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Transcript
11/1/2013 Introduction to Biology What is Science? Goal of science is to understand the world around us. What is Biology? Study of life. There are MAY branches! Biology is related to other sciences … Chemistry, physics, math ... Eric Steven Lander, a mathematician, worked with the Human Genome Project. He could more easily analyze statistically whether a disease may be caused by 1 or many genes! Why Study Biology? Scientific Method • We need to understand in order to make healthy decisions in life. Step 1: Observe and State the Problem. • Knowledge is power. Step 3: Test the hypothesis by Investigation or Experimentation. • We are all connected! Example: Rainforest. • Science and Human Values Example: Cloning, Stem cell research Step 2: Form a Hypothesis. Step 4: Record and Analyze Data. Step 5: Form a Conclusion. Step 6: Replicate the Work (Verification). 1 11/1/2013 What does A hypothesis is a probable solution or an educated (scientific) guess based on what you have read and observed. “OBSERVE” mean? Experiment Control Group – used to show that the result of an experiment is really due to the condition you are testing. Experimental Group – identical to the control except for the independent variable. Constant – a factor that does not change throughout an experiment (ex) amount of light, water, and heat Experiment Independent Variable factor adjusted by the experimenter. (ex) amount of fertilizer Dependent Variable results from the action of the independent variable. (ex) amount of plant growth 2 11/1/2013 Record and analyze Data = information gathered by observation or investigation. Data can be collected by weighing, measuring, cutting apart, looking at etc. Form a Conclusion – statement about the original hypothesis based on all the information that has been gathered. Replicate the Work … Verification use of many experiments to test a single hypothesis - - - to become more sure about the conclusion. REMEMBER The sharing of information among scientists is critical! Once scientists have collected data from many experiments and find that the data consistently supports their hypothesis, the hypothesis may then become a scientific law or theory. Scientific Law – a “rule of nature” that describes the behavior of something in nature. Theory – explains why things happen the way they do. ALWAYS KEEP AN OPEN MIND. Theories and laws can be changed!!! 3 11/1/2013 Tools/Technique s of a Biologist Cell apoptosis Compound light microscope Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 4 11/1/2013 Surface of eyeglasses Ant holding a microchip Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Scanning Probe Microscope Centrifugation Micromanipulation and Microinjection used to separate a sample into its component parts. Centrifugation is also used to separate cell parts Cell Fractionation Special tools (so small/looking through a microscope) are used to insert, remove, dissect or otherwise manipulate certain parts of cell. 5 11/1/2013 Sperm cell Ovum Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI ) Enucleation (Cloning) Cell Cultures Characteristics of Living Things 1. All living things are made up of CELLS. Whitefish blastula cells Onion cells 6 11/1/2013 There are unicellular organisms … and there are multicellular organisms. TREE AMOEBA 2. All living things are highly organized at both the molecular and cellular levels. Giraffe CELL SPECIALIZATIO Blood cells 7 11/1/2013 Nerve Cells A human egg surrounded by sperm - one of which will fertilize it! 3. All living things obtain and use energy. Chloroplast Mitochondria 8 11/1/2013 4. All living things respond to their environment. H O M E O S T A S I S 5. All living things grow and develop. I’m Irritable! Adult organism What is the stimulus in this case? 6. All species of organisms reproduce. early all plants are able to reproduce asexually. Strawberries and spider plants send out “runners” which root (and form a new plant) when they touch ground. Asexual reproduction Yeast cell - budding Willow branches are notorious for rooting when they fall on very wet soil. Spider plant 9 11/1/2013 Fragmentation - separation of the original body into segments, sometimes specialized, which grow into new individuals. Parthenogenesis - egg develops without fertilization. A familiar example is the Aphids aphid, which may reproduce by parthenogenesis for much of the year, producing only females. Common in plants and flatworms. Planaria Moss Sexual reproduction Males are produced before winter, and the sexually produced eggs have hard shells that can withstand the rigors of winter weather. Fungus 10 11/1/2013 Paramecia reproducing sexually Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) reproduce by binary fission; a process in which the genetic material of the cell is copied and then the parent cell divides. 11