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EXPLORING LIFE
EXERCISE 11:
ECHINODERMS AND
CHORDATES
Exercise 11: Echinoderms and Chordates
Workbook Contents
Corresponding Section on CD
Vocabulary
Key Concepts
Introduction
1. Introduction
Deuterostomes
The Deuterostome Body Plan
Evolution of Deuterostomes
2. Deuterostomes
2A. The Deuterostome Body Plan
2B. Evolution of Deuterostomes
Phylum Echinodermata
General Characteristics and Structure
Class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
3. The Phylum Echinodermata
3A. General Characteristics and Structure
3B. Class Crinoidea - Sea Lilies and
Feather Stars
3C. Class Stelleroidea - Sea Stars
3D. Class Echinoidea - Sea Urchins
3E. Class Holothuroidea - Sea Cucumbers
Class Stelleroidea (starfish and brittle stars)
Class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
Phylum Chordata
The Three Subphyla of the Phylum Chordata
4. Phylum Chordata
4A. The Three Subphyla of the Phylum
Chordata
4B. Characteristics of the Chordates
Characteristics of the Chordates
Subphylum Vertebrata
Classes of Vertebrates
Evolution of the Vertebrates
5. Subphylum Vertebrata
5A. Classes of Vertebrates
5B. Evolution of the Vertebrates
Summary & Review
Vocabulary
Amniotic Egg - An egg that is protected from the environment by a more or less impervious shell during its
development, requiring only oxygen from outside
Ampullae - The 'bulbs' of the water vascular system that lie above each of the podia (or tube feet) of the
echinoderms. Water is forced from them to extend the feet and drawn in to exert suction.
Archenteron - The cavity formed during the gastrula stage of embryonic development. It is lined with
endoderm and develops into the digestive tract.
Blastopore - The opening formed by invagination during the gastrula phase of embryonic development. It
becomes the mouth in Protostomes and the anus in Deuterostomes.
Cardiac Stomach - The first portion (nearest the mouth) of the sea star stomach. It can be everted through the
mouth and into the shells of bivalves through tiny slits between the valves, partially digesting the
tissues of the bivalve within its own shell, but external to the sea star.
11-1
Commensal - Describing an interaction between species that is a kind of symbiosis. Individuals of one species
live close to and benefit from the presence and activities of the other, while that species is
unaffected by the interaction.
Determinate Development - The developmental pathway followed by Protostomes. In it, the fate of each cell in
the early embryo is completely determined; it will become a specific tissue or organ in the adult.
Deuterostome - An animal in which the blastopore (or a region very near it) develops to become the anus, and
the opening for the mouth develops elsewhere. The deuterostomes include the Echinoderm and
Chordate phyla.
Dioecious - Having the male and female sex organs on separate individuals
Gastrula - The stage of animal embryonic development in which the hollow ball of cells invaginates, creating an
opening (the blastopore) into an interior chamber (the archenteron). Cells from around the lip of
the blastopore migrate inward, and the three tissue layers - the ectoderm, mesoderm, and
endoderm - are differentiated.
Indeterminate Development - The developmental pathway followed by Deuterostomes. In it, the fates of cells
in the early embryo are not rigidly determined, and they may become many different parts of the
adult organism.
Madreporite - The opening from the water vascular system to the outside environment in the sea stars and brittle
stars. It is located on the dorsal surface of the animal.
Metamorphosis - A process in which there is a dramatic change in form and structure during post-embryonic
development. In echinoderms, this is the change from bilateral symmetry in larval stages to
radial symmetry in the adult organism.
Notocord - The dorsal rod of cartilage that forms the basic axial skeleton of all chordates. It persists in
primitive groups, but is replaced by the growth of a vertebral column around it in the subphylum
Vertebrata.
Ossicle - One piece of the internal, calcareous skeleton of the echinoderms. They may be articulated, as in the
sea star, or rigidly sutured, as in the sand dollars.
Pharyngeal Slits - Lateral openings from the pharynx (the muscular tube connecting the mouth to the
esophagus) from which the respiratory apparatus evolved. They are one characteristic of the
chordates.
Placenta - The tissue surrounding the developing embryo in the uterus of mammals, formed in part from the
inner lining of the uterus and in part from tissues from the embryo. Through it, the embryo is
nourished and waste products are removed.
Podia - The tube feet of the sea stars and brittle stars. They are connected to the water vascular system, and
may be extended or exert suction depending on whether fluid is forced into them or withdrawn
into the bulbs (ampullae).
Protostome - An animal in which the blastopore opening becomes the mouth of the adult organism. Cleavage in
their embryos occurs in a spiral pattern, and development is determinate. Among the protostome
phyla are annelids, mollusks and arthropods.
Pyloric Caecum - The digestive gland of sea stars. It extends into each of the arms, normally taking up a large
proportion of the volume of the arm, appearing like a fern or a feather when spread out in a
dissection.
Radial Cleavage - A pattern of early embryonic development in which the planes of cleavage between cells in
mitosis lie either parallel or perpendicular to the axis of the embryo. This pattern is
characteristic of deuterostomes, and the fates of cells are indeterminate during early
development.
Sessile - Animals that are attached to a substrate (ground or a host) are termed sessile. These animals are not
mobile and do not move about, at least for extended periods.
Spiral Cleavage - The pattern of embryonic development in which the cleavage planes between dividing cells
are at oblique angles (diagonal) to the axis of the embryo. This pattern of development is
characteristic of protostomes, and the fates of cells are determined very early in embryonic
growth
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KEY CONCEPTS
This section of the workbook is set up to help you note important
information relating to the key concepts of this exercise and then organize
and summarize the information in order to develop a synthesis and prepare
for a review. As you complete this exercise, you will focus on the
structural and life cycle characteristics of the animals, particularly the
simple ones, so that you will be able to distinguish:
How these animals are classified
1. What structural and life cycle characteristics distinguish the
echinoderms and chordates from every other group of animals?
2. What structural and life cycle characteristics distinguish each group
within a phylum from every other group within that phylum?
The evolutionary trends demonstrated in these animals
3. What are the evolutionary trends in development in the structural and
life cycle characteristics of the echinoderms and chordates?
The first several pages are questions that can be answered by following the
progression of slides and paying careful attention to the information, both
visual and audio. These questions should be read in advance of each
section so that you can be better prepared to answer them by knowing
what you are looking for. The underlined subheadings correspond to the
sections of the exercise as outlined in the main menu.
The subsequent pages are designed to help you summarize and synthesize
the pertinent information to answer the questions posed above.
11-3
KEY CONCEPTS
Introduction
1. What sets deuterostomes apart from protostomes?
2. The objectives of this exercise are:
a.
b.
c.
Deuterostomes
The Deuterostome Body Plan
Coelom
3. A true coelom is formed within the embryonic ectoderm / endoderm / mesoderm and its interior
.
surface is lined with a layer called the
4. Label the structures on this annelid cross section:
5. Label each statement as belonging to (D) deuterostomes or (P) protostomes:
anus develops from blastopore
mesoderm forms from gut wall
coelom forms as an enlargement and evagination
mesoderm split forms the coelom
of mesoderm
mouth develops from blastopore
coelom forms from cell around the blastopore
mouth develops from deuterostome
enterocoelous development
schizocoelous development
Cleavage of Cells
6. Cells formed by division of early cells during radial / spiral cleavage in deuterostomes appear
at angles / parallel to / perpendicular to the axis. In radial / spiral cleavage of protostomes,
new cells appear at angles / parallel to / perpendicular to the axis.
Development
7. Label each statement as belonging to (D) deuterostomes or (P) protostomes:
all cells in embryo are totipotent
determinate development
eventual function of cells is not determined
by cell type
functions of cells are determined early and
cannot be substituted
indeterminate development
mosaic development
regulative development
11-4
THE ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES
Evolution of Deuterostomes
8. While body structures of these animals may converge / diverge in adults, early in development they
generally exhibit bilateral / radial symmetry and have a gut that
.
Members of Echinodermata acquire a flattened structure with bilateral / radial symmetry as adults.
9. Label each statement as belonging to animals with a (L) lophophore, (E) other echinoderms,
(H) hemichordates, (C) chordates and/or (V) vertebrates.
includes bryozoans, brachiopods, phoronids
and pterobranchs
anus located close to mouth but outside
tentacles
ridge around mouth from which ciliated
tentacles protrude
can evert stomach through mouth
digestion of prey begins externally
sessile filter feeders
has proboscis, collar and trunk
tentacled structure used to gather plankton
breathe by pumping water in through mouth
and out through pharyngeal slits
tentacled structure functions in gas
exchange
pharyngeal slits used for gas exchange
tube-like digestive system of three parts:
prosome, mesosome and metasome
gills and lungs replace pharyngeal slits
closed circulatory system
Phylum Echinodermata
General Characteristics and Structure
10. Echinoderms are the only group of deuterostome / protostome
invertebrates / vertebrates.
11. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure and lifestyle of this phylum.
Habit
a. benthic or pelagic
Habitats
b. marine or freshwater or terrestrial
External Anatomy
c. “skin”: spiny or scales or smooth or feathers or fur
Internal Anatomy
d. support: calcareous ossicles or cartilage or bone
Symmetry
e. as juveniles: radial/”5-sided” or bilateral
f. as adults: radial/”5-sided” or bilateral
g. head: none or distinct
Locomotion
h. water vascular system or muscular system
Feeding
i. food transport: water vascular system or digestive/circulatory systems
j. digestive tract: well-developed or not well-developed
k. digestion begins: internally or externally
Internal Anatomy
l. excretion: no specialized organs or specialized organs
11-5
KEY CONCEPTS
EC: Describe the developmental process in echinoderms (both types). Be sure to include the terms: axocoel,
hydrocoel, somatocoel, metamorphosis. Use another sheet of paper if you need more room.
Class Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
12. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
External Anatomy
a. oral surface: upper surface (dorsal) or lower surface (ventral) or neither
b. mouth and anus at same end or mouth and anus at opposite ends
c. appendages: “arms” or pinnules or fins or legs or wings
Reproduction
d. sexual or asexual/regeneration
Internal Anatomy
e. gas exchange: surface of body or bursae or gills or lungs
f. calcareous ossicles: articulated or sutured or reduced
Feeding
g. food to mouth by: grooves (ambulacral)/podia or tentacles or cilia
h. water vascular system: with podia or without podia
i. suspension or predatory or parasitic or scavenging or scraping or deposit
j. food: plankton or algae/plants or animals or bacteria or detritus
k. food transport: water vascular system or digestive/circulatory systems
Sea Lilies only
Locomotion
l. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
Jointed appendages in whorls called
; function:
Feather Stars only
Locomotion
m. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
; function:
Jointed appendages in whorls called
Both
Reproduction
n. dioecious (separate sexes) or hermaphroditic
o. structures: gonads or no gonads
p. fertilization: internal or external; if external: structures rupture or do not
q. eggs: brooded internally or laid externally
r. care of young: none or minimal or extensive
s. development: direct (young have adult morphology) or metamorphosis
11-6
THE ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES
13. What does the developmental process shared by sea lilies and feather stars suggest about their evolutionary
relationship?
Class Stelleroidea (starfish and brittle stars)
14. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
External Anatomy
a. oral surface: upper surface (dorsal) or lower surface (ventral) or neither
b. food to mouth by: grooves (ambulacral)/podia or tentacles or cilia
Internal Anatomy
c. calcareous ossicles: articulated or sutured or reduced
Subclass Asteroidea (starfish) only
Locomotion
d. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
e. makes use of water vascular system or does not
f. water vascular system: with podia or without podia
Subclass Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) only
Locomotion
g. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
h. makes use of water vascular system or does not
i. water vascular system: with podia or without podia
Both
External Anatomy
j. madreporite: opens to outside or inside
EC: Label the structures on this diagrams of a starfish:
11-7
KEY CONCEPTS
Question #14 continued:
EC: Describe the process of locomotion in sea stars:
Reproduction
k. dioecious (separate sexes) or hermaphroditic
l. structures: gonads or no gonads
Sea Stars only
Reproduction
m. gonads: single (1) or 1 pair or 5 pair
n. fertilization: internal or external; if external: structures rupture or do not
o. gametes shed through: gonopores or bursae
p. eggs: brooded internally or laid externally
q. care of young: none or minimal or extensive
r. development: direct (young have adult morphology) or metamorphosis
Brittle Stars only
Internal Anatomy
s. gas exchange: surface of body or bursae or gills or lungs
Reproduction
t. fertilization: internal or external; if external: structures rupture or do not
u. gametes shed through: gonopores or bursae
v. eggs: brooded internally or laid externally
w. care of young: none or minimal or extensive
Both
Feeding
x. suspension or predatory or scavenging or scraping or deposit
y. food: plankton or algae/plants or animals or bacteria or detritus
z. digestion: primarily external or primarily internal
aa. food transport: water vascular system or digestive/circulatory systems
bb. nutrient absorption: digestive glands or stomach or intestines
cc. appendages: “arms” or pinnules or fins or legs or wings
EC: Describe the feeding and digestion of starfish:
Reproduction
dd. sexual or asexual/regeneration
11-8
THE ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES
Class Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
15. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
Internal Anatomy
a. calcareous ossicles: articulated or sutured/fused or reduced
Reproduction
b. dioecious (separate sexes) or hermaphroditic
c. fertilization: internal or external if external: structures rupture or do not
Locomotion
d. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
External Anatomy
e. oral surface: upper surface (dorsal) or lower surface (ventral) or neither
Feeding
f. food to mouth by: tentacles or calcareous plates or cilia
g. suspension or predatory or scavenging or scraping or deposit
h. food: plankton or algae/plants or animals or bacteria or detritus
i. digestion: primarily external or primarily internal
j. nutrient absorption: digestive glands or stomach or intestines
Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
16. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
External Anatomy
a. appendages: “arms” or pinnules or fins or legs or wings or none
b. mouth and anus at same end or mouth and anus at opposite ends
c. oral surface: upper surface (dorsal) or lower surface (ventral) or neither
Internal Anatomy
d. calcareous ossicles: articulated or sutured or reduced
Feeding
e. food to mouth by: grooves (ambulacral)/podia or tentacles or cilia
Locomotion
f. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
g. water vascular system: with podia or without podia
Feeding
h. suspension or predatory or scavenging or scraping or deposit
i. food transport: water vascular system or digestive/circulatory systems
j. oxygen-carrying molecules: hemoglobin or no special molecule
k. circulation: respiratory trees or no special structure
EC: Label the structures on this diagram of a sea cucumber:
11-9
KEY CONCEPTS
Question #16 continued
External Anatomy
l. madreporite: opens to outside or inside
Internal Anatomy
m. gas exchange: surface of body or bursae or gills or lungs
EC: Describe some of the defense mechanisms of the sea cucumbers:
Reproduction
n. dioecious (separate sexes) or hermaphroditic
o. structures: gonads or no gonads
p. gonads: single (1) or 1 pair or 5 pair
q. fertilization: internal or external if external: structures rupture or do not
r. gametes shed through: gonopore or bursae
s. eggs: brooded internally or laid externally
EC: What are the processes that involve rupturing sea cucumber anatomy? Describe the processes and
the affected anatomy:
Phylum Chordata
The Three Subphyla of the Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates or sea squirts)
17. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle of this subphylum.
Symmetry
a. as juveniles: radial/”5-sided” or bilateral
b. as adults: radial/”5-sided” or bilateral
c. head: none or distinct
Habitats
d. marine or freshwater or terrestrial
Habit
e. benthic or pelagic
Locomotion
f. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
Feeding
g. suspension or predatory or scavenging or scraping or deposit
h. food: plankton or algae/plants or animals or bacteria or detritus
i. food to mouth by: tentacles or calcareous plates or cilia
11-10
THE ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES
Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
18. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle of this subphylum.
Feeding
a. suspension or predatory or scavenging or scraping or deposit
Habitats
b. marine or freshwater or terrestrial
Symmetry
c. as adults: radial/”5-sided” or bilateral
d. head: none or distinct
Internal Anatomy
e. nervous system (adult): dorsal nerve cord or brain
f. internal support/protection: notocord or vertebral column or skull
Locomotion
g. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
Subphylum Vertebrata
19. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle of this subphylum.
Symmetry
a. as juveniles: radial/”5-sided” or bilateral
b. as adults: radial/”5-sided” or bilateral
c. head: none or distinct
Internal Anatomy
d. nervous system (adult): dorsal nerve cord or brain
e. internal support/protection: notocord or vertebral column or skull
Characteristics of the Chordates
20. What are the two defining characteristics of this phylum?
and
In which subphyla are these characteristics apparent only in juveniles?
In which are retained throughout life?
Subphylum Vertebrata
Classes of Vertebrates
Class Agnatha (lampreys and hagfishes)
21. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle of this phylum.
Feeding
a. jaws: movable or lacking
b. predatory or parasitic or scavenging or scraping or deposit
c. food: plankton or algae/plants or animals or bacteria or detritus
Habitats
d. marine or freshwater or terrestrial
Habit
e. benthic or pelagic
Locomotion
f. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
EC: Research the internal anatomy of this class. What type of support structure do they have?
11-11
.
KEY CONCEPTS
Class Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays and skates)
22. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
Internal Anatomy
a. support: calcareous ossicles or cartilage or bone
Feeding
b. jaws: movable or lacking
External Anatomy
c. appendages: “arms” or pinnules or fins or legs or wings
Locomotion
d. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
e. water vascular system or muscular system
Internal Anatomy
f. gas exchange: surface of body or bursae or gills or lungs
Habitats
g. marine or freshwater or terrestrial
Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
23. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
Internal Anatomy
a. support: calcareous ossicles or cartilage or bone
b. gas exchange: surface of body or bursae or gills or lungs
Habitats
c. marine or freshwater or terrestrial
Locomotion
d. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or none (sessile as adults)
e. water vascular system or muscular system
Feeding
f. jaws: movable or lacking
Class Amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders and newts)
24. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
Habitats
a. marine or freshwater or terrestrial
Reproduction
b. eggs: brooded internally or laid externally; if external: require water or not
c. development: direct (young have adult morphology) or metamorphosis
External Anatomy
d. “skin”: spiny or scales or smooth or feathers or fur
Internal Anatomy
e. gas exchange: surface of body or bursae or gills or lungs
In what ways are amphibians dependent on a wet or moist environment?
EC: Research the reason why amphibians are considered indicators of environmental quality:
11-12
THE ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES
Class Reptilia (crocodilians, turtles, snakes and lizards)
25. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
Habitats
a. marine or freshwater or terrestrial
Reproduction
b. eggs: brooded internally or laid externally; if external: require water or not
c. development: direct (young have adult morphology) or metamorphosis
External Anatomy
d. “skin”: spiny or scales or smooth or feathers or fur
Internal Anatomy
e. gas exchange: surface of body or bursae or gills or lungs
What adaptations do reptiles have that amphibians lack for a terrestrial lifestyle?
Class Aves (birds)
26. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
External Anatomy
a. “skin”: spiny or scales or smooth or feathers or fur
What functions to feathers provide?
Locomotion
b. walking or free-swimming or burrowing or flying
c. appendages: “arms” or pinnules or fins or legs or wings
Internal Anatomy
d. “bloodedness”: cold or warm
Reproduction
e. fertilization: internal or external
f. eggs: brooded internally or laid externally
g. care of young: none or minimal or extensive
Class Mammalia (mammals)
27. Circle the term(s) or phrase(s) on each line that best describe the structure or lifestyle features of this class.
External Anatomy
a. “skin”: spiny or scales or smooth or feathers or fur
Reproduction
b. care of young: none or minimal or extensive
What do mammals nourish their young with?
11-13
KEY CONCEPTS
Evolution of the Vertebrates
28. Fill in the vertebrate phylogenetic tree with the classes and the theoretical ancestor:
29. Number, then label the following as advances found in the class(es): (C) Chondrichthyes,
(O) Osteichthyes, (A) Amphibia, (R) Reptilia, (Av) Aves, and/or (M) Mammalia
Skeletal System
Circulatory System
first jaw, pectoral and pelvic appendages
single ventricle; blood is mixed
cartilagenous skeleton
partially divided ventricle
bony skeleton
two separate ventricles
limbs to side of body
Reproductive System
limbs beneath body
external fertilization
eggs lack protection; must be in water
Respiratory System
gills
internal fertilization
primitive lungs
amniotic egg
gas absorption also through skin
eggs develop internally; placental
advanced lungs
11-14
SUMMARY & REVIEW
1. True or False: Echninoderms and chordates are protostomes.
True or False: Deuterostomes have a true coelom formed within the embryonic mesoderm.
True or False: A true coelom is lined with a layer called the pericardium.
2. Fill in the following chart with the appropriate word or phrase in each box provided:
Protostome
Deuterostome
Structure that develops from blastopore
Coelom formation
Cleavage
regulative or mosaic development
schizocoelus or enterocoelus development
determinate or indeterminate development
3. What two characteristics unite the Echinodermata and the Chordata?
a.
b.
Fill out the charts on the next two pages. Then, using these charts, answer the following questions.
4. What characteristics are unique to each class within the Echinodermata?
a. Crinoidea:
b. Stellaroidea:
c. Echinoidea:
d. Holothuroidea:
5. What characteristics are unique to each phylum/subphylum?
a. Echinodermata:
b. Chordata:
a. Urochordata:
b. Cephalochordata:
c. Vertebrata:
6. What characteristics are unique to each class within the Vertebrata?
e. Agnatha:
f. Chondrichthyes:
g. Osteichthyes:
h. Amphibia:
i. Reptilia:
i. Aves:
j. Mammalia:
11-15
THE ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES
Habitats
marine
freshwater
terrestrial - moist
terrestrial - dry
Symmetry
radial/5-sided juvenile
bilateral juvenile
radial/5-sided adult
bilateral adult
no distinct head
distinct head
Internal Anatomy
calcareous ossicles
ossicles articulated
ossicles fused
ossicles reduced
cartilage
bone
no jaws
jaws
no specialized excretory structures
specialized excretory structures
dorsal nerve cord
brain
notochord in adult
vertebral column and skull in adult
cold-blooded
warm-blooded
Gas Exchange
surface of body
bursae
gills
lungs
Food Transport/Digestion
water vascular system
digestive system/tract
not well developed
well developed
initial external digestion
initial internal digestion
nutrient absorption - digestive glands
nutrient absorption - stomach
nutrient absorption - intestines
11-16
Mammalia
Aves
Reptilia
Amphibia
Osteichthyes
Chondrichthyes
Agnatha
Vertebrata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Chordata
Holothuroidea
Echinoidea
Stellaroidea
Crinoidea
Echinodermata
Mark an "X" next to each characteristic that is found in all or some of the members of each of these groups.
External Anatomy
spiny "skin"
scales
smooth
feathers
fur
oral surface dorsal
oral surface ventral
oral surface neither
madreporite opens to outside
madreporite inside
mouth and anus at same end
mouth and anus at opposite ends
Locomotion
water vascular
without podia
with podia
muscular system
Appendages
"arms" (not pectoral or pelvic)
pinnules
tentacles
fins
legs (pectoral and/or pelvic)
wings
other special appendages
no appendages
Reproduction
asexual/regeneration
sexual
dioecious
hermaphroditic
gonads
no gonads
external fertilization
gametes through gonopores
gametes through bursae
internal fertilization
eggs laid externally - in water
eggs laid externally - not in water
eggs brooded internally
no care of young
some care of young
metamorphosis
direct development
11-17
Mammalia
Aves
Reptilia
Amphibia
Osteichthyes
Chondrichthyes
Agnatha
Vertebrata
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Chordata
Holothuroidea
Echinoidea
Stellaroidea
Crinoidea
Echinodermata
SUMMARY & REVIEW
THE ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES
Evolutionary Trends
7. Without looking at your Key Concepts, fill in the following vertebrate phylogenetic tree.
8. Using the charts on the previous pages, list the characteristics of the deuterostomes in order from most
primitive to most derived. The first one has been done for you as an example:
a. habitats: restricted; usually marine to somewhat restricted; need moisture to not restricted; found in many habitats
b. adult symmetry:
to
c. head:
to
d. internal support:
to
e. excretion:
to
f. gas exchange:
to
g. initial digestion:
to
to
to
to
h. mouth and anus placement:
i. locomotion:
to
j. reproduction:
to
k. fertilization:
to
l. eggs laid:
to
to
m. ventricles:
to
to
9. What characteristics were necessary for successful colonization of terrestrial habitats?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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SUMMARY & REVIEW
10. Write the letter of the group next to the appropriate common name and organism:
A. Stelleroidea
bony fishes
B. Echinoidea
“both life”
C. Holothuroidea
cartilagenous fishes
D. Crinoidea
feathered vertebrates
E. Urochordata
furred vertebrates
F. Cephalochordata
jawless fishes
G. Agnatha
lancelet
H. Chondrichthyes
scaled terrestrial vertebrates
I. Osteichthyes
sea cucumber
J. Amphibia
sea lily
K. Reptilia
sea squirt
L. Aves
sea urchin
M. Mammalia
starfish
11-19