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Download Name Biology PreAP/GT Viruses 1. Decide about the following
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Name _______________________________ Biology PreAP/GT Viruses 1. Decide about the following characteristics: a. virus b. living cells _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ c. both protein coat nucleic acids cytoplasm capsid membrane envelope cell walls mitochondria cell membrane 2. Does your knowledge of the structures and functions of a virus support or refute this claim? Explain. 3. Number proper sequence for the Lytic Cycle. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Host cell is filled with new viruses Virus DNA begins to interact with the host DNA Host cell lyses (breaks apart) and released new viruses Virus attaches to a living host cell New Viruses are assembled from the protein of the host cell Virus DNA causes the host cell to synthesize proteins and DNA needed to replicate new viruses _____ Virus injects its DNA into the host cell 4. Why is it necessary for a virus to invade a living cell to make copies of itself? 5. Not all viruses replicate through lytic infection. Some viruses replicate by another method, called lysogenic infection. In this method, as in lytic infection, the virus injects DNA into the host cell, and the virus DNA combines with the DNA of the host cell. This may not cause any damage to the cell for weeks, months, or years. Then the virus DNA begins a process of replication similar to that found in lytic infection. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replicates by the lysogenic infection, attacking the cells of our immune system. Why do you think a person infected with HIV has difficulty fighting infections? I need to remember… Viruses lack the cell structures necessary for _____________________. Viruses are considered non -_________________. Viruses can replicate by two methods-______________infection and ______________ infection. ________________ infections occur when the nuclear material of the virus combines with the _______ of a cell before replication of the virus begins. Viruses and cells have one structure in common, ___________ ____________. __________ is a virus that infects and destroys immune system cells. Cell Cycle 1. Record the card numbers for each of the following Stages of the Cell Cycle. Stages in the Cell Cycle M G1 S G2 Card number 2. Cancer can occur in any of the more than 200 types of cells in the human body. During which phase(s) of the cell cycle is a cancer cell most likely to develop? 3. Match each of the following with the correct stage of Mitosis/Cytokinesis. a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase e. Cytokinesis _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ spindle fibers disperse and cytokinesis may also begin Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes chromosomes. The nucleolus disappears. in plant cells, a rigid wall forms between the two daughter cells. spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell. paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell. _____ Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of the cell, and new membranes form around the daughter nuclei _____ in animal cells, membrane pinches the cell into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus 4. List the number of the cards for the appropriate stage. Animal cell Plant cell Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase/Cytokinesis 5. What happens to a eukaryotic cell that does not complete all stages in the cell cycle? 6. What is the relationship between mitosis and growth in an organism? I need to remember… The _______ _________ is a continuous process of cell growth and reproduction. The cell cycle goes through _________, the longest phase, before undergoing mitosis and _____________. A ____________ cell can develop during any part of interphase. A cancer cell is a cell that goes through the cell cycle __________________. These cells consume the body’s resources. Growth results from _________________. There are __________________ during the cell cycle to help cells divide correctly. Changes to the Genetic Code 1. Write the name of the correct amino acid each codon represents on the line under each codon. AUG CCA ACA GUG AGA UUA CAG AAA UCG UAA ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 2. What does this long chain of amino acids represent? 3. What type of mutations do sequences A and B represent? 4. What effect do the point mutations have on the protein strands coded in Sequences A and B? 5. Write the new codon arrangement below and identify the amino acids using the mRNA Genetic Code chart. _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Codons _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ Amino Acids 6. What is the significance of this frame-shift mutation for the structure of the protein? 7. 8. How does this mutation change the type of hemoglobin produced? 9. Which of the Genetic Mutation cards represent mutations that are considered beneficial to humans? 10. Why are these mutations considered beneficial? 11. Humans have approximately 75,000 to 100,000 genes in a typical cell. A single gene contains about 10,000 nitrogen base pairs. How is it possible for a single mutation to one of these base pairs to cause a life-threatening condition? I need to remember: Mutations are changes in ________ that can be _________________. Certain ____________ are responsible for starting the production of a protein, and other codons ______ the process. _______________ occur when bases are added or deleted and when segments of ________ are missing. Not all mutations are _________________ – some are very beneficial. Genetic Variations 1. From the choices below, circle which combination would be correct for a male who is heterozygous for normal wings and a female who is heterozygous for normal wings. Show the genetic cross of these parents. Male Female ww Ww or or Ww WW 2. Write on the flow chart below the letters of the traits for the above parents. Use arrows to indicate which sperm cell and egg cell come together to produce an offspring. Genetic Cross Flow Chart male parent sperm cells female parent egg cells F1 Generation 3. What is the phenotypic ratio of the F1 generation resulting from the previous cross? Support your answer with data from the genetic cross. 4. Eye color in fruit flies is an X–linked (sex-linked) trait and is carried on the X chromosome only. A cross between two fruit flies results in 100 fruit fly offspring of which: a. b. c. d. ¼ of the offspring are white-eyed males ¼ of the offspring are red-eyed males ¼ of the offspring are white-eyed females ¼ of the offspring are red-eyed females. What must the parent genotypes be to produce this F1 generation? Show your work in the Punnett Square below to support the results of the cross. Female genotype = Male genotype = 5. Complete the following cross to show the genotypes of the missing offspring. 6. Given the results from the dihybrid cross above, predict how many of the offspring will be male fruit flies with red eyes and wingless bodies. What are the phenotypes of the female offspring? 7. Hemophilia is a sex-linked trait that is carried on the X chromosome. Why is there a higher probability that males will exhibit the characteristics of hemophilia than females?
