedimentaryrocks C.Evaporiticsedimentaryrocks D. Phosphaticsedimentaryrocks 24) Which of the following is a class of rocks? A. Sedimentary rocks B. Igneous rocks C. Metamorphic rocks D. All of these are classes of rocks. 25) The process whereby rocks are changed to sediment is called A. Lithification B. Deposition C. weathering D. Compaction E) Solidification. 26) A sedimentary rock composed of rounded particles of gravel is A. Breccia B. Sandstone C.Particle stone D. Gravelstone E. Conglomerate. 27) A sedimentary rock composed of angular particles of sand is called A) Sandstone B) Conglomerate C) Breccia D) Siltstone 28) Sedimentary particles with a size range larger than 256mm A. Pebbles B. Silt C. Sand D. Boulders 29) A layer in which the grain size becomes smaller vertically through the layer is called A. Foliated B. Graded bedding C. Cross-bedded D. Is not observed in nature 30) Mud cracks preserved in sedimentary rocks A. Are indicative of arid environments characterized by occasional rain B. Occur only in rain forests C. Occur whenever plants germinate in rocks D. Have never been observed in nature 31) Sedimentary rocks provide clues about A. Earth surface conditions at the time the sediment formed B. Temperate climates C. Tropical climates D. Polar climates E. All of these 32) Cross-bedding observed in river sand can be used A. To determine the direction the water was flowing B. To determine the speed of the river C. Determine the height of the waves in the river D. To determine the temperature at the time the ripples formed E. None of these 33) As one goes deeper beneath Earth’s surface, A. Pressure increases B. Temperature increases C. Rocks become denser D. The mechanical behavior of rocks changes E. All of these. 34) A sedimentary rock composed of clay-sized particles is called: A. Siltstone B. Shale C. Breccia D. Diatomaceous earth E. None of these Usethefollowinggeologicalblockdiagramtoanswerquestions35 to36 35)Whichofthefollowingprinciplescanbest beusedtodeterminetheageofthegraniterelativetothesedimentaryrocklayers? A. B. C. D. Superposition Faunal succession Originalhorizontality Cross-cutting relations 36)Whichofthefollowingis theyoungestsedimentaryrocklayershowninthe blockdiagram? A. B. C. D. Coal Shale Limestone Sandstone Questions37-41 refer to the diagram below: 37) Which processes would form the rock type represented by circle B? A. Deposition and compaction B. Weathering and erosion C. Melting and solidification D. Folding and faulting 38) Which of the following rocks could be found in Circle C? A. Marble B. Basalt C. Shale D. Diorite 39) Which rocks could be represented by circles x, y, and z? A. Sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone B. Coal, slate, schist C. Breccia, gneiss, Rhyolite D. a’ a, pahoehoe, Pyroclastic 40) The classification of rocks into the categories Sedimentary vs. Non-sedimentary is based primarily on the rocks’ A. Origin B. Density C. Color D. Age 41) Which of the following rock-forming processes would be exemplified in Circle A? A. Pressure B. Melting C. Burial D. Evaporation Geological columns at widely separated locations. Note: each layer within a column represents a different unit of geologic time (epoch or period). Use this diagram to answer questions 42 to 44 42)What is the oldest layer shown in any of the Columns I, II or III? A. B. C. D. Glacial till Tan limestone Grey limestone Brown sandstone 43) Which of the following ismost likely represented by the wavy line at the base of the green shale in Column II? A B. C. D. Joint Varve Thrust fault Erosion surface 44)How do we recognize transgressive facies? A. When marine facies overly nonmarine facies. B. When terrestrial facies overly marine facies. C. By the presence of plant fossils. D. By the presence of beach deposits. Usethefollowingcross-sectionaldiagramtoanswerquestions45and46. 1 cm 45)Whatnameisgiventothesedimentarystructure showninthediagramabove? A. Mudcracks B. Ripplemarks C. CrossbeddingD. Gradedbedding 46)Whatchangesinstreamconditions causedthedepositionoftheparticlesinthesediment? A. B. C. D. Anincreaseingradient Adecreasein streamwidth Adecreasein streamvelocity Anincreaseinwatertemperature 47)Whichofthefollowing features formed fromwind-blownsands? A. B. C. D. Mudparticles Gabbropebbles Bivalveburrows Roundedquartzgrains wouldmostlikelybefoundinasandstonelayerifitwas Use the following diagram to answer question 48. Order the table below Use the diagram below to answer questions49to53. 49) Where would metamorphic rock most likely is found? A. A B. B C. D D.E 50) Which rock unit is the youngest one pictured in this cross-section? A. A B. C C. D D.E 51) What is indicated by the feature labeled “D?” A. Nonconformity B.Reverse fault C.Disconformities D.Normal fault 52) How would you best characterize the feature labeled “C?” A. It isa discordant pluton B. It isa normal fault C. It isa concordant pluton D. It isa reverse fault. 53) Which sedimentary rock layer is the oldest one shown in this cross-section? A. Sandstone B. Limestone C. Shale 54) How do time-stratigraphic units differ from time units? A. They are not different as they are the same thing. B. Time-stratigraphic units are divided into intervals of periods or epochs. C. Time-stratigraphic units are of unknown length, whereas time units are always measured in years. D. Time-stratigraphic units are represented by actual rocks 55) Dolostone is classified as which type of rock? (A) Land-derived sedimentary rock (B) Chemically formed sedimentary rock (C) Foliated metamorphic rock (D) Nonfoliated metamorphic rock Base your answers to questions 56 through 59 on the cross sections of three rock outcrops, A, B, and C. Line XY represents a fault. Overturning has not occurred in the rock outcrops. 56) The volcanic ash layer is considered a good time marker for correlating rocks because The volcanic ash layer (A) Has a dark color (B) Lacks fossils (C) Can be dated using carbon-14 (D) Was rapidly deposited over a wide area 57) Which sedimentary rock shown in the outcrops is the youngest? (A) Black shale (B) Tan siltstone (C) Conglomerate (D) Brown sandstone 58) What is the youngest geologic feature in the three bottom layers of outcrop C? (A) Fault (B) Unconformity (C) Igneous intrusion (D) Zone of contact metamorphism 59) Which processes were primarily responsible for the formation of most of the rock inOutcrop A? (A) Melting and solidification (B) Compaction and cementation (C) Heating and compression (D) Weathering and erosion 60) Choose suitable answer to the following sedimentary features Number Sedimentary feature Suitable answer A. B. C. D. E. 1 . 2 3 4 5 cone in cone structure stromatolite footprints sole marks cross beds Structural Geology & Remote sensing 1) Anaerial photographtakenwitha camerahavinga focallengthof6inchesflying 10,000feet above thedatumhasa scale of: A.1:10,000 B.1:20,000 C.1inch=10,000feet D. Scale cannotbedeterminedfromthedatagiven. 2) Theterm"growthfault"meanswhichofthefollowing? A.Anynormalfaultassociatedwithsedimentaryrocks B.A faultradiatingfroma largerfault C.A sedimentaryrocksequenceformedcontemporaneouslyandcontinuouslywithdeposition D. Thrustfaultswhosedisplacementhasgrownthroughtime Usethefollowingmaptoanswerquestions3and4. 3)Whichofthefollowingdescribes thestrikeanddipofthe fault? Strike Dip A.north-south west B.north-south east C. east-west north D. east-west south 4)Whattypeoffoldisvisibleonthemap? A. B. C. D. Plungingsyncline Plunginganticline Non-plunging syncline Non-plunginganticline faultina Usethefollowingcrosssectiontoanswerquestion5. 5)Whichofthelabeled featuresabove representsajoint? A.W B.X C.Y D.Z Usethefollowingphotographandgeologiccrosssectionofatypicalmountain intheRockyMountains toanswerquestions 6and7. 6)Whattypeoffaultis shown? A. B. C. D. Thrust Normal Strikeslip Transforms 7)Whattypeofforcecreatedthe fault? A. B. C. D. Shear Tensional Gravitational Compression 8)What process gradually releases energy along a fault? A. B. C. D. Creep Dilatancy Deformation Elastic rebound 9)Which of the following block diagramsbest illustrates a thrust fault? A. C. B. D. Use the following block diagram to answer questions 10 and 11. 10) The hanging wall has moved down. What is the type of fault? A. B. C. D. Joint Normal Reverse Strike-slip 11) What type of forces would have created a fault of this type? A. B. C. D. Shear Tensional Confining Compressional Use the following geological map to answer questions 12 to 13. 12)What is the geological structure that lies between II and III? A. B. C. D. Dome Syncline Anticline Unconformity 13) Which structural symbol should be placed atX in order to show the strike and dip of the strata? A. B. C. D. Use the following photograph of features on Mercury to answer question 14. 14)Which of the labelled features is the oldest? A.Fault B.Basalt flow C.Small crater D. Large crater 15) In geological studies, a fault in the earth's surface in which the hanging wall has moved UP relative to the footwall is termed: A) Over thrust fault B) Reverse fault C) Tear fault D) None of these 16) In geological studies, a fault in the earth's surface along which primarily horizontal movement has taken place is termed: A) Over thrust fault B) Strike-slip fault C) Reverse fault D) None of the above 17) In studies of the surface of the earth, a reverse fault having a dip between 10 and 45 degrees is known as a: A) Thrust fault B) Normal fault C Strike-slip fault D) Neither of these 18) In geological studies, a fracture in the earth's surface along which movement has taken place is termed: A) Tension fracture B) Gash fracture C) Fault D) None of these 19)In geological studies, a fault in the earth's surface in which the hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall is termed: A) Normal fault B) Reverse fault C) Up thrust fault D) None of these 20) In geological studies, a reverse fault having a di less than 10 degrees is known as which of the following types of faults. A) Normal B) Overthrust C) Strike-slip D) None of the above. Mineralogy & Crystallography 1) Most cave deposits form from which of the following minerals? A) Hematite B) Calcite C) Quartz D) None of these 2)The internal structure of crystals was first studied with which of the following? A) X-rays B) Isotopes C) Electron microscopes D) Lasers 3) Which of the following reasons explains why quartz cannot be identified by its color alone? A) Its color is too faint. B) It has no color. C) It exists in a variety of colors. D) Its color fades. 4) Which of the following minerals is a source of lead? A) Bauxite B) Hematite C) Malachite D) Galena 5)What mineral is the densest? A) Hematite B) Cinnabar C) Marcasite D) Rhodochrosite 6) Orthoclase is what number on Moh's hardness scale? A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 7 7) Which of the following is the chemical formula for pyrite? A) CaCO3 B) CaMgSO4 C) FeCO3 D) FeS2 8) The nickname, "Fool's Gold," refers to which of the following? A) Calcite B) Apatite C) Fluorite D) Pyrite 9) Which of the following is the only element which from the sea? Is it: A) Copper B) Magnesium C) Uranium D) Zinc 10) The chemical union of iron, oxygen and water forms A) Magnetite B) Hematite C) Limonite D) Pyrite 11) Give the term that describes different crystalline modifications of the same chemical substance. Is it: A) Polymorphism B) Isomorphism C) Tetrahedral D) Perovskite 12) Fluorite is what number on Moh's hardness scale? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 13) Apatite is what number on Moh's hardness scale? A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7 14)Hematite is a primary ore of which of the following metals? A) Zinc B) Tungsten C) Iron D) None of the above 15) Galena is a primary ore of which of the following metals? A) Zinc B) Tungsten C) Lead D) Silver 16) Sphalerite is a primary ore of which of the following metals? A) Zinc B) Tin C) Copper D) Iron 17) Which of the following minerals is a source of copper? A) Bauxite B) Hematite C) Malachite D) Galena 18) Which of the following terms is used to describe the appearance of a mineral in transmitted light? Is it: A) Diaphaneity B) Translucence C) Opaqueness D) Porosity 19) In geological studies, arkose contains which of the following minerals which gives it a reddish color? A) Orthoclase B) Calcite C) Aragonite D) Quartz 20) Which one of the following minerals does not contain silica tetrahedrons? A) Quartz B) Muscovite C) Halite D) Orthoclase 21) Which of the following minerals is noted for its one perfect cleavage? A) Calcite B) Muscovite C) Quartz D) Pyrite 22) Which of the following gases is given off in the acid test of a carbonate mineral? A) Chlorine B) Nitrogen C) Carbon dioxide D) Sulfur dioxide 23) Fine parallel lines, or striations, are most likely to be seen on a cleavage surface of which of the following minerals? A) Quartz B) Orthoclase C) Hornblende D) Plagioclase 24)Which of the following minerals is not a silicate? A) Orthoclase B) Muscovite C) Augite D) Magnetite 25) Which of the following pairs contains one igneous and one sedimentary rock? A) Shale and marble B) Sandstone and quartzite C) Granite and limestone D) Obsidian and gneiss 26) Which of these pairs of minerals are always found in granites? A) Muscovite and calcite B) Quartz and orthoclase C) Hornblende and talc D) Augite and magnetite 27) An example of a rock whose minerals have been crushed into thin sheets or bands is: A) Shale B) Schist C) Conglomerate D) Granite 28) The hydrolysis of orthoclase results in the formation of: A) Shale B) Kaolin C) Lime D) Hydrochloric acid 29) This sedimentary rock was used to build the Pantheon and the Colossium: A) Marble B) Travertine C) Sandstone D) Ironstone 30) Which of the following materials is the hardest? A) Calcite B) Silicon carbide C) Topaz D) Quartz 31) The mineral halite is: A) Potassium chloride B) Sodium chloride C) Calcium chloride D) Calcium bromide 32)What is the name of the white clay which has been used for thousands of years in the fabrication of ceramic bodies? Is it: A) Talc B) Kaolin C) Feldspar D) Quartz 33) An agate is a form of what mineral? A) Magnetite B) Feldspar C) Quartz D) Copper 34)Which of the following properties can best be used to distinguish between calcite and halite? A. Streak B. Hardness C.Magnetism D. Reaction with acid 35)Whichmineral has the highest concentration ofsilicon? A.Hematite B. Plagioclasefeldspar C.Olivine D.Pyroxene 36) Which of the following minerals can scratch a wire nail but not a steel knife? A. B. C. D. Quartz Calcite Apatite Fluorite 37) Which of the following is a physical property of minerals? A. Breakage B. Luster C. Roughness D. Roundness 38) Predictionofswellingpotentialinsoilispossibleusingwhichofthefollowing? A.Grainsize B.Organiccontentofthesoil C.Atterberglimits D. Color 39) Apathfinderelement usedinexplorationforgolddepositsis: A. Cobalt B.Selenium C.Arsenic D.Aluminum Use the following mineral crystals table to answer question 40 and 41 40)WhichmineralpropertyisvisibleincrystalsXandZbutnotvisibleincrystalY? A. B. C. D. Luster Fracture Cleavage Crystalform 41)Whichofthefollowingshows thecorrectidentities ofthemineralsX,YandZ? X Y Z A. galena pyrite fluorite B. fluorite pyrite galena C. pyrite galena fluorite D. galena fluorite pyrite 42)Whichofthefollowingarecomplexions? A.NaCl B.H2O C.(Mg, Fe)2SiO4 D.CO2 43) Whichoneofthefollowingmineralsdoesnotbelongtothecarbonatemineralgroup? A.Barite B.Aragonite C.Rhodochrosite D.Smithsonite 44)Themineral specimenshowninthephotographcanbescratchedbyacopperpenny andfizzesinacid.Whatmineralisit? A. B. C. D. Halite Quartz Calcite Gypsum 45)Which of the following pairs of descriptions is true about galena? Material of economic value obtained from galena A use for material obtained from galena A copper pipes and wires B lead fibre-optic lines C copper rust-proofing car bodies D lead car batteries 46) Which of the following pairs of minerals is commonly found in an evaporite deposit? A. B. C. D. Bornite and pyrite Hematite and halite Calcite and gypsum Magnetite and fluorite 47) Whichoneofthefollowingmineralsdissolvesintosolubleionswithoutresidue? A.Kaolinite B.Pyrite C.Selenite D.Orthoclase 48)Whichofthefollowingeconomicmineralsis commonlyconcentratedbyevaporation ofalakeorsea? A. B. C. D. Galena Gypsum Molybdenite Chalcopyrite 49)Whichofthefollowingis anoremineralthatisanimportant sourceof zinc? A. B. C. D. Garnet Quartz Calcite Sphalerite 50) Which one of the following descriptors concerning minerals isnottrue? A. Solid B. Definite chemical structure C. Organic D. Formed of atoms 51) In what way are diamond and graphite different from one another? A. Graphite isa mineral, but diamond isa rock; B. Diamond can scratch any other substance, while graphite can be scratched by many other substances; C. Diamondhasa black “streak” but graphite hasa white “streak; D. Diamond and graphite have different chemical compositions. 52)The most abundant elements found in Earth’s crust are silicon and oxygen.It is no surprise, therefore, that the most common mineral group is the: A. Carbonates B.Oxides C. Native metals D. Silicates 53) The diagrams below show the crystal shapes of two minerals. Quartz and halite have different crystal shapes primarily because (A) Light reflects from crystal surfaces (B) Energy is released during crystallization (C) Of impurities that produce surface variations (D) Of the internal arrangement of the atoms Geotectonic & Earth history 1) Which of the following causes the oblate spheroid shape of the earth? A) The earth's magnetism B) The earth's gravity C) The earth's rotation D) The moon's tidal pull 2)Which one of these is not true? A) All planets revolve in the same direction. B) All planets rotate in the same direction. C) The orbits of the planets are all ellipses. D) The orbits of the planets are nearly in the same plane. 3) Most earthquakes originate at depths of between A) The surface and 100 kilometers B) 100 kilometers and 500 kilometers C) 500 kilometers and 700 kilometers D) 700 kilometers and the outer core 4) The longest era was the A) Mesozoic B) Precambrian C) Cenozoic D) Paleozoic 5) The oldest rocks that contain abundant fossils are: A) Precambrian B) Paleozoic C) Mesozoic D) Cenozoic 6) Which of the following names is given to the supercontinent thought to have existed in the Cambrian period? Is it: A) Pangaea B) Afrasia C) Gondwanaland D) Europia 7)Which of the following time periods includes part of the geologic range of dinosaurs? A) Mississippian B) Devonian C) Jurassic D) None of the above 8) The emergence of land plants is generally accepted as occurring during what period on the geologic time scale: A) Cretaceous B) Triassic C) Permian D) Silurian 9) Angiosperms developed during the: A) Precambrian period B) Cenozoic era C) Paleozoic era D) Mesozoic era 10) Of the following four geologic periods, which is the oldest? A) Devonian B) Silurian C) Permian D) Jurassic 11) Of the following four geologic periods, which is the most recent? A) Devonian B) Silurian C) Triassic D) Jurassic 12) During which period, in the earth's history, did MOST dinosaurs become extinct? w) Carboniferous x) Cretaceous y) Quaternary z) Triassic 13) The disappearance of the dinosaurs also marks the end of which geological era? A) Precambrian B) Cambrian C) Mesozoic D) Cenozoic 14)Which of the following is the name of the partly melted rock layer on which the plates move? A) Lithosphere B) Asthenosphere C) Hydrosphere D) Outer core 15) Iceland has a great deal of volcanic activity. The reason for this is: A) It was formed above a mid-ocean rift. B) It is part of the "Ring of Fire". C) Two tectonic plates are rubbing against each other under Iceland. D) The American plate is diving under the European plate in this region 16) What percentage of the earth's atmosphere does O2 comprise? A) 75% B) 50% C) 21% D) 32% 17) Global climate change is being attributed to the atmospheric increase in what two gases produced by human activities? A) Oxygen and hydrogen B) Ozone and methane C) Nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide D) Methane and carbon dioxide 18) The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is in the range of: A) 1-10 parts per million B) 10-100 parts per million C) 100-1000 parts per million D) 1000-10,000 parts per million 19)Under which of the following conditions is an earthquakemost likely to occur? A. B. C. D. Slow deformation in the lithosphere Rapid deformation in the lithosphere Slow deformation in the asthenosphere Rapid deformation in the asthenosphere 20) Which of the following is not among the 8 most abundant elements on Earth? A. Hydrogen B. Potassium C. Iron D. Aluminum. 21) Thedivisionof Earth’sgeologichistoryintounits timecalledEons,Eras,Periods,andEpochsis basedon A.Absolutedatingtechniques B.Fossilevidence C.Climaticchanges D.Seismicdata of 22)The most abundant element on Earth is A. Silicon B. Water C. Aluminum D. Oxygen 23) All matter in the Universe is composed of A. molecules B. Atoms C. crystals D. minerals 24) TheLaramideOrogenyoccurredduringwhatintervalsofgeologictime? A.Permian-Triassic B.Late Precambrian-Paleozoic C.Late Cretaceous-Paleocene D.Pleistocene-Holocene Base youranswerstoquestions25and26onthediagramofEarthshownbelow.LettersB,C,andDre present layersofEarth. LetterQrepresentsalocationonEarth’ssurface. 25)Whatistheprobabledensityof thegraniticbedrockatQ? (A)1.0g/cm3 (B)3.0g/cm3 (C)2.7g/cm3 (D)5.5g/cm3 26)Whichletterbestrepresents Earth’smantle? (A)Q (B)C (C)B (D)D 27)Recentdatasuggestthatmovementoflithosphericplatesmaybea resultofgravitypulling onsubductingplates.Incontrast,whatisthetraditionalexplanationforplatemotion? A. B. C. D. Convectioncellsinthemantle Magmacyclingintheoutercore Rockssinkinginmantlehot spots Differentialheatingbetweenlithosphericvolcanoes Usethefollowingcrosssectiontoanswerquestions 28 to31. 28)WhattypeofplateboundaryislocatedatZ? A. B. C. D. Divergent Transforms Subduction Convergent 29)WhatfeatureislocatedatS? A. B. C. D. Afoldmountain Ahot spotvolcano Anislandarcvolcano Amid-oceanridgevolcano 30)Atwhichlocationisthelargestmagnitudeearthquakemostlikely? A. B. C. D. T U W Y 31)Atwhichlocationwould metamorphicrockmostlikelyform? A. B. C. D. S T U Y 32) Alongtransformplateboundaries,faultcreepmayoccurcontinuously.Whatother geologicalprocess mayalsooccur? A. B. C. D. Largescalefolding Largescalecrustaluplift Manysmallearthquakes Compositeconevolcanoes 33) Which of the following is not a mechanical layer of the Earth? A) Lithosphere B) Mantle C) Inner core D) Outer core E) Asthenosphere. 34) The outermost mechanical layer of Earth is A) The mantle B) The sima C) The sial D) The crust E) The lithosphere. 35) Which of the following is not a class of mechanical behavior of Earth materials? A) Soft solids B) Hard solids C) Cold solids D) Hot solids E) None of these are mechanical behaviors of Earth materials. 36) The asthenosphere is A) That portion of Earth where rocks behave as brittle solids B) That portion of Earth where rocks behave as plastic solids C) That portion of Earth where rocks behave as fluids D) That portion of Earth where rocks can be found E) None of these. 37) The asthenosphere is composed of A) The crust only B) The crust and upper mantle C) The mantle only D) The sial only E) The sima only 38) The lithosphere is composed of A) The crust and upper mantle B) The mantle only C) The sima D) The sial E) None of these. 39) The lithosphere is nearly isothermal because A) There is convection B) There is heat produced everywhere in the asthenosphere C) Temperature has risen to the maximum that it can in the asthenosphere D) Earth is a sphere E) The lithosphere is not isothermal 40) Large magnitude damaging earthquakes occur A) At transform plate boundaries B) At ocean-continent convergent boundaries C) At continent-continent convergent boundaries D) At ocean-ocean convergent boundaries E) All of these. 41) Which of the following is not a type of plate boundary? A) Transform B) Divergent C) Convergent D) Subductive E) All of these are types of plate boundaries 42)Whichofthefollowingis thebestevidencethatEarth’scorecanbedividedintotwoparts? A. B. C. D. Theinner coreis coolerthantheoutercore. Earth’smagneticfieldcomesfromtheinner core. S-wavesslowdownas theyenterthedenserinnercore. P-waves speedupsuddenlywhentheyentertheinnercore. UsethefollowinglistofEarth’slayerstoanswerquestions 43and44. Earth’slayers atmosphere hydrosphere(oceans) crust mantle outercore innercore 43)ThecorrectorderoftheEarth’slayersislistedabove.Whichofthefollowingpropertiesi s mostimportantincausingthelayers tobearrangedinthisorder? A. B. C. D. Density Pressure Temperature Physical state (i.e.solid,liquidorgas) 44)Whichlayers aremainlyliquid? A.Mantleandcrust B.Crustandoutercore C.Mantleandhydrosphere D. Hydrosphereandoutercore 45) Which of the following is associated with continent-continent convergent plate boundaries? A) Explosive volcanism, B) Andesite volcanism C) Large, damaging earthquakes D) Volcanic mountain chain E) All of these 46) Earthquakes usually occur at A) Convergent plate boundaries B) Divergent plate boundaries C) Transform plate boundaries D) all of these. 47) An example of a transform plate boundary is A) The Ouachita Mountains B) The Appalachian Mountains C) The Mid-Ocean Ridge D) The San Andreas Fault E) The Hawaiian Islands. 48) The island of Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary? A) Ocean-ocean convergent boundary B) Ocean-continent convergent boundary C) Continent-continent convergent boundary D) Transform boundary E) Divergent boundary. 49)Which of the following is in correct order from oldest to youngest? A. Paleocene, Oligocene, Eocene, Pleistocene B. Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene C. Miocene, Oligocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene D. Paleocene, Eocene, Miocene, Oligocene 50Which of the following lists of geologic periods is in the correct chronological order, from oldest to youngest? A. Cambrian, Triassic, Silurian, Permian B. Cretaceous, Ordovician, Carboniferous, Triassic C. Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, Permian, Silurian D. Devonian, Permian, Jurassic, Tertiary 51) The way that earthquake waves travel through Earth gives evidence that: A. The inner core isa liquid B. The outer core isa liquid C. The inner and outer coresare liquids D.Themantleis a liquid 52) The movement of tectonic plates is inferred by many scientists to be driven by (A) Tidal motions in the hydrosphere (B) Density differences in the troposphere (C) Convection currents in the asthenosphere (D) Solidification in the lithosphere 53) Which two tectonic plates are separated by a mid-ocean ridge? (A) Indian-Australian and Eurasian (B) Indian-Australian and Pacific (C) North American and South American Geomorphology 1)Which of the following is the most important erosional and transportation agent? A) Wind B) Water C) Glaciers D) None of the above 2) Winds are classed as agents of erosion rather than of weathering because: A) They have nothing to do with the weather B) They carry rock particles away C) They work only part of the time 3) Which one of the following is an example of chemical weathering? A) The splitting of a boulder B) The grinding of pebbles into sand C) The cleavage of a feldspar crystal D) The rusting of hornblende 4)Valleys formed by glaciers always have which of the following characteristics? A) U-shaped cross sections B) Straight courses C) Uniform slopes D) Bedrock floors 5)On a topographic map, lines that connect points of the same elevation are termed: A) Benchmarks B) Bathymetric lines C) Contour lines D) Isobars 6) Of the following choices, the color purple on a topographic map indicates what surface feature? A) Vegetation B) Water C) Photorevision D) Rock formations 7) Which of the following terms is used to describe the angular difference between TRUE north and magnetic north on a topographic map? Is it: A) Magnetic field B) Magnetic intensity C) Magnetic inclination D) Magnetic declination 8) B-horizon of a pedalfer soil is noted for its accumulation of: A) Carbonate B) Nitrogen C) Humus D) Oxides 9)Pedocal soils are usually found to have developed in: A) Forests B) Swamps C) Grasslands D) Jungles 10)The surface of a "desert pavement" is composed mainly of which of the following? A) Loose sand B) Sand and clay C) Pebbles and boulders D) Concrete and cement 11) On a topographic map, lines that indicate water depth are termed: A) Isogonic lines B) Bathymetric lines C) Isopachs D) None of these 12) A circular cavity ground out of bedrock by running water is called a: A) Cave B) Pothole C) Sinkhole D) Kettle hole 13) The deep, least productive part of a lake is called the: A) Littoral zone B) Profundal zone C) Photic zone D) Limnetic zone 14) Which of the following does NOT affect sea level change? A) Antarctic ice sheet B) Small glaciers and ice caps C) Arctic sea ice D) Greenland ice sheet 15) The curved body of water formed when a meandering river reshapes and cuts off one of its bends is called: A) An Essing pond B) An Oxbow lake C) A Swensen pool D) A Groovy pool 16) Deposits that form when the ice in a glacier melts are called: A) Drifts B) Dunes C) Veins D) Cirques 17)Thediagrambelowshows latitudemeasurements degreesandlongitudemeasurements every15degrees. North Pole rim X Whatisthelatitudeandlongitudeof pointX? A.40°S45°E B.60°S30°W C.50°N45°W D.75°N30°E 18) Falling-headtestsandconstant-headtestsareusedtodeterminethe: A. Porosityofrockorsoil B.Safetyfactorsofcritical reservoirlevels C.Hydrostaticpressureonliners D. Permeabilityofrockorsoil every 10 19) PlacingasecondblockunderlocationAwillcausethestream’svelocityto (A)Decreaseandtherateof erosiontodecrease (B)Decreaseandtherateof erosiontoincrease (C)Increaseandtherateof erosiontodecrease (D)Increaseandtherateof erosiontoincrease 20)Which of the followingbest shows the range of sediment particle sizes that can be carried by a glacier? A. B. C. D. W X Y Z 21) AccordingtotheUnifiedSoilClassification,a soildescribedasa GWisa (an): A.Well-gradedgravelorgravel-sandmixture,withnoorfewfines B.Poorlygradedgravelorgravel-sandmixture,withnoorfewfines C.Coarseclayeygravel D. Organicsilt oflowplasticity 22)Whichofthefollowingfactorsincrease chemical weathering rates? A.Increasedtemperature B.Decreased temperature C.Decreasedsurfacearea D.Hyperventilation 23) Disappearingstreamsarenottypicallyfoundin: A.Karstterrain B.Glacial terrain C.Aridregions D.Volcanicareas 24)Which of the following cross-sectional shapes is most common for mountain streams? A. B. C. D. 25) Which of the following is a form of mechanical weathering? A. Dissolution B. Chemical weathering C. Oxidation D.None of these is a form of mechanical weathering 26) Caves form as a result of A. Mechanical weathering of limestone, B. Oxidation of limestone, C. Dissolution of limestone D. Hydrolysis of limestone 27)U-shapedvalleysandparallelgroovesinbedrock arecharacteristicsof erosionby (A)Massmovement (B)Waveaction (C)Runningwater (D)Glacialice 28)Thelandscapediagrambelowshowsafan-shaped patternof sedimentdeposits. The f a n -shaped p a t t e r n of theses e d i m e n t s i s mostlikelytheresultof depositionby (A)Glacialice (B)Oceanwaves (C)Runningwater (D)Prevailingwinds 29) Whichofthefollowingstructures bestshows the farthestadvanceofaglacier? A. B. C. D. Lateralmoraine Groundmoraine Terminalmoraine Recessionalmoraine 30)Allofthefollowing crossbedding? A. B. C. D. featuresareassociatedwithglaciations.Whichofthe Horn Esker Cirque Groundmoraine Questions31-32 refer to the diagram below. 31) Which feature would be described asa “scarp?” A. A B. B C. C D. D 32) What type offault is illustrated in this example? A.Transform fault B.A strike-slip fault C.A normal fault 33) Which of the following scenarios best describes the processoferosion? A.A rock tumbles offa cliff, and breaks. B.A rock is broken bya tree root growing into it. C.A rock is carried downstream bya river system; D.A rock dissolves in acidic rain 34) Asite locationmapmustincludescale,orientation,title, and: A. Topographiccontours B.Geologicunits C.Geographicreference D. Dipsandstrikesymbols featuresmayshow Paleontology 1)Accordingtothe fossilrecord, whichgroup of organismshasexistedforthegreatest lengthof time? A. B. C. D. Gastropods Mammals Corals Vascularplants 2)Whichstatement isbestsupported bythefossil record? A.Fossils arefoundinnearlyallrocks. B.Fossilsarefoundonlyinareasthatwereonce underwater. C.Mostearlylife-formsthatleftfossilremains arenowextinct. D.Mostearlylife-formsthatleftfossilremains stillexisttoday. 3)Theforaminiferaisthemostusefulindex(guide)fossilofthoseshown.Whatisthe reasonforthis? A. B. C. D. Itisextinct. Itiseasilypreserved. ItlivedduringthePaleozoicera. Itisthemostgeographicallywidespread. 4)Whichofthefollowingorganismshas leftatracefossil? A. B. C. D. Crinoids Trilobite Amphibian Cephalopod Use the following photograph to answer question 5. 5)When this fossil was cut in half, no trace of the original structures within the organism could be seen. Which of the following is themost likelytype of preservation of this organism? A. B. C. D. Carbonization Cast and mold Permineralization As original material Use the following table to answer questions 6 to 9. 6)What is the name of the fossil shown below? A.Trilobite (arthropoda) B. Brachiopod (brachiopoda) C.Sea urchin (echinodermata) D. Coral (cnidaria/coelenterata) 7)Which of the following is the best index (guide) fossil for bed 2? A. B. C. D. 8)Which of the following sedimentary environments is suggested by the collection of fossils shown below? A. B. C. D. Deep Ocean Shallow sea Desert oasis Freshwater swamp 9) The geologist discovered another layer, 10 km away, which contained the following collection of fossils. With which of the following beds does the layer correlate? A. Bed 2 B.Bed 3 C.Bed 4 D.Bed 5 Use the following photograph to answer question 10. 10)The photograph shows a Miocene wormtrace fossil. Which of the following statements about the fossil is true? A. B. C. D. No part of the worm has been preserved. Soft parts were preserved by carbonization. Hard parts were preserved by Permineralization. The worm has been preserved in its original form. The diagram below represents four widely spaced outcrops 11) Which fossil appears to be the bestindexfossil? 12) The fossil archaeopteryx is the earliest known example of: A) Mammal B) Fish C) Bird D) Snake 13) Crinoids are the same as one of the following. A) Algae B) Sea scorpions C) Sea lilies D) lobe-finned fishes Hydrology &Geochemistry 1) Which of the following processes doesn't account for an increase in atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) levels? A) Deforestation B) Photosynthetic processes C) Plant respiration D) Fossil fuel combustion 2) Certain substances are classified as water pollutants, others as air pollutants and still others as land pollutants. Which of the following pollutes all three parts of our environment? A) Fluorocarbons B) Smog C) Acid rain D) Ozone 3) Which is true for Low-Latitude Climates? A) Have a winter season B) Lack a winter season C) Are wet throughout the year D) Are dry throughout the year 4) The Greenhouse Effect is caused primarily by which of the following processes? A) Blocking incoming short wave solar energy B) Absorbing incoming short wave solar energy C) Heating of the Earth's stratosphere D) Absorbing outgoing long wave radiation from the Earth 5) AccordingtoDarcy'sLaw: A. Thevelocity offlowinclayishigherthaninsand. B.Thehigherthegradient,thelowerthevelocity. C.Thewatertableisgenerallyflatter inanareaofhightransmissivity. D. Springflowisindependentofthehydrauliccharacteristicsoftheaquifer 6) Whichofthefollowingindicatesthehighestmeasurementofpermeability? A.1-9millidarcy B.10-99millidarcy C.100-999millidarcy D.1-2darcies 7) WhichofthefollowingtestingtechniquesiscommonlyusedtodeterminethehydraulicConductivit yof a shallow,low-permeabilityaquiferusinga singlewell? A. Constantheadtest B.Slugtest C.Constantdischargetest D.Surge-responsetest 8) Perchedgroundwater: A.Hasthesameflowcharacteristicsasthemainaquifer B.Occursinareasofthicksandorsandstoneformations C.Isseparatedfromtheregionalaquiferbyanunderlyingunsaturatedzone D. Isgenerallyareliable aquiferformunicipalandindustrialproductionwells Baseyouranswerstoquestions 9and 10onthe diagram below,whichshowsairmovement o v e r a mountainrange. Thearrowsindicatethedirectionofairflow.Points1through3represent locationsonEarth’s surface. 9)Comparedtotheclimateatlocation1,theclimateatlocation3is (A)Cooleranddrier (C)Warmeranddrier (B)Coolerandwetter (D)Warmerandwetter 10)Cloudformationatlocation2isthedirectresultof airthatisrising (A)Expandingandcooling (C)Compressing,andcooling (B)Expanding and warming (D)Compressing,andwarming Baseyouranswerstoquestions11through12onthediagramofthewatercyclebelow.LetterArepresents aprocessinthewatercycle. PointsXandYrepresent locationsonEarth’ssurface. 11)TheprocessrepresentedbyAis (A)Precipitation(C)Condensation (B)Transpiration(D)Saturation 12)RainwaterwillenterthegroundatXifthegroundis (A)Saturatedandpermeable(C)Unsaturated andpermeable (B)Saturatedandimpermeable(D)Unsaturatedandimpermeable 13)Theamountof runoffatYwillincreaseas the (A)Slopeof thelanddecreases (B)Porosityof thesoilincreases (C)Evaporationrateexceedstheinfiltrationrate (D)Precipitationrateexceedstheinfiltrationrate 14)Whichprocessinthewatercycleisdirectlyresponsibleforcloudformation? (A)Condensation(C)Precipitation (B)Infiltration(D)Evaporation Use the following cross section of a dry stream valley and the sediments that underlie it to answer question15. 15)If gentle, continuous rain were to fall for a long period over the area shown, which of the following would be necessary in order for the stream to start flowing? A. B. C. D. The zone of aeration must increase. The water table must rise to the stream channel level. The water table must fallbelow the impermeable layers. The impermeable clay layers must divert water to the stream channel. 16) Evaporation from the ocean surface tends to: A) Cool the ocean surface and warm the atmosphere B) Warm the ocean surface and warm the atmosphere C) Reduce precipitation 17) What percentage of the earth's water is fresh water? A) 50% B) 22% C) 7% D) 3% 18)The aquifer of a famous artesian formation in the Great Plains is a layer of rock called the: A) Clinton limestone B) Dakota sandstone C) Pierre shale D) Vermont marble Geophysics 1) In geological studies, all of the following are true of P waves except that they: A) Are body waves B) Travel like sound waves C) Can pass through liquids D) Are slower than S waves 2) Thefree-airandBouguercorrectionsareappliedtowhichoneofthefollowing? A. Gravitydata B.Gamma-gammalogs C.Magneticdata D. Refractiondata 3)Which of the following shows that Earth has multiple layers? A. B. C. D. P-waves increase velocities with depth. P-waves disappear at a depth of about 2950 km. P-waves show abrupt changes in velocities at certain depths. P-wave velocities remain constant through the Earth’s centre A question 4 refers to the diagram below. 4)What type of earthquake waves would be recorded in Zone A? A. Primary waves only B. Secondary wavesonly C. Primary and secondary waves D. Primary secondary and surface waves 5) Which of the following would be used to assess damage from an earthquake? A. ModifiedMercalliScale B. Richter Scale C. Moment Magnitude Scale D. Seismic Magnitude Scale 6)ThefirstS-wavearrivedataseismographstation 11minutesafteranearthquake occurred. longafterthearrivalofthefirstP-wavedidthis FirstS-wavearrives? A.3min15s B.6min05s C.4min55s D.9min00s 7) We know that the Outer core is liquid because: A) P waves pass through it B) S waves pass through it C) P waves cannot pass through it D) S waves cannot pass through it Petroleum Geology How 1)AnXmarksthelocationofapossibleoiltrapineachcrosssection. Whichofthefollowinglocationsis leastlikelytoactasatrapforoilandgas? 2)Which physical phenomenon or principle is most often applied in the search for petroleum reservoirs? A) Gravitational attraction B) Magnetic field distortions C) Natural radioactive decay of minerals D) Acoustic wave transmission and reflection 3)Coal is believed to have been principally formed in which of the following types of environment? A) River beds B) Swamps C) Volcanic regions D) Deserts 4) Bottom-holereservoirpressurecanbederivedby whichofthefollowing? A) Theamountofgasrecordedonthechromatographafterpullingthedrill-pipeoutoftheholeand returningto bottom B)Theamountofsolidcuttingssuspendedinthedrillingmudsystem C)drill-stemtestshut-inpressuremeasurements D)Thediameterofthedrillhole Use the following cross-sectional diagram to answer question 5. 5)If 5 meters of movement occurred along A-B, what type of fault wouldmost likelycreate a trap for hydrocarbons? A. B. C. D. Thrust Normal Reverse Strike slip fault Use this block diagram to answer question 6 6) Type of Trap in area No. 3 A) B) C) D) Channel Pinch out Reef Lens 7) Type of porosity in the figure below A) B) C) D) Moldic Fracture Vuggy Fenestral 8) Vitrinite rich rock tend to be generation A) B) C) D) Oil prone Gas prone Mixed oil-gas prone No generation 9) Which type of kerogen the ratio of H/C more than the ratio O/C? A) B) C) D) Type I Type II Type III Type IV End of the questions By:Wrya J. Jabbar