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4/25/12 Preparing For War Chapter 19 Sec1on 3 Americans on the European Front •  Congress sent the Allies naval support, supplies, and $3 billion in loans. •  The U.S. sent 14,500 troops led by General John J. Pershing to Europe. •  AKer landing in France, Pershing recommended that the army number 1 million men by 1918 and 3 million by 1919. Dra.ees and Volunteers •  Congress passed a Selec1ve Service Act in May 1917, authorizing a draK of young men for military service. •  By November 1918, more than 24 million men had registered for the draK. A loSery picked 3 million to serve in the army. Training For War •  DraKees arrived at training camps around the country to learn how to use a bayonet and a rifle, dig a trench, put on a gas mask, and throw a grenade. •  Soldiers were supposed to get several months of training, but this 1me was oKen cut short. •  U.S. troops became known as the American Expedi1onary Forces. •  11,000 women volunteered to serve as nurses, drivers, and clerks. The Convoy System •  In April of 1917, U‐boats had sunk more than 400 Allied and neutral ships. •  Star1ng in May 1917, all merchant ships and troop ships travelled in a convoy consis1ng of unarmed ships surrounded by a ring of destroyers, torpedoes, and ships equipped with hydrophones. •  The convoy was successful in carrying U.S. troops to Europe as no U.S. ships were sunk. 1 4/25/12 Review •  Who was the leader of the American troops in Europe? •  How many troops were needed for the Americans to help win the war? •  How many registered for the draK? •  What things were soldiers taught at training camps? •  What was the convoy system? American Soldiers in Europe •  Pershing kept the U.S. troops independent of the Allies. •  Members of the AEF were called Doughboys. Turning the Tide •  The 300,000 African Americans that volunteered or were draKed served in segregated units. •  Most never saw ac1on or were given menial tasks. •  The 369th Infantry (Harlem Hell Fighters) were loaned to the French army. •  In November 1917, Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew Russia’s republican government. •  Lenin had been living in Switzerland and had promised to make peace with Germany if he gained control. •  He signed a truce with Germany in December and a peace treaty on March 3, 1918. •  Germany gained land in western Russia, including the country’s industry and richest farmland. •  Germany was now able to send hundreds of thousands of troops to the west before the U.S. arrived. •  Germany aSacked Bri1sh forces on March 21, 1918, breaking through the trenches and advancing deep into Allied territory. •  Germany pounded the French and Bri1sh lines un1l it had advanced to within 50 miles of Paris. 2 4/25/12 Review •  What were American soldiers referred to during WWI? •  What role did African Americans play in WWI? •  Who took over control of Russia in 1917? Why was this important? •  How did the war change aKer Russia was no longer involved? Americans Save Paris •  General Pershing sent American troops to turn back the Germans. •  They captured Can1gny on May 28 and stopped German aSacks at Belleau Woods and Chateau‐Thierry. Allied CounteraAack •  In mid‐July, the Germans launched a massive aSack on French posi1ons on the river Marne. •  The French, joined by 28,000 Americans, forced the Germans across the river and into retreat. •  Using a new weapon, the tank, the Allies began to break the German lines. •  On August 8, the Allies stopped the German advance at the baSle of Amiens. •  In September, 500,000 Americans and 100,000 French began to hit the final German strongholds. War in the Air •  The Americans defeated the Germans at the baSle of St. Mihiel. •  The final Allied assault, the Meuse‐Argonne, began on September 26, 1918, forcing the Germans to retreat. •  World War I planes were built from wooden frames covered with cloth. •  The pilot and co‐pilot sat in an open‐air cockpit. •  AircraK were first used to scout enemy posi1ons, but later were involved in dogfights with pistols and machine guns. 3 4/25/12 Ending the War •  The American ace was Eddie Rickenbacker, who downed 26 enemy fighters. •  Pilots also shot down hot‐air balloons used for observa1on. •  German zeppelins and bombers launched more than 100 raids on London, killing 1500 civilians. •  Bulgaria and the OSoman Empire made a separate peace with the Allies in autumn. •  Austria‐Hungary splintered in October as Poles, Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovaks, declared independence. •  In October, the German navy ordered the German fleet to leave port and confront the Bri1sh. •  On October 29, the German sailors at Kiel mu1nied. •  The mu1ny spread to other ports as well as factories and ci1es, forcing the generals to bring the war to an end. •  By November 10, the Kaiser had fled Holland. •  A civilian representa1ve of the new German republic signed an armis1ce in a French railroad car at 5:00 a.m. on Nov. 11, 1918. Review •  How were the American troops able to save Paris from the Germans? •  What role did aircraK play in WWI? •  What happened when the German navy was ordered to aSack the Bri1sh? •  How did World War I end? The Influenza Epidemic •  Americans going to baSle brought with them a new influenza virus. •  The virus swept across the western front in June, disabling 50,000 German troops. •  It’s second and third waves were even deadlier. 4 4/25/12 Results of the War •  The virus spread quickly in unsanitary placed like military camps and ci1es. •  In under a year, more American soldiers died from influenza than baSle. •  Over a half million Americans and 30 million people worldwide died from the disease. •  About 50,000 Americans died in baSle. •  The total death toll was 8 million soldiers and sailors, an average of 5,000 soldiers a day for each day of the war. •  BaSles were also fought in the Middle East Africa. •  In every country, the sick and wounded outnumbered the dead. •  Doctors amputated feet infected with “trench foot”; many were permanently blinded or had las1ng lung disease from poison gases. •  Millions of civilians also died from the war. •  Hundreds of thousands of Armenian civilians were deported or killed by the OSomans. •  hSp://player.discoveryeduca1on.com/index.cfm?
guidAssetId=A6CD02D5‐3E71‐4EE4‐96A5‐36E938C1F2B1&blnFromSearch=
1&productcode=US •  hSp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/games.shtml Review •  How did the influenza arrive in Europe? •  In what areas did the influenza virus spread quickly? •  How many people died from the influenza? •  How many Americans were killed during WWI? How many were killed overall during the war? •  What happened to the Armenians? 5