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WEATHER Wind Pressure Do Now What produces weather? Where on Earth is sunlight received more directly? Indirectly? How is heat energy from the sun transferred on earth and in the atmosphere? Answers Weather is produced by the uneven heating of earth’s atmosphere (specific heat) Earth receives more direct sunlight at the equator and more indirect sunlight at the poles Heat energy from the sun is transferred on earth and in the atmosphere via – 1. Conduction – atmosphere that touches earth’s surface – 2. Condensation – releases stored heat (540 calories) when clouds form – 3. Convection – density causes differences in air pressure which it turn cause air to move in convection currents Hot air rises, expands – cools Cool air sinks or descends, compressed – warms (Mountains and clouds/precipitation) Pressure – weight of air DIFFERENCES IN AIR PRESSURE ARE CAUSED PRIMARILY BY UNEQUAL HEATING OF EARTH’S SURFACE Increase density, increase pressure Increase temperature, decrease pressure and density Increase altitude, decrease pressure Increase water vapor content, decrease pressure & mass Measured by a barometer Isobars = lines of equal pressure Pressure and Density Decrease with ALTITUDE What weighs more???? Demo Materials: – Petri dish – Aluminum spheres – Plastic spheres – Scales Water vapor replaces other air molecules that are heavier MOIST AIR WEIGHS LESS Isobars Meteorology notes Practice identifying a high pressure and low pressure areas General Rules for making isolines Isobars/isotherm practice… Wind speed is DIRECTLY related to the pressure gradient Closer the isobars Greater the pressure gradient Greater the wind speed Meteorology Note Packet Smart notebook file Land/Sea Breeze animation and diagram Describe the differences in these 2 diagrams (arrows = wind/breeze) Top – Wind coming from ocean to land – Day time Bottom – Wind coming from land to ocean – Nighttime Land and Sea Breeze Animation Land and Sea Breeze Animation Sea Breeze Sea Breezes Daytime How does the speed at which land and water heat up differ? Land heats up faster than water (Specific Heat) Where is the high pressure? Over the ocean Where is the low pressure? Over the land Which way does the wind blow? From the ocean to the land Sea Breeze Sea Breeze L H Land Breeze Land Breezes Nighttime – How does the speed at which land and water cool differ? Land cools down faster than water (Specific Heat) – Where is the high pressure? Over the land – Where is the low pressure? Over the water – Which way does the wind blow? From the land to the ocean Land Breeze WIND – Horizontal movement of air parallel to earth’s surface due to pressure differences HIGH pressure to LOW pressure Coriolis Effect kicks in Right in Northern Hemisphere Left in Southern Hemisphere Winds named for the direction from which they come Coriolis Effect Coriolis Effect Animation Winds and Coriolis in N Hemisphere Blow out of High pressure systems and into low pressure systems H L WIND MOVES CLOCKWISE OUT OF THE HIGH WIND MOVES COUNTERCLOCKWISE INTO THE LOW If earth did not rotate, we would have 1 big circulation cell in each hemisphere High pressure at Poles Low Pressure at equator 3 convection cells due to rotation, and unequal heating due to tilt WINDS AND CONVECTION CELLS CAUSED BY DIFFERENCES IN AIR PRESSURE WINDS NAMED FOR THE DIRECTION FROM WHICH THEY COME Low Pressure – convergence 0° and 60 °N and S High Pressure – divergence 30° and 90° N and S H L H L JET STREAMS – EASTERLY MOVING AIR If the Jet Stream moves south – it’s colder If the Jet Stream moves north – it’s warmer