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Americans on the European Front 1 TEKS 3(C), 8(B), 24(A) Listen 2 The United States was unprepared for war in 1917. At first, Congress Congress sent a small army with supplies and loans for the Allies. At the same time, Congress passed the Selective Service Act authorizing a draft of men into the military. Three million men eventually were were selected to serve in the American Expeditionary Force (AEF). Thousands of women also contributed to the war effort by volunteering volunteering as nurses, drivers, and clerks. African Americans served in segregated segregated units, but few saw combat. Listen 3 To get the soldiers to Europe without being attacked by German UU-boats, Americans used a convoy system in which troop and merchant ships sailed to Europe surrounded by armed warships. Listen 4 The Russians, led by Vladimir Lenin, signed a truce with Germany. Germany. This allowed Germany to move all its troops into France and attempt a final offensive before American reinforcements could arrive. Once in Europe, American soldiers fought German forces along the front and and deep in Allied territory. Turning the Germans back near Paris, the Allies, with the help of American soldiers, soldiers, counterattacked in July 1918 and pushed the Germans back. Listen 5 The war finally ended on November 11, 1918, with an armistice, or ceasefire. Around 50,000 American soldiers died in battle, but more died from influenza, influenza, a global epidemic that took the lives of some 30 million people around the world. Adding to the casualties was the genocide, or deliberate killing of a group of people, of the Armenians by the Turkish government. Americans on the European Front Begin Taking Notes 1. How did the United States prepare to fight in World War I? 2. In what ways did American troops help turn the tide of war? 3. What were conditions like in Europe and in the United States at the end of the war? 6 Moving Toward War 7 1 Building an Army 2 Despite the preparedness movement, the United States lacked a large large and available military force. Congress therefore passed a Selective Service Act in May 1917, drafting many young men into the military. Draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen made up what was called called the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), (AEF), led by General John J. Pershing. Training for War New recruits were trained in the weapons and tactics of the war by American and British lecturers at new and expanded training camps camps around the country. Ideally, the military planned to give new soldiers several months months of training. However, the need to send forces to Europe quickly quickly sometimes cut training time short. The Convoy System and Americans in Europe 8 1 The Convoy System 2 To transport troops across the Atlantic, the United States employed employed convoys, convoys, or groups of unarmed ships surrounded by armed naval vessels equipped to track and destroy submarines. Due to the convoy system, German submarines did not sink a single single ship carrying American troops. American Soldiers in Europe By 1918, European nations had begun to run out of men to recruit. recruit. Energetic American soldiers, nicknamed doughboys, helped replace replace the tired fighters of Europe. Many African Americans volunteered or were drafted for service. However, these men served in segregated units and were often relegated relegated 1 to noncombat roles. 9 Turning the Tide of War 10 Turning the Tide of War 11 The resulting truce ceded valuable Russian land to Germany and also also meant that the German military could concentrate exclusively on the Western front. Before Before the arrival of American troops, Germany was able to gain ground in France, coming within 50 miles miles of Paris. General Pershing’s troops, however, pushed back the Germans in a series of attacks. Finally, the German army was driven to full retreat in the MeuseMeuse-Argonne Offensive begun on September 26, 1918. Ending the War 12 New methods of military transportation, including tanks, airplanes, airplanes, and German zeppelins, zeppelins, or floating airships, influenced the manner in which the war was was fought. In the spring of 1918, Germany provided safe passage for Vladimir Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, from Switzerland to Russia. The Bolsheviks successfully overthrew the Russian republican government and made peace with Germany. In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the Central Central Powers collapsed one by one. AustriaAustriaHungary splintered into smaller nations of ethnic groups, and German German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was inevitable. When the Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland, a civilian representative representative of the new German republic signed an armistice, armistice, or ceasecease-fire, in a French railroad car at 5am on November 11, 1918. Although guns fell silent six hours later, many more deaths were to follow. The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people, both in the United States and Europe, than than all of the wartime battles. Results of the War 13 14 Americans on the European Front— Front—Assessment What was the convoy system? (A) (B) (C) (D) A pattern of tank and airplane use A method of transporting American troops across the Atlantic A strategy for German advancement into France A means of training new soldiers Which of the following proved to be a turning point in the war? (A) (B) (C) (D) 15 The enactment of a Selective Service Act The breakup of AustriaAustria-Hungary The work of Red Cross volunteers in saving lives The actions of General Pershing’s troops Americans on the European Front— Front—Assessment What was the convoy system? (A) (B) (C) (D) A pattern of tank and airplane use A method of transporting American troops across the Atlantic A strategy for German advancement into France A means of training new soldiers Which of the following proved to be a turning point in the war? (A) (B) (C) (D) 16 The enactment of a Selective Service Act The breakup of AustriaAustria-Hungary The work of Red Cross volunteers in saving lives The actions of General Pershing’s troops Work Look over your notes from today. 1. Answer the 3 questions from today’s lecture. 2. In five sentences, write a brief summary of what we went over in class today. Use the highlighted key terms in your summary! Title the paper the same as the Lecture Notes. Make sure to put your Name, Name, Date, Date, and Period in the upper right hand corner of your page. Turn this in at the beginning of class tomorrow – put it in the handhand-in/collection basket. Worth 25 out of 100 points for this week’s Daily grade. 2 ERROR: undefined OFFENDING COMMAND: STACK: