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Virginia Sesquicentennial of the American Civil War Commission Civil War 150 HistoryMobile Teachers’ Guide Inside the HistoryMobile Principal Civil War Battles in Virginia HistoryMobile Scavenger Hunt Contents Battlefront SOL: VUS.7e Homefront SOLs: US1.9f, VUS.7e Journey to Freedom SOLs: VS.7c, USI.9f, VUS.7c Did You Know? SOLs: USI.9e, USI.9f, USII.3a, VUS.7e What Would You Do? SOLs: VS.7b, VS.7c, USI.9f, VUS.7e Loss and Gain Portraits SOLs: VS.7b, VS.7c, USI.9d, USI.9f, VUS.7b SOLs: VS.7b, VUS.7b SOLs: VS.7c, USI.9f, VUS.7c, VUS.7e Scavenger Hunt Answer Key 2 4 7 8 9 11 13 20 21 The Virginia Civil War 150 HistoryMobile, an interactive “museum on wheels,” allows students to understand events related to the Civil War from different points of view. The exhibit takes students through battlefront, homefront, and the journey to freedom to explore the impact on Virginia of the Civil War, the end of slavery, and the reunification of the nation. The HistoryMobile is an initiative of the Virginia Sesquicentennial of the American Civil War Commission, designed in partnership with the Fredericksburg/Spotsylvania National Military Park and the Virginia Historical Society. For the touring schedule or information on other programs related to the Civil War and Emancipation in Virginia, visit www.VirginiaCivilWar.org. This guide highlights the Virginia Standards of Learning (SOLs) covered in the HistoryMobile and provides information to assist teachers in planning a visit to the HistoryMobile. For more classroom resources regarding the Civil War sesquicentennial, please visit www.VirginiaCivilWar.org/teachers. 1 Battlefront Related SOL: VUS.7e VUS.7e: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era and its importance as a major turning point in American history by examining the social impact of the war on African Americans, the common soldier, and the home front with emphasis on Virginia. Essential Knowledge • • • • For the common soldier, warfare was brutal and camp life was lonely and boring. Many soldiers returned home wounded or crippled. Warfare often involved hand-to-hand combat. War time diaries and letters home record this harsh reality. After the war, especially in the South, soldiers returned home to find destruction and poverty. Soldiers on both sides lived with permanent disabilities. Before Your Visit As students enter the HistoryMobile, they will find themselves in an area depicting a Civil War battle. Tour guides will introduce and begin the program, which immerses students in a darkened, surround-sound environment. Students will hear noises, such as soldiers shouting and gunfire to convey the chaos of battle, followed by the reading of a soldier’s letter home. After Your Visit You can use primary sources (a skill demonstrated in SOLs VS.1a, USI.1a, and VUSI.1a) and soldiers’ letters like the letter featured in the HistoryMobile to provide insight into many aspects of the war in Virginia—from camp, battle, siege, to life and death. Private James Robert Montgomery of Mississippi wrote the letter (transcribed below) in 1864 to his father after a battle in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. Montgomery would die four days after he wrote the letter. You can also find more letters like Montgomery’s on the Commission’s Teacher Resource page, www.VirginiaCivilWar.org/teachers. Dear Father, This is my last letter to you. . . . I have been struck by a piece of shell and my right shoulder is horribly mangled & I know death is inevitable. I am very weak but I wrote to you because I know you would be delighted to read a word from your dying son. I know death is near, that I will die far from home and friends of my early youth. . . . My grave will be marked so that you may visit it if you wish to do so . . . I would like to rest in the graveyard with my dear mother and brothers but it’s a matter of minor importance. . . . Give my love to all my friends. My strength fails me. My horse & my equipments will be left for you. Again a long farewell to you. May we meet in heaven. Your Dying Son, J. R. Montgomery Letter courtesy The Museum of the Confederacy Richmond, Virginia For information on how you can take your students to the Museum of the Confederacy, refer to their Bring Your Class site (http://www.moc.org/ site/PageServer?pagename=edu_cl_main). 2 Front Back 3 Homefront Related SOLs: US1.9f, VUS.7e US1.9f: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the causes, major events, and effects of the Civil War by describing the effects of war from the perspectives of Union and Confederate soldiers (including black soldiers), women, and enslaved African Americans. Essential Knowledge • • Much of the South was devastated at the end of the war (e.g., burning of Atlanta and Richmond). Women were left to run businesses in the North and farms and plantations in the South. VUS.7e: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era and its importance as a major turning point in American history by examining the social impact of the war on African Americans, the common soldier, and the home front with emphasis on Virginia. Essential Knowledge • • • On the home front, women were required to assume nontraditional roles. Women managed homes and families with scarce resources. Women often faced poverty and hunger. Before Your Visit After the battle scene, students will enter a room that portrays the homefront during the Civil War. Students can investigate common materials used by civilians as substitutions for scarce resources during the war, including: • Charcoal, to clean teeth or polish silver • Crackers, to make apple pie • Green corn, to make artificial oysters • Acorns, to make coffee • Thorns, used as pins • Persimmon seeds, used as buttons. Sophia Downman’s Civil War letters represent one of the youngest documented perspectives of the Civil War. Sophia, writing from Idlewild Mansion outside of Fredericksburg, Virginia, was only eight years old when she wrote the letters to her cousin and aunt, describing the hardships of life in wartime. Idlewild saw several skirmishes and even housed Robert E. Lee’s headquarters for a night in May 1863. Students will be asked to pick out select phrases from the letters to further understand the implications of war on the homefront and for children. These phrases are highlighted in the transcriptions on the following pages. After Your Visit You can use Sophia Downman’s letters in the classroom to reflect on students’ experiences in the HistoryMobile, reviewing the highlighted phrases to discuss the related SOL points, or as a model to create their own Civil War letters. Sophia Downman’s letters are transcribed in full in the following pages. Students were asked to look for: • The name of her rag doll • How to make a hen lay eggs • The name of her school teacher • What she received as presents for Christmas • The date of Sophia’s birthday. 4 Sophia Downman Letters Dear Maggy, Idlewild July 1st [1862] As I can write, I thought I would write to you. The Yankees behaved very rudely; they broke open the meat house and took all the meat but four pieces; they killed two of the cattle right before our eyes. You must write to me and tell me about your school, and what you are studying. Give my love to Emma and tell her she must write to me. I have a big rag baby; I can undress her and dress her too. When you write to me you must tell me about your hens and chickens. I have a hen setting. You and Emma must come to see me. Give my love to cousin Salinia [?], and tell her she must come too. Good bye, your affectionate cousin, Sophy Dear Mary, Idlewild Jan. 6th 1864 I thank you for the Christmas gift you sent me. I wish that you could live out here. I have a hen house and Ma put two of her hens in it. When I have some chickens I will send you a pullet, for a present. I have a big rag baby, and I enjoy her very much; her name is Sally Rebecca. I wish we had some thing better than cake and candy to send you. Give my love to cousin Ginny and all; thank her for the bracelet she sent me. Aunt Betty sent me a horn full of candy and a book: you must write me what you got for your Christmas gift, for I would like to hear. I thought you were coming out here to stay a little while. I hope you will come soon. Good bye, your affectionate cousin, Sophy Dear Maggy, Idlewild [Jan. 1864] I wish that I had a Christmas gift to send you, but things are so scarce that I could not get any thing at all to send you. You must write to me for I would be glad to get [a letter]. I have a hen and two hens. I have a big rag baby and I enjoy her very much. I hope you will come up for I want to see you so much. Give my love to Emma and tell her she must come up too. Monday is my birthday and I am nine years old. I wish that I could come down to see you. When Uncle Sample comes down I will send you a pullet for a present. I will tell you how to make hens lay, get some oyster shells and burn them and put it before the door of the hen house so that they can eat it. Good bye, your affectionate cousin, Sophy 5 Sophia Downman Letters Idlewild Feb. 1st 1864 Dear Aunt Mona, Today is my birthday and I am nine years old; though it is my birthday I am going to school because I want to be smart. Give my love to cousin Sally and tell her she must come up and bring her little baby. You must write to me and tell me what it is named. I wish that I had a hen to send you, but I have not any thing. I will tell you how to make hens lay; you must get some oyster shells and burn them, and put them before the hen house so the hens can eat them. Give my love to Uncle Ben, and tell him he must come up with you and cousin Sally. Uncle James has a little daughter and she is named after her Grandma. Give my love to cousin Courtney, tell her she must write to me and that she must come up too, for I want to see you all; tell Etta she must come up with cousin Courtney. I wish very much that I could come down to see you all, and I wish that you were here many times. I have a nice big rag baby, and her name is Sally Rebecca. I enjoy her very much; you must tell Etta that I wish she was here, for we could play so nicely together. I like my school, and I think Miss Rebecca is a nice teacher. I like to say my lessons to her. You must write to me and tell cousin Sally she must write too. Please ask cousin Courtney to send me some flower seed, for the Yankees destroyed all that we had. Good bye, your affectionate niece, Sophy 6 Journey to Freedom Related SOLs: VS.7c, USI.9f, VUS.7c VS.7c: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues that divided our nation and led to the Civil War by describing the roles played by whites, enslaved African Americans, and free African Americans, and American Indians. Essential Knowledge • • The Confederacy relied on enslaved African Americans to raise crops and provide labor for the army. Many enslaved African Americans fled to the Union army as it approached and some fought for the Union. USI.9f: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the causes, major events, and effects of the Civil War by describing the effects of war from the perspectives of Union and Confederate soldiers (including black soldiers), women, and enslaved African Americans. Essential Knowledge • • The Union moved to enlist African American sailors and soldiers during the war. African Americans fought in the Union army. Some African Americans accompanied Confederate units in the field.Women often faced poverty and hunger. VUS.7c: The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Civil War and Reconstruction Era and its importance as a major turning point in American history by analyzing the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation and the principles outlined in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address. Essential Knowledge • • The Emancipation Proclamation freed those slaves located in “rebelling” states (seceded Southern states) and made the destruction of slavery a Northern war aim. The Emancipation Proclamation discouraged any interference of foreign governments and allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers in the Union Army. Before Your Visit The third room of the HistoryMobile introduces the concept of slavery and freedom. The proximity of the Union army brought opportunities for freedom. Virginia’s enslaved people gained emancipation after the war, but also sometimes seized the opportunity for freedom at great risk to themselves and their families. Inside the HistoryMobile, students will hear Abraham and Hester Tuckson, an enslaved couple who lived near Fredericksburg, discuss whether or not to escape to freedom. Hester and Abraham Tuckson were married in December 1857 at Fall Hill Plantation. Theirs was a slave marriage, lacking any legal standing or protection. Nevertheless, the couple were able to remain together and raise a family before the Civil War. Hester and Abraham had four children together. Early in the war, likely in the spring of 1862, Abraham escaped from Fall Hill. Soon after, he returned to the plantation, making an unsuccessful attempt to see Hester and demanding his clothes from his former master, Dr. John Taylor. Two years later, Abraham enlisted in the 23rd United States Colored Troops. He passed near Hester and his family when his regiment marched near Fredericksburg in the Location of Fall Hill Plantation outside of Fredericksburg 1864 Overland Campaign and engaged in battle at the Alrich Farm on May 15, 1864. Two months later, on July 30, 1864, Abraham was killed at the Battle of the Crater without seeing his family again. Hester stayed on the plantation until the war’s end. She owned property and lived in Fredericksburg with her children after the war, working as a washerwoman. In 1902, she moved to Washington, D.C., where she died on September 14, 1905. After Your Visit For more information on the Tucksons, you can visit the Mysteries and Conundrums Blog, written by historians at the Fredericksburg/Spotsylvania National Park, at http://npsfrsp.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/slaves-at-fall-hill-abraham-andhester-tuckson/. 7 Did You Know? Related SOLs: USI.9e, USI.9f, USII.3a, VUS.7e While in the Homefront and Journey to Freedom rooms students should be on the lookout for “Did You Know?” facts relating to the SOLs. They are preceded by this symbol Homefront Did You Know? Women and children on the home front often faced poverty and hunger, and had few resources for clothes and food. When two wounded Union soldiers were brought into her hospital ward, 27-year-old Ada Bacot of Charlottesville, admitted that “it will be hard to treat them as I do the other men but I know it is my duty.” 85-year-old Judith Carter Henry refused to leave her home and was mortally wounded during the First Battle of Manassas. Corresponding SOL VUS.7e: Women managed homes and families with scarce resources and often faced poverty and hunger. VUS.7e: Women assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing, and in war industries. USI.9e: The first Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) was the first major battle of the Civil War. Slavery and Freedom Did You Know? Corresponding SOL By the end of the war approximately 10% of Union soldiers were African Americans. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution— adopted in December 1865—abolished slavery in the United States. USI.9f: African Americans fought in the Union army. USII.3a: Basic provisions of the 13th Amendment: Banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories. 8 What Would You Do? Related SOLs: VS.7b, VS.7c, USI.9f, VUS.7e Before Your Visit “What Would You Do” interactives give students a chance to consider decisions that faced Virginians during the Civil War that would greatly impact their lives and the lives of others. The eight people featured in the interactives illustrate larger points that can be connected to the SOLs. Each story is summarized and the choice each person made is listed below. The individual’s decision is underlined. 1. Belle Boyd, Martinsburg, VA – In July of 1861, when Belle Boyd was seventeen years old, a Union soldier broke into her home. Boyd shot and killed him. She was exonerated for the crime, but watched closely by Union soldiers. Nevertheless, she found a way to help the Confederacy. If you were Belle Boyd, would you: A. Remain in the Shenandoah Valley and conduct espionage for the South or B. Disguise youself as a man and join the Confederate Army? SOL: VUS.7e – Women assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing, and in war industries. 2. John Rogers Cooke, Leesburg, VA – Cooke was a lieutenant in the United States Army when Virginia seceded in 1861. While his father was also in the U.S. Army, his brother-in-law, James Ewell Brown Stuart, left the U.S. Army to join the Confederacy. With your family divided, would you: A. Stay in the U.S. Army and fight for the Union or B. Follow Virginia and join the Confederate forces? SOL: USI.9f – Families and friends were often pitted against one another. 3. James Jackson, Alexandria, VA – At the beginning of the war, Jackson flew a large Confederate flag from his home in Alexandria, the Marshall House. The flag was so large that Abraham Lincoln could see it across the Potomac River from the White House. A Union colonel, Elmer Ellsworth, led men across the river to remove the Confederate flag and replace it with a Union flag. If you were Jackson, when you saw Union soldiers entering your home, would you: A. Confront the Union soldiers or B. Let them remove the Confederate flag and replace it later, once they were gone? When Jackson confronted Ellsworth and his men, he shot Ellsworth, and then one of Ellsworth’s men shot Jackson. Both men died and became martyrs for their respective causes. SOL: VS.7c – Most white Virginians supported the Confederacy. 9 4. Anne Gordon, Fredericksburg, VA – When the Union Army neared Fredericksburg in December of 1862, civilians were ordered to evacuate the city, leaving their homes and belongings unprotected. At the time Gordon lived with her husband and children. If you were Gordon, would you: A. Obey the order and move to the countryside or B. Remain in your house to protect your belongings? SOL: VUS.7e – Women managed homes and families with scarce resources; especially in the South, soldiers returned home to find poverty and destruction. 5. John Howard, Prince William County, VA – At the outset of the war, Howard was the property of John Cannon. When Union soldiers came to Cannon’s farm in March of 1862, every slave except for Howard, his young niece, and his young nephew left the farm. If you were Howard, would you: A. Remain on the farm and take care of your master or B. Seize the opportunity for freedom and leave the farm? Like John Howard, an estimated 60% of Virginia slaves stayed on plantations during the war. SOL: VS.7c – The Confederacy relied on enslaved African Americans to raise crops and provide labor for the army. Many enslaved African Americans fled to the Union army as it approached and some fought for the Union. 6. Elizabeth Van Lew, Richmond, VA – Before the war, Van Lew was educated in Philadelphia, where she developed abolitionist sentiments. Back in Richmond, a city whose economy was very much influenced by slavery, Van Lew’s beliefs put her in the minority. When the Civil War broke out, if you were Van Lew, would you: A. Remain in town and funnel information to the Union or B. Leave the city, move north, and organize to free the slaves? Van Lew built an extensive Richmond spy ring for the Union. She was nicknamed “Babcock,” and Union general Ulysses S. Grant said she sent him the most valuable information received from Richmond during the war. SOL: VUS.7e – Women assumed new roles in agriculture, nursing, and in war industries. 7. Siah Carter, Shirley Plantation, Charles City County – When Union gunboats anchored nearby in the James River, many enslaved people at Shirley Plantation were tempted to go to the boats and gain their freedom. If you were 22-year-old Siah Carter, would you: A. Take a chance and row out for the boats or B. Remain on shore and await the arrival of the Union Army? Carter rowed out to and enlisted with the USS Monitor. He served in the Union Navy for three years during the war. SOL: USI.9f – The Union moved to enlist African American sailors and soldiers during the war. 8. George Gordon Meade, Petersburg, VA – Meade was in command of the Union Army of the Potomac during the Siege of Petersburg. A plan was proposed to dig a tunnel underneath Confederate lines, plant explosives, and blow up a part of the line. African American soldiers were trained to come through the tunnel after the explosion and fight the surprised Confederate forces. But Meade was forced to re-evaluate this plan. If the risk did not pay off, and many African American troops were killed, it would cause many political problems. If you were Meade, would you: A. Send in specially trained black troops as planned or B. Send in untrained white troops? Fearing the political repercussions, Meade sent untrained troops into the Crater. Rather than move around the Crater, they poured into it, becoming easy targets for Confederate soldiers. The battle was a Union loss and embarrassment. SOL: USI.9f – African American soldiers were discriminated against and served in segregated units under the command of white officers. After Your Visit Use the stories of each historical character to exemplify applicable SOL points. Students can write essays explaining what they would have done if they were one of these people and why. Students could also answer “What If ?” and predict what would have happened if one of these individuals made a different decision. You can access the videos in the classroom at: http:// www.virginiacivilwar.org/historymobile_teachers.php. 10 Loss and Gain Portraits Related SOLs: VS.7b, VS.7c, USI.9d, USI.9f, VUS.7b Before Your Visit The Civil War left many Virginians homeless, fatherless, or destitute. Many of Virginia’s young men died in the struggle. While consolation for the hardships of war came slowly, the Civil War brought freedom to Virginia. In the last room of the HistoryMobile, students will be presented with 40 flip-panels that portray Virginians who experienced either loss or gain due to the Civil War. The Loss-Gain panels include a variety of perspectives, including Confederates, Virginia Unionists, African Americans, Native Americans, and even animals. All portraits are displayed in this guide on page 12. After Your Visit Consult this guide’s supplemental material, “Loss and Gain Portraits,” to access the images and stories of each individual to use in your classroom. The following SOLs are addressed: Loss Portraits Corresponding SOL Gain Portraits Corresponding SOL VS.7c: Many enslaved African Americans fled to the Union Private Lewis Martin, portrait 2 army as it approached and some fought for the Union. USI.9d: Jefferson Davis was president of the Confederate Varina Davis, portrait 3 (pictured with her husband, Jefferson States of America. Davis) VUS.7b: Jefferson Davis: U.S. Senator who became President of the Confederate States of America. USI.9d: Robert E. Lee was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia. VUS.7b: Robert E. Lee: Confederate general of the Army of Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee, portrait 8 (wife of Robert Northern Virginia (Lee opposed secession, but did not believe E. Lee) the Union should be held together by force), who urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again, when some Southerners wanted to fight on after Appomattox. VS.7b: The first Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas) was the first major clash of the Civil War. Confederate Thomas Lieutenant General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson, portrait 5 “Stonewall” Jackson played a major role in this battle. USI.9d: Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia. Sergeant Powhatan Beaty, portrait 3 VS.7c: Many enslaved African Americans fled to the Union Sergeant William Harvey Carney, portrait 19 army as it approached and some fought for the Union. VS.7c: Some free African Americans felt their limited rights William H. Brisby, portrait 17 could best be protected by supporting the Confederacy. VS.7c: Most American Indians did not take sides during the Terrill Bradby, potrait 8 Civil War (though Bradby did). USI.9f: Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, created the American Clara Barton, portrait 7 Red Cross. 11 Loss and Gain Portraits Loss 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1. Sergeant Major Cary Robinson 2. Private Lewis Martin 3. Varina Howell Davis 4. Appomattox home of Lucretia “Lula” McLean 5. George William Bagby 6. Unknown Soldiers 7. Charles King Mallory, Jr. 8. Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee 9. Brigadier General William Lowther Jackson 10. Colonel Lewis Burwell Williams 11. Hetty Cary Pegram Martin 12. Horses and Mules 13. Flora Cooke Stuart 14. John Moncure Daniel 15. Jack the Bulldog 16. Brigadier General James Barbour Terrill 17. Edmund Ruffin 18. Ruined home of Susan Margaret Chancellor 19. James K. Boswell 20. Major General George Henry Thomas Gain 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 1. John Mercer Langston 2. Major General William Mahone 3. Sergeant Powhatan Beaty 4. Rebecca Wright 5. Lieutenant General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson 6. Major General Fitzhugh Lee 7. Clara Barton 8. Terrill Bradby 9. Maggie L. Walker 10. John Mitchell, Jr. 11. Private James Hanger 12. Sara Bagby 13. Antonia Ford Willard 14. Major Alexander T. Augusta 15. Booker T. Washington 16. Constance Cary Harrison 17. William H. Brisby 18. Lucy Goode Brooks 19. Sergeant William Harvey Carvey 20. Sergeant Major George Cary Eggleston 123 Principal Civil War Battles in Virginia Related SOLs: VS.7b, VUS.7b Source: Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Battle Summaries Virginia sat at the geographic center of the Civil War. With Washington, D.C., and Richmond only one hundred miles apart, over one-third of the Civil War’s battles were fought in Virginia. 10% of battlefields are preserved. Students are encouraged to visit battlefields to better understand the scope and magnitude of both the battle and the Civil War overall. Locations of key Civil War battles in Virginia Battle Date Location Sewell’s Point May 18-19, 1861 Norfolk Aquia Creek May 29-June 1, 1861 Stafford County Big Bethel June 10, 1861 Hampton and York Count Blackburn’s Ford July 18, 1861 Prince William and Fairfax Counties First Manassas (First Bull Run) July 21, 1861 Prince William and Fairfax Counties Ball’s Bluff October 21, 1861 Loudoun County Dranesville December 20, 1861 Fairfax County Cockpit Point January 3, 1862 Prince William County Hampton Roads March 8-9, 1862 Hampton Roads Kernstown I March 23, 1862 Frederick County and Winchester Yorktown April 5-May 4, 1862 York County and Newport News Williamsburg May 5, 1862 York County and Williamsburg Eltham’s Landing May 7, 1862 New Kent County 13 Principle Commanders Lt. D.L. Braine U.S.N. (US) Brig. Gen. Walter Gwynn and Capt. Peyton Colquitt (CS) Cdr. James H. Ward (US) Col. Daniel Ruggles (CS) Brig. Gen. Ebenezer Pierce (US) Col. John B. Magruder and Col. D.H. Hill (CS) Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell (US) Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (CS) Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell (US) Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (CS) Brig. Gen. Charles P. Stone and Col. Edward Baker (US) Brig. Gen. Nathan G. Evans (CS) Brig. Gen. E.O.C. Ord (US) Brig. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart (CS) Lt. R.H. Wyman (US) Brig. Gen. S.G. French (CS) Lt. John Worden (US) Capt. Franklin Buchanan and Lt. Catesby R. Jones (CS) Col. Nathan Kimball (US) Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan (US) Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder and Gen. Joseph E. Johnston (CS) Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan (US) Maj. Gen. James Longstreet (CS) Brig. Gen. William B. Franklin (US) Maj. Gen. Gustavius W. Smith (CS) McDowell Drewry’s Bluff Front Royal Winchester I Hanover Court House Seven Pines Cross Keys Port Republic Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines’ Mill Garnett’s & Golding’s Farm Savage’s Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill Cedar Mountain Rappahannock Station I Manassas Station Operations Thoroughfare Gap Second Manassas (Second Bull Run) Brig. Gen. Robert Milroy and May 8, 1862 Highland County Brig. Gen. Robert Schenck (US) Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Cdr. John Rodgers (US) Cdr. E. Farrand, Brig. Gen. William May 15, 1862 Chesterfield County Mahone, Capt. S. S. Lee, and Lt. John Taylor Wood (CS) Col. John R. Kenly (US) May 23, 1862 Warren County Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Frederick County and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks (US) May 25, 1862 Winchester Maj. Gen. T.J. Jackson (CS) Brig. Gen. Fitz John Porter (US) May 27, 1862 Hanover County Brig. Gen. Lawrence O’B. Branch (CS) Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan (US) May 31-June 1, 1862 Henrico County Gen. Joseph E. Johnston and Maj. Gen. G.W. Smith (CS) Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont (US) June 8, 1862 Rockingham County Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell (CS) Brig. Gen. Erastus Tyler (US) June 9, 1862 Rockingham County Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan (US) June 25, 1862 Henrico County Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. Fitz John Porter (US) June 26, 1862 Hanover County Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. Fitz John Porter (US) June 27, 1862 Hanover County Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan (US) June 27-28, 1862 Henrico County Maj. Gen. John B. Magruder (CS) Maj. Gen. Edwin Sumner (US) June 29, 1862 Henrico County Maj. Gen. John Magruder (CS) Maj. Gen. William Franklin (US) June 30, 1862 Henrico County Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan (US) June 30, 1862 Henrico County Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan (US) July 1, 1862 Henrico County Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks (US) August 9, 1862 Culpeper County Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Culpeper and Fauquier Maj. Gen. John Pope (US) August 22-25, 1862 Counties Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Brig. Gen. G.W. Taylor (US) August 25-27, 1862 Prince William County Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Fauquier and Prince William Brig. Gen. James Ricketts (US) August 28, 1862 Counties Lt. Gen. James Longstreet (CS) Maj. Gen. John Pope (US) August 28-30, 1862 Prince William County Gen. Robert E. Lee and Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) 14 Chantilly September 1, 1862 Fairfax County Fredericksburg I December 11-15, 1862 Spotsylvania County and Fredericksburg Kelly’s Ford March 17, 1863 Culpeper County Suffolk/Norfleet House April 13-15, 1863 Suffolk Suffolk/Hill’s Point April 11-May 4, 1863 Suffolk Chancellorsville April 30-May 8, 1863 Spotsylvania County Fredericksburg II May 3, 1863 Fredericksburg Salem Church May 3-4, 1863 Spotsylvania County Brandy Station June 9, 1863 Culpeper County Winchester II June 13-15, 1863 Frederick County and Winchester Aldie June 17, 1863 Loudoun County Middleberg June 17-19, 1863 Loudoun County Upperville June 21, 1863 Loudoun County Manassas Gap July 23, 1863 Warren County Auburn I October 13, 1863 Fauquier County Bristoe Station October 14, 1863 Prince William County Auburn II October 14, 1863 Fauquier County Buckland Mills October 19, 1863 Fauquier County Rappahannock Station II November 7, 1863 Fauquier and Culpeper Counties Mine Run November 27December 2, 1863 Orange County Morton’s Ford February 6-7, 1864 Orange and Culpeper Counties Walkerton March 2, 1864 King and Queen County 15 Maj. Gen. Philip Kearny and Maj. Gen. Isaac Stevens (US) Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. William W. Averell (US) Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. John Peck (US) Lt. Gen. James Longstreet (CS) Brig. Gen. John Peck (US) Lt. Gen. James Longstreet (CS) Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee and Maj. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson (CS) Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick (US) Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early (CS) Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. Pleasonton (US) Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart (CS) Brig. Gen. Robert Milroy (US) Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell (CS) Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick (US) Col. Thomas Munford (CS) Brig. Gen. David M. Gregg (US) Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart (CS) Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton (US) Brig. Gen. Wade Hampton and Brig. Gen. Beverly Robertson (CS) Maj. Gen. William H. French (US) Maj. Gen. Richard Anderson (CS) Maj. Gen. William. H. French (US) Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart (CS) Maj. Gen. G.K. Warren (US) Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill (CS) Maj. Gen. G.K. Warren (US) Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart (CS) Maj. Gen. J. Kilpatrick (US) Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart (CS) Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. J.C. Caldwell (US) Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell (CS) Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick and Col. Ulric Dahlgren (US) Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton (CS) Wilderness May 5-7, 1864 Spotsylvania County Port Walthall Junction May 6-7, 1864 Chesterfield County Spotsylvania Court House May 8-21, 1864 Spotsylvania County Cloyd’s Mountain May 9, 1864 Pulaski County Swift Creek May 9, 1864 Chesterfield County Cove Mountain May 10, 1864 Wythe County Chester Station May 10, 1864 Chesterfield County Yellow Tavern May 11, 1864 Henrico County Proctor’s Creek May 12-16, 1864 Chesterfield County New Market May 15, 1864 Shenandoah County Ware Bottom Church May 20, 1864 Chesterfield County North Anna May 23-26, 1864 Caroline and Hanover Counties Wilson’s Wharf May 24, 1864 Charles City Haw’s Shop May 28, 1864 Hanover County Totopotomoy Creek/ Bethesda Church May 28-30, 1864 Hanover County Old Church May 30, 1864 Hanover County Cold Harbor May 31-June 12, 1864 Hanover County Piedmont June 5-6, 1864 Augusta County Petersburg I June 9, 1864 City of Petersburg Trevilian Station June 11-12, 1864 Louisa County Petersburg II June 15-18, 1864 City of Petersburg 16 Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler (US) Brig. Gen. Johnson Hagood (CS) Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. George Crook (US) Brig. Gen. Albert Jenkins (CS) Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler (US) Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (CS) Brig. Gen. William W. Averell (US) Brig. Gen. William. E. Jones (CS) Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler (US) Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart (CS) Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler (US) Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (CS) Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel (US) Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge (CS) Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler (US) Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (CS) Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. Edward Wild (US) Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. David M. Gregg (US) Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee and Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton (CS) Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. Alfred Torbert (US) Brig. Gen. Matthew C. Butler (CS) Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. David Hunter (US) Brig. Gen. William E. Jones (CS) Maj. Gen. Quincy Gillmore (US) Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton (CS) Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee and Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard (CS) Lynchburg June 17-18, 1864 City of Lynchburg Jerusalem Plank Road June 21-24, 1864 Dinwiddie County and Petersburg Saint Mary’s Church June 24, 1864 Charles City Staunton River Bridge June 25, 1864 Halifax County and Charlotte Sappony Church June 28, 1864 Sussex County Ream’s Station I June 29, 1864 Dinwiddie County Cool Spring July 17-18, 1864 Clarke County Rutherford’s Farm July 20, 1864 Kernstown II July 24, 1864 Deep Bottom I July 27-29, 1864 Henrico County Crater July 30, 1864 Petersburg Deep Bottom II August 13-20, 1864 Henrico County Guard Hill August 16, 1864 Warren County Globe Tavern August 18-21, 1864 Dinwiddie County Ream’s Station II August 25, 1864 Dinwiddie County Berryville September 3-4, 1864 Clarke County Opequon September 19, 1864 Frederick County Fisher’s Hill September 21-22, 1864 Shenandoah County New Market Heights (Chaffin’s Farm) September 29-30, 1864 Henrico County Frederick County and Winchester Frederick County and Winchester 17 Maj. Gen. David Hunter (US) Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early (CS) Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Maj. Gen. George G. Meade (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton (CS) Brig. Gen. James Wilson and Brig. Gen. August Kautz (US) Maj. Gen. William H.F. “Rooney” Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. James Wilson and Brig. Gen. August Kautz (US) Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton (CS) Maj. Gen. James Wilson and Brig. Gen. August Kautz (US) Maj. Gen. William Mahone and Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. Horatio Wright (US) Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early (CS) Brig. Gen. William W. Averell (US) Maj. Gen. S.D. Ramseur (CS) Brig. Gen. George Crook (US) Lt. Gen. Jubal Early (CS) Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock (US) Maj. Gen. Charles Field (CS) Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee and Maj. Gen. Charles Field (CS) Brig. Gen. Wesley Merritt (US) Lt. Gen. Richard Anderson (CS) Maj. Gen. G.K. Warren (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee, Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill, Maj. Gen. Henry Heth, and Maj. Gen. William Mahone (CS) Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock (US) Maj. Gen. Henry Heth (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Lt. Gen. Jubal Early (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Lt. Gen. Jubal Early (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Lt. Gen. Jubal Early (CS) Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee and Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell (CS) Peebles’ Farm September 30-October 2, 1864 Dinwiddie County Saltville I October 2, 1864 Smyth County Darbytown and New Market Roads October 7, 1864 Henrico County Tom’s Brook October 9, 1864 Shenandoah County Darbytown Road October 13, 1864 Henrico County Cedar Creek October 19, 1864 Frederick, Shenandoah, and Warren Counties Boydton Plank Road October 27-28, 1864 Dinwiddie County Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road October 27-28, 1864 Henrico County Marion Saltville II December 17-18, 1864 December 20-21, 1864 Smyth County Smyth County Hatcher’s Run February 5-7, 1865 Dinwiddie County Waynesboro March 2, 1865 Augusta County Fort Stedman March 25, 1865 Petersburg Lewis’ Farm March 29, 1865 Dinwiddie County Dinwiddie Court House March 31, 1865 Dinwiddie County White Oak Road March 31, 1865 Dinwiddie County Five Forks April 1, 1865 Dinwiddie County Petersburg III April 2, 1865 City of Petersburg Sutherland’s Station April 2, 1865 Dinwiddie County 18 Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, Maj. Gen. John G. Parke, and Maj. Gen. G.K. Warren (US) Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill and Maj. Gen. Wade Hampton (CS) Brig. Gen. Stephen Burbridge (US) Brig. Gen. Alfred E. Jackson (CS) Brig. Gen. A. Kautz and Maj. Gen. David Birney (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Brig. Gen. Alfred Torbert (US) Maj. Gen. Thomas Rosser (CS) Maj. Gen. Alfred Terry (US) Lt. Gen. Richard Anderson (CS) Maj. Gen. Horatio Wright and Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Lt. Gen. Jubal Early (CS) Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock (US) Maj. Gen. Henry Heth (CS) Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler (US) Lt. Gen. James Longstreet (CS) Col. Maj. Gen. George Stoneman (US) Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge (CS) Col. Maj. Gen. George Stoneman (US) Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge (CS) Maj. Gen. A.A. Humphreys and Maj. Gen. G.K. Warren (US) Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Lt. Gen. Jubal Early (CS) Maj. Gen. John G. Parke (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee and Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon (CS) Maj. Gen. G.K. Warren (US) Maj. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Maj. Gen. George Pickett and Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. G.K. Warren (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee and Lt. Gen. Richard H. Anderson (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Maj. Gen. George Pickett (CS) Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. Nelson A. Miles (US) Maj. Gen. Henry Heth and Maj. Gen. Cadmus Wilcox (CS) Namozine Church April 3, 1865 Amelia County Amelia Springs April 5, 1865 Amelia County Rice’s Station April 6, 1865 Prince Edward County Sailor’s Creek April 6, 1865 Amelia, Prince Edward, and Nottoway Counties High Bridge April 6-7, 1865 Prince Edward and Cumberland Counties Cumberland Church April 7, 1865 Cumberland County Appomattox Station April 8, 1865 Appomattox County Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865 Appomattox County 19 Maj. Gen. George A. Custer (US) Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. George Crook (US) Maj. Gen. Rosser and Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. John Gibbon (US) Lt. Gen. James Longstreet (CS) Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan (US) Lt. Gen. Richard Ewell and Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon (CS) April 6: Col. T. Read (US) and Maj. Gen. Thomas Rosser (CS) April 7: Maj. Gen. A.A. Humphreys (US) and Maj. Gen. William Mahone (CS) Maj. Gen. A.A. Humphreys (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Maj. Gen. George A. Custer (US) Brig. Gen. Lindsay Walker (CS) Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant (US) Gen. Robert E. Lee (CS) Civil War 150 HistoryMobile Scavenger Hunt Name:Date: Battlefront 1. Who was the young soldier who wrote the letter to his father? 2. What two things did he leave to his father? Homefront Women and childen on the homefront had to adapt when resources that are common today were scarce during the Civil War. What did they use to make: 1. Apple pie? 2. Pins? Sophia Downman was eight years old during the Civil War, and she described her life in her letters to her cousins and aunt. Can you find the following items in her letters? 3. The name of her rag doll: 4. How to make a hen lay eggs: 5. The name of her school teacher: 6. What Christmas presents she received: 7. The date of Sophia’s birthday: Journey to freedom 1. By the end of the war approximately % of Union soldiers were African Americans. 2. True or False? Slaves were considered property during the Civil War. (Circle one.) In the Homefront and Journey to Freedom rooms, find a “What Would You Do?” screen and choose a person. 3. Whom did you choose? 4. What was the problem they faced and what did they choose to do? What would you have done if you were in their situation? Why? Loss, Gain, Legacy Find the historical figures in these pictures. Who were they? Write one thing they did during the Civil War. 1. Name:2. Name: During the war:During the war: 20 Civil War 150 HistoryMobile Scavenger Hunt Answer Key Battlefront 1. Who was the young soldier who wrote the letter to his father? James R. Montgomery (or J. R. Montgomery) 2. What two things did he leave to his father? His horse and equipment Homefront Women and childen on the homefront had to adapt when resources that are common today were scarce during the Civil War. What did they use to make: 1. Apple pie? Crackers 2. Pins? Thorns Sophia Downman was eight years old during the Civil War, and she described her life in her letters to her cousins and aunt. Can you find the following items in her letters? 3. The name of her rag doll: Sally Rebecca 4. How to make a hen lay eggs: Burn oyster shells and put them at the door of the hen house so hens can eat it. 5. The name of her school teacher: Miss Rebecca 6. What Christmas presents she received: A bracelet, a horn full of candy, and a book 7. The date of Sophia’s birthday: February 1st Journey to freedom 1. By the end of the war approximately 10% of Union soldiers were African Americans. 2. True or False? Slaves were considered property during the Civil War: True In the Homefront and Journey to Freedom rooms, find a “What Would You Do?” screen and choose a person. 3. Whom did you choose? (See pages 9-10 of this guide for possible answers.) 4. What was the problem they faced and what did they choose to do? What would you have done if you were in their situation? Why? (See pages 9-10 of this guide for possible answers.) Loss, Gain, Legacy Find the historical figures in these pictures. Who were they? Write one thing they did during the Civil War. 1. Name: Jack the dog2. Name: Clara Barton During the war: Jack was a stray bulldog who went to war with the 102nd Pennsylvania Infantry. He was captured at Salem Church, VA and disappeared in Maryland. During the war: As a nurse, she distributed supplies to wounded Union soldiers, notably at the battle of Cedar Mountain. 21