Download Units 1

CHEM 1003: Chemistry of Food, Health and Drugs
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Professor: G. W. Buchanan
Office 116 Steacie
(613)-520-3840
Email [email protected]
Course website: PP slides will be posted
http://www.carleton.ca/chemistry/undergra
d/courses/CHEM1003.htm
CHEM 1003 Organization/Grades
• Mid term (2 hours) 40%. Weekend of June 12
• Final (3 hours) 60% : covers all material: June 30, July
2-4
• If absent from midterm for any reason, marks go on final
• Problem sets will be assigned, but not marked. Answers
posted on website
• Questions on quizzes and Final “similar” to those on
problem sets
• Format: Multiple Choice and Short Answer
Materials
• Text: “ The Extraordinary Chemistry of
Ordinary Things” 4th ed. Carl H. Snyder
Wiley Publishing.
Problems assigned from this text
Problems from May 12 class
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Chapt 1# 1,2
Chapt 2# 6,8,18
Chapt 3# 3
Chapt 5#26,30
Chapt 9 # 1,14
Chapt 12 # 1,18
May 14 class: Chapt 6 #1,8; Chapt 8#1,21
Keep up to date!!!!!
Aims of the course
• Not to produce Chemists!
• To show the relevance of Chemistry in
Food ,Drugs and Health
• To promote critical assessment of
information in the media ie. “Intellectual
Triage” of Food, Drug and Health
concerns, trends, new ideas etc.
• To get student participation!
Class format
• PP presentations
• Demonstrations (mostly taped)
• What’s in the news? Current topics related to course
material as they appear in media/internet
• We will try to do intellectual triage on each: (i) immediate
action (ii) follow it (iii) forget (rubbish?)
Some examples
• Vitamin D :link between deficiency and the risk of
developing Multiple Sclerosis (MS) established (Feb
2009)
• “Immediate action”
• Researchers found that proteins activated by Vitamin D
bind to a segment of DNA near a gene implicated in MS
(degenerative neurological condition-destroys nerve cells
in brain and spinal cord)
• Most common in northern populations (Low sunlight)
• All Canadians should take Vitamin D (it is
added to Milk)
Charlatan Story :Raw food diets (Feb 4
2009)
Statement by Natasha Kyssa (Simply Raw,
Ottawa) that people feel “sluggish” when
eating cooked foods because enzymes in
food are destroyed when heated and the
body must use its own enzymes, thus
depleting it of energy
• Analysis: rubbish! The enzymes used in
digestion are not contained in food!
Lecture topics
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Class #1: atoms, elements, isotopes, origin of food, chemical arithmetic,
greenhouse gases, concentrations, states of matter- “MIXED BAG”
Class #2: Overview of Organic Chemistry. Energy and food.
Class #3: Lipids: Fats and oils
Class #4: Carbohydrates
Class #5: Amino acids and proteins
Class #6: Nucleic acids and genes; minerals
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Midterm covers 1st 6 classes material : Friday June 12 from 5-7 PM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Class #7: Vitamins; Food additives
Class #8: Poisons, Toxins, Hazards, risks
Class #9: Acids and bases: Medicines and Drugs (part I)
Class#10: Meds and Drugs part II. Lifestyle Drugs: Caffeine, Nicotine,
Alcohol
Class#11: Fitness; Food production; Agricultural Chemistry
Class#12: Herbal Supplements, Weight loss; Diet fads,review
The units (website PP postings)!
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May 12: Units 1-5
May 14: Units 6&7
May 19: Units 8&9
May 21: Unit 10
June 2: Units 11 & 12.1
June 4: Units 12.1 & 12.2
*** all covered on quiz #1 June 12
2nd half of course
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June 9 : Units 12.3 &13
June 11: Units 14 &15
June 16: Units 16 &17
June 18: Units 18 &19
June 23: Units 20 &21
June 25: Final review : Q’s &A’s
NB. This is approximate!!!
What in the world isn’t Chemistry??
An Introduction to Chemistry:
let’s keep it simple (and fun)
chapter 1
Chemistry is the branch of science that studies the
composition and properties of matter and the changes that
matter undergoes
Elements are the fundamental substances of
chemistry and are composed of atoms.
~115 different elements have been identified, eg. hydrogen,
phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, helium, carbon, calcium,
iron, sodium, chlorine.
Elements cannot be decomposed or converted to simpler substances or
other elements by any common form of energy, eg. heat, light, electricity,
sound, magnetism.
Only neutron bombardment can induce fission of some nuclei (ie 236U)
causing decay to other elements and release of energy.
An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that can be identified as that element.
Atoms, once thought to be the ultimate indivisible
particles that make up all matter, are among the
fundamental particles of the science of chemistry
John Dalton (1776-1844) (UK) proposed that all
matter was composed of atoms-he was correct!
A compound is a pure substance formed by the
chemical combination of two or more different elements
in a specific ratio.
Molecules are groups of two or more atoms held
together by the forces of chemical bonds. H2 and O2 are
molecules but not compounds.
An ion is an atom or group of atoms that
carries an electrical charge.
An anion is a negatively charged ion.
A cation is a positively charged ion.
Electrolytes are substances that conduct
electricity when dissolved in water,
or when melted if they don’t dissolve.
Those that don’t are nonelectrolytes.
Electrolytes in Human Cells
What are we made of?
• On average, about 60% Water by weight, hence
O and H are major components
• Muscles and fat also contain C and N
• Thus H, O, C and N make up over 95% of our
weight!
• In terms of # of atoms, much higher % H
• As we age, we lose water
Other Elements in the Human Body
Element ~gms/ 70kg
Calcium
Chlorine
Cobalt
Copper
Iodine
Iron
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Zinc
1500
105
trace
trace
trace
2
22
800
220
70
trace
Where
bones & teeth
all cells& stomach
vitamin B12
in many enzymes
thyroid
hemoglobin
in all cells + bones
in ATP & bones
intracellular cation
extracellular cation
many enzymes
Dietary Source
milk products
table salt
meat, fish, milk
nuts, shellfish
seafood
beef, fruits
green veggies
meat, eggs
‘everywhere’
table salt
seafood, meat
Nature of these elements
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Many present as ions or in combination with others.
Chlorine is present as Cl- (chloride ion).
Phosphorus is in phosphate ion (PO4) -3.
Sodium & Potassium present as Na+ and K+.
2009 “sodium kills” campaign- NaCl and blood pressure
Iodine present as I- (iodide ion).
Calcium present as Ca+2, often in Ca3(PO4)2. Calcium
phosphate in teeth and bones.
Trace Elements in the Body (a few of many)
• Selenium : Se-in selenoproteins, acts as a
peroxide scavenger. Hence “anti-aging” effects
(at the proper level). Toxic at higher levels
• Manganese: Mn-in metalloenzymes such as
pyruvate carboxylase
• Molybdenum: Mo-in xanthine oxidase, also a
metalloenzyme
• “ase” suffix denotes an enzyme-physiological
catalyst
So we are full of Chemicals!!
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The 10 most abundant elements in our body in terms of weight %
Oxygen
65
Carbon
18
Hydrogen 10
Nitrogen
3
Calcium
1.5
Phosphorus 1.0
Potassium .25
Sulfur
.25
Chlorine
.15
Sodium
.15
and 37 others (of known function)