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Energy in Earth Processes Unit 4 What is Energy? Energy is _____________________________ the ability to do work Everything that is done in the universe involves the _______________________________ use or transfer of energy Most of Earth’s surface processes are powered by energy from the sun ______________ Electromagnetic Energy • Electromagnetic energy is a type of energy that radiated or given off is ___________________ in a form of transverse waves • Transverse waves: ______________________________________ Waves that vibrate at ______________________________________ right angles in the __________________ direction in which they are moving __________ Transverse Waves Crest Wavelength Amplitude Trough Direction of Travel Electromagnetic Energy Visible light waves ______________________ are a type of electromagnetic energy that is radiated by the sun and observed with the human eye – This is the ONLY part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen by the human eye! Characteristics and Types of Electromagnetic Energy Different types of electromagnetic energy are different wavelengths distinguished by their _____________________ The wavelength is the distance from __________ one crest of a wave to the next crest ______________________ The electromagnetic _____________________shows us the spectrum different types of electromagnetic energy in order of __________________ wavelength increasing Where can you find the electromagnetic spectrum chart????? Relationship Between Wavelength & Frequency Long Wavelength Low Frequency Short Wavelength High Frequency Electromagnetic energy can be separated into two groups by comparing it wavelengths to visible light Electromagnetic energy with a wavelength longer than visible light is called: Long-wave electromagnetic energy __________________________ Electromagnetic energy with a wavelength wave shorter than visible light is called a: short ___________ Interactions of Electromagnetic Energy When electromagnetic energy comes into contact with a material, the waves interact with the material. These interactions are as follows: Refracted 1. _________________: Bent in their passage through materials or varying density Reflected 2.___________________: Bounced off the material Scattered 3. ___________________: Refracted or reflected in various directions Refraction: Reflection: Interactions of Electromagnetic Energy Transmitted 4. _________________: Passed through the material 5. __________________: Taken into the material Absorbed Absorption Characteristics of a surface determine the amount of electromagnetic energy that can be ______________________________________ absorbed ________ Example: The darker the color of the surface more visible light it will absorb material, the __________________________ Absorption The ______________ texture or roughness or smoothness of a surface also affects the amount of electromagnetic energy that will be absorbed The _________________, rougher a surface is the more energy it will absorb and the less it will reflect Absorption The more effective a material is at absorbing electromagnetic energy, the better it will also be or giving off electromagnetic energy at radiating ______________________________ TEMP TEMP Transfer of Energy Energy moves from a region of high concentration or _______ source to a region of low concentration ___________________or sink Transfer of energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature is heat energy called ____________________ Heat transfers ___________________ , which is thermal energy the energy of the motions of atoms and molecules Dynamic Equilibrium Heat will continue to move from the source to the energies are equal sink until their _________________establishing a __________________ dynamic equilibrium At dynamic equilibrium, a region loses and gains ________________________ equal amounts of energy Methods of Transfer Conduction 2 Convection 1 3 Radiation Methods of Transfer Heat is transferred from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration by three different methods: #1 __________________ - The transfer of heat Conduction energy from atom to atom or molecule to molecule when vibrating atoms collide Most effective in _________________________ solids (especially metals) because the atoms or molecules are closer together than in__________________ liquids or gases • CONDUCTION ANIMATION Methods of Transfer #2 __________________ The transfer of heat by Convection movement in fluids – __________________ gases and liquids caused by differences in density Warmer portions of fluid tend to have rise above the lower densities and tend to _____________ _____________ cooler portions _______________ • CONVECTION ANIMATION Methods of Transfer Higher-density portions of fluid are pulled down displace less dense objects and _______________________pushing them upwards convection current ****The result is ___________________***** Convection current: A circulatory motion that transfers _______________________________ heat energy from one place to another Convection Current Sea Breeze Land Breeze Methods of Transfer • #3 __________________ The method by which Radiation heat is transferred via electromagnetic waves (ex. Light rays passing through window) Can occur in____________________ liquids, solids and gases and does not require ___________________________ a medium to transfer the energy • RADIATION ANIMATION • Animation Transformation of Energy A transformation of energy is the changing of ______________________________________ one type of energy into another type of energy Mechanical Energy: 1. All the energy of an object or system _____________________________________ not related to the motions of the atoms and molecules ________ 2. The total of the ________________________ potential and kinetic energy of an object or system Transformation of Energy Kinetic __________________: An object in motion has this type of energy Potential __________________: Energy related to position or phase; Also thought of as “stored” energy Either kinetic or potential energy can be _________________________ transformed into the other Examples of Kinetic and Potential Energy • Frog sitting on lily pad • Frog jumping into the water • Baseball pitcher standing at the mound • Baseball pitcher throwing a pitch • Child sitting on top of a playground slide • Child going down a slide One of the best examples! • Video Temperature and Heat The temperature of an object is directly related to of heat or thermal energy in the the amount ___________________________ object or region _____________ average kinetic Temperature: A measure of the _____________ energy of the particles of a body of matter _________________________________ - NOT A TYPE OF ENERGY!! Temperature and Heat The greater the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter, the __________________ higher the temperature ____________ Specific Heat: The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of any substance ______________________________________ 1°C _____ Specific heat can also be thought of as the resistance a material has heating or cooling _____________________to off Liquid water has the highest specific Example:___________ heat of naturally occurring substances Animation Question Equal masses of lead, granite, basalt, and water at 5°C are exposed to equal quantities of heat energy. Which would be the first to show a temperature rise of 10°C? 1.Lead 2.Granite 3.Basalt 4.Water Changes of State Matter can exist in three different states: Solid liquid and gas _____,_____,_________ An increase or decrease in energy and temperature of matter can cause the matter to _____________________________ change from one state to another Examples of Phases Melting 1. _________________: Changing from solid to liquid Solidification 2. _______________: Changing from liquid to solid (aka freezing) Evaporation 3. ________________: Changing from liquid to gas or vapor Examples of Phases Condensation 4. _________________: Changing of gas or vapor to a liquid Sublimation 5. _______________: Changing of gas DIRECTLY to solid When a material is going through a phase change, its temperature will remain _______________ the same as it is heated (the heat energy is not increasing the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules) In order for a change of state to occur from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas, the substance gain heat must _____________________________ In order for a change of state to occur from a gas to liquid, or from liquid to a solid, the substance must______________________________ lose stored heat • Animation Where can you find information about energy gained/lost during phase changes for water?? Sample Questions Water loses energy when it changes phase from: A. Liquid to solid B. Solid to liquid C. Liquid to gas D. Solid to gas Sample Questions During which phase change will the greatest amount of energy be absorbed by 1 gram of water? A. Melting B. Freezing C. Evaporation D. Condensation