Download The Respiratory System

What Happens to our body when we
exercise?
The Respiratory System
The respiratory system is one of
many systems in our body. It is the
first system to do with exercise. In
this system is the lungs, blood and
trachea.
Breathing
Breathing is the first process in the
respiratory system. When you inhale
(breathe in) oxygen enters your body,
when you exhale (breathe out)
carbon dioxide leaves the body. The
body automatically makes us breathe
all day. We breathe all day, every
day for the rest of our lives.
After you inhale the oxygen travels
down the trachea, also known as the
windpipe. Inside the trachea are tiny
hairs called cilia which catch any
mucus and dirt that goes down it to
stop it from reaching your lungs.
The diaphragm is the muscle that
lets us breathe. When we inhale the
diaphragm contacts and when you
exhale the diaphragm relaxes. The
diaphragm is placed under our lungs
and if we didn’t have one we would
probably die.
Lungs
The lungs are the main organ that
helps us breathe. Our lungs are
located in our chest behind the
ribcage. The ribcage is connected to
our spine and gives extra protection
for our lungs. The lungs rest on the
diaphragm.
If we looked at a human lung it
would be a bit squishy and would
look a pinkish-red colour. Lungs are
not the same size, the left lung is
smaller to leave room for the heart
behind it.
The bronchus is where the trachea
splits into two so air enters both of
our lungs. The bronchus is the main
tube to the lungs and the plural for
bronchus is bronchi.
The bronchioles are connected to the
bronchus. Bronchioles are tiny hair
like tubes. They get smaller and
smaller as more and more
bronchioles connect to each other.
Inside each lung are thirty thousand
bronchioles. The bronchioles allow
blood to flow through our lungs.
At the end of each bronchiole are
tiny air sacs called alveoli. Every
time you breathe in your alveoli fill
with air. In both lungs the lungs are
six hundred million alveoli. The
alveoli lets the oxygen into the blood
and carbon dioxide into the lungs.
The alveoli are surrounded by
capillaries.
Blood
Blood is the main fluid in our body
and they play an important part in
the respiratory system. Capillaries
are tiny blood vessels that flow
through your lungs. Capillaries are
so thin blood needs to flow in single
file through them. The oxygen from
the lungs is transferred into our
blood cells.
Exercise
When we exercise the respiratory
system accelerates. The system
accelerates so you get more oxygen
into your body. Whilst you exercise
you breathe faster and deeper. Every
minute you breathe in 3 litres of air
and an average amount of breaths in
a minute is 50 to 100.
The Circulatory System
The circulatory system is the second
system to do with exercise. It
involves the heart, blood, blood
vessels and 3 different circulatory
system.
Heart
The heart is the main pump in the
body. It is located behind the left
lung and surrounded by the ribcage.
The heart is located near all the
main organs in our body, like our
brain. The ribcage provides extra
protection to our lungs & heart. It’s
easier to pump blood to the upper
body than it would if it was in the
lower body.
The size of a heart is the size of an
average clenched fist. Our heart is a
hollow bag so blood can go in & out of
it. The heart is called the cardiac
muscle and red in colour. Our heart
is different to all our other muscles
because the fibres in the heart have
a special pattern to make the heart
stronger.
The heart is divided into four
chambers. The left atrium receives
oxygenated blood that has just been
to the lungs and the right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood that just
went around the body and needs to
go to the lungs. Our right ventricle
pumps blood to the pulmonary artery
and the left ventricle pumps aorta.
The tricuspid valve is between the
ventricle and atrium. It allows blood
into the ventricle from the atrium on
the right side. The valve on the left
side is called the bicuspid valve.
There are different types of nerves
such as sympathetic nerves. Nerves
can control different parts of our
body. Sympathetic nerves receive
impulses from the brain and tells the
heart to beat. Parasympathetic
nerves act as a brake for the heart
and slows it down when it needs to.
These nerves are part of the
autonomic system which sends
signals automatically.
3 Circulations
There are 3 circulations in the
circulatory system. There is
Coronary circulation, Pulmonary
circulation and systemic circulation.
The coronary vessels carry our blood
around the heart, it also helps with
the circulation of blood around the
cardiac muscle(heart). The coronary
circulation helps dispose of waste.
Pulmonary circulation helps get
blood to and from our lungs and
heart. Bronchioles circulation
supplies blood to tissue of larger
airways inside the lungs.
Systemic circulation is the
circulation of blood around the body.
It supplies our bodies cells with
oxygen and nutrients. It also helps
take waste away.
Blood Vessels
There are 4 layers in arteries, the
first is , The tunica adventitia. This
contains blood vessels to supply
oxygen and nutrients to the blood
vessels. The tunica adventitia is the
outer layer of the arteries and it also
has nerve cells in it.
The next layer is the tunica media.
This is the muscular layer and it is
thicker when it’s in an artery. There
is higher blood pressure in arteries
so there is more muscle. The tunica
media is like elastic so they can
pulse when the heart beats.
Tunica intimia is the inner lining
and made of endothial cells.
The lumen has a hollow centre for
the blood vessels and it is less wide
than in a vein. The lumen creates a
higher blood pressure.
The capillaries don’t have the three
layers. The capillaries have one layer
of endothial cells.
Veins have the same structure as
arteries but still has differences. The
lumen is much wider in arteries than
in veins. The veins have less
pressure so the tunica media is
thinner. Veins also contain valves
which stops blood going the wrong
direction. The valves help to pool the
blood and muscles help move the
blood back to the heart. The veins
carry deoxygenated blood into our
heart.
The pulmonary artery carries
deoxygenated blood from the right
ventricle to the lungs. The
pulmonary vein carries oxygenated
blood to the heart. The aorta is the
largest artery in the body and it
takes oxygenated blood from the
right ventricle to the body. The vena
cava are the largest veins in the
body. The vena cava return blood
from both upper & lower body to the
heart.
Blood
Blood is an important part of the
circulatory system, our blood takes
heat from the busier parts of the
body like our heart, brain & lungs to
heat us up. The blood spreads the
heat evenly around the body.
There are 4 main parts in our blood.
The red blood cells make our blood
red and also takes up half the
volume of the blood in our body. In
our body there are billions of red
blood cells. Our red blood cells carry
oxygen to cells in our body, they also
carry waste and carbon dioxide.
The second cells are white blood
cells. White blood cells are the
biggest cell in the body, they clean
our blood so we don’t get sick. The
white blood cells fight diseases and
germs.
The third part of our blood is
platelets. They are they are the
smallest part in the body, but there
are billions of platelets in the blood.
The platelets help blood to clot so
you don’t die from a little cut.
Plasma is the watery substance in
our blood, it makes our blood a liquid
and other blood cells float in it.
Plasma carries nutrients.to the
bodies cells and also carries waste to
the kidneys. The plasma carries body
control substances like hormones,
which help to regulate our bodies.
Kidneys
Kidneys are part of the urinary
system, but are also to do with the
circulatory system. The kidneys
clean our blood and dispose of the
waste through urine. The kidneys
take physical waste from the blood
and turn it to urine. Inside your body
you have two kidneys, but you will
survive with one. Your kidneys are
located in your lower back, and if you
saw kidneys they would be shaped
like a bean. Inside your kidneys are
one million nephrons in the cortex,
they are tiny filters that clean the
blood . the ureter is the tube in the
kidneys that the waste trickles to the
bladder.
Exercise
Exercise is the main thing helping
our body work. When we exercise our
systems accelerate and makes our
heart beat faster and harder to pump
blood around the body quicker. Our
sympathetic nerves tells the heart to
pump faster. Body cells need more
oxygen and nutrients so we dispose
of more waste.
The Muscular System
The third system to do with exercise
is the muscular system. It is to do
with all the muscles in our body.
Types
There are 3 different types of
muscles voluntary, involuntary and
cardiac.
Voluntary or skeletal muscles are
very adaptable and are used in
different situations. Skeletal muscles
are used for moving your body they
also help to move. Skeletal muscles
are connected to bones like bi-ceps,
tri-ceps and our thighs and skeletal
muscles move with thought.
Impulses are messages that are sent
from the brain to tell you to do
something.
Involuntary muscles or smooth
muscles move without conscious
thought. They are controlled by
nerves which are in the autonomic
system. All vital parts of our body
are smooth muscles like our heart(on
the inside), lungs, digesting(stomach
& intestines) and we need these
muscles to survive. Smooth muscles
are walls of hollow structures inside
the human body like our stomach.
The cardiac muscle is our heart but
is classified as an involuntary
muscle. The heart is smooth on the
inside but skeletal on the outside.
Appearance
Skeletal muscles take up half of the
bodies weight and there are more
than 640 of them in our body. They
are red in colour because of all the
blood in the muscle fibres. There is a
layer just under the skin called the
superficial layer and one deeper
layer which is the second layer. Some
muscles have three layers, that is
called the medial layer. Skeletal
muscles are different shapes and
sizes but most are long and thin,
some will be different shapes. Your
abdominal wall is a broad and wide
muscle, also shaped like flat sheets.
Your gluteus maximus is the biggest
muscle in our body and your thigh
muscles are 30cm in length. Your
smooth muscles all have smooth
surfaces.
Parts
The skeletal muscles fibres are
bundled together. Every fibre is as
thin as a hair and are bound
together by a connective tissue called
epimysium. The fibres are divided
into groups by perimysium and each
fibre is made of dozens of smaller
parts called fibrils. Every fibre is
made of thinner threads of fibres.
Each group is surrounded by blood
vessels. Inside our body the big
muscles have more fibres because
they are bigger so they need
more than the smaller muscles.
The skeletal muscles are all striated
or striped at a microscopic level.
The tendons are the things that
connect bones to muscles and there
is one at the end of each muscle.
Each tendon is strengthened by
strong fibres of collagen. Muscles get
thinner or tapers away where it is
connected by a tendon and is
stronger than super glue.
The smooth muscles have smooth
surfaces not striated. Smooth
muscles are made of groups of
smaller muscle cells. Smooth
muscles don’t have tendons and they
don’t help the body movement in our
body. Smooth muscles are hollow
structures of our body.
The cardiac muscle has a special
form of smooth and striated. It is the
only place in our body with this
pattern, on our heart and adjoining
vessels. It is striated on the outside
and smooth on the inside that helps
to squeeze blood through the heart.
It doesn’t use tendons because it is
always moving.
Movement
Your skeletal muscles move with
conscious thought which means it is
controlled by the brain. When you
think about moving, your brain
sends an impulse (instruction) along
nerves from the brain then the
muscles moves. When muscle fibres
contract, they shorten to 70% of the
relaxed length. Skeletal muscles can
pick up something as small as a
feather to something as heavy as a
table. The skeletal muscles tire
easily so they need a period of rest
before you use them again. The fuel
it runs on is glucose or sugar so you
need to keep eating sugar but not too
much. Your reflexes make you react
to some things nearly instantly.
Our smooth muscles move without
thought. They are controlled by the
autonomic system. They are involved
in the regulation of your internal
environment. Smooth muscles
contract in a gradual synchronised
manner, but is much slower than
skeletal muscles. They don’t tire so
they work all the time. Smooth
muscles are used in eyes , to make
our pupils big & they regulate the
size of the lumens in the blood
vessels. Smooth muscles responds to
stress and it changes body functions
for different situations like when
you’re excited.
The cardiac muscle moves without
thought even though it is striated. It
is like a smooth muscle because it is
never tired and it speeds up or down
when needed. If you remove the
heart it will beat for a small amount
of time.
Exercise
When you exercise your muscles
move faster. You have to think about
moving faster to speed up and you
would need more glucose for energy.
Muscles get cramps if you use them
to much. When you damage a muscle
it builds because the fibres tear.
When it heals it is thicker and
stronger. When you exercise your
heart starts to beat faster, you start
to breathe faster and more blood
transports around the body.
Now you know how the body works
with exercise. These are the main
systems to do with exercise but there
are other systems like the urinary
system which is to do with the
kidney and waste.