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I- Patronage a) Wealthy merchants came to dominate politics and society, as well as business. b) Independent city-states collected their own taxes and paid for their own army. c) Merchant families (Medici in Florence, Sforza in Milan) competed with each other for economic and political power. 1) They also became patrons of art. d) Patrons provided financial support for artists, allowing them the time to spend on artistic endeavors. e) Three examples of patron-supported artists were: 1) Leonardo daVinci 2) Michelangelo 3) Raphael f) The Catholic Church also sponsored many works of Renaissance art. II- Sculpture a) Sculpture emerged as an independent art during the Italian Renaissance. b) Like humanist writers, sculptors drew their inspiration from the Greco-Roman history. 1) Realistic statues of human beings often with beautiful nude bodies. 2) Busts of great leaders and eminent contemporaries. 3) Characters from Greco-Roman history and mythology. III- Painting a) Painting in oils redefined the Renaissance era. b) Renaissance art was distinguished from that of earlier eras by its use of visual perspective, or the ability to create illusory #D space on a two dimensional surface. c) Its humanist concern with reality contrasts with art from medieval times, as well as with Persian, Chinese, and Byzantine art. 1) All those traditions were more concerned with conveying symbolism than reality, but Renaissance art ordered the arrangement of painted objects from one viewpoint. 2) This control of space was an assertion of human control over space, and the new technique that shaped the development of western art. d) Renaissance painters showed people with distinctive attitudes and individual personalities reflected in their postures and faces, often with a background of landscape of scenery. 1) A part of the distinctive Renaissance style was that the real world was caught and put in a painting. III- Renaissance Men (see textbook for biographical details, see below for art) a) Leonardo daVinci 1) Mona Lisa- this famous work reflects the humanist interest in individual facial expressions and in realistic landscapes and backgrounds. b) Michelangelo 1) David- stunningly complex example of the humanist tradition, which combines religious themes with classical figures. c) Raphael 1) School of Athens- a grand fresco that portrays a vast array of great philosophers and scientists from antiquity. At the center are Plato and Aristotle, and included in the surrounding figures are Raphael’s famous contemporaries Leonardo and Michelangelo. This is a perfect example of Renaissance technique. Perspective Perspective Chiaroscuro- the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting. An effect of contrasted light and shadow created by light falling unevenly or from a particular direction on something. Detail of the face of Mona Lisa showing the use of sfumato, particularly in the shading around the eyes. Raphael (1483-1520) :School of Athens (1510-1511) Fresco: a painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries. Contrapposto Architecture utilized ancient Greek and Roman forms such as Greek temple architecture (with triangular pediments), Greek columns, Roman arches and domes (e.g. the Pantheon in Rome) - Simplicity, symmetry and balance. - Contrasted sharply with the highly-ornamented gothic style of the middle ages of pointed arches (as evidenced in numerous medieval cathedrals) Pantheon Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) Il Duomo (1420-34) Il Duomo atop Santa Maria del Firoe by Filippo Brunelleschi Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378-1455) won a contest in 1403 against Brunelleschi that earned him the commission to sculpt the bronze doors for the Florentine baptistery. His two sets of bronze doors (1424 and 1452) are a masterpiece of sculpture. Michelangelo called his 2nd set of bronze doors the “gates of paradise” Gates of Paradise, by Lorenzo Ghiberti- Doors on the Florentine Baptistery East doors, the Gates of Paradise (Lorenzo Ghiberti) : 1. Adam and Eve 2. Cain and Abel 3. Noah 4. Abraham 5. Isaac with Esau and Jacob 6. Joseph 7. Moses 8. Joshua 9. David 10. Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510): Birth of Venus (c. 1485-86) - The painting is a good example of humanism as the subject is Venus, the Roman goddess of love. (revival of Classics) Venus’ stands in contrapposto, with more weight on one leg than the other. This is also humanistic as contrapposto was used frequently by ancient Greek and Roman sculptors. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Mona Lisa (1503-1517) The Last Supper Raphael (1483-1520) :School of Athens (1510-1511) Fresco: a painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries. Michelangelo (1475-1564) Sistine Chapel Ceiling God dividing the waters showing the illusionary architecture Donatello’s David Michelangelo’s David Contrapposto stance, individualistic and emotional David (1501-1504) Pieta (1499) In Parmigianino's Madonna with the Long Neck (1534-40), Mannerism makes itself known by elongated proportions, highly stylized poses, and lack of clear perspective. The Burial of the Count of Orgaz by El Greco View of Toledo by El Greco Portrait of Leonardo da Vinci by Italian artist Cristofano dell’ Altissimo.