Download chapter 3 – the morphology of english

E X ERC I SE AN SWE R K EY
CHAPTER 3 – THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH
Exercise 3.1
This exercise lends itself to group work. It focuses students’ attention on their knowledge of the
underlying morphological system that enables them to create new words from nonsense words.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
striggily
striggish
striggishly
striggophile “someone who loves (or collects) striggs”
striggify
Exercise 3.2
1. {dis-} + {cover} + {-able}
{dis-} changes the meanings of verbs to their opposite (disallow).
{cover} is a verb meaning “to shelter, hide.”
{-able} creates adjectives meaning “able to be” plus the action of the verb (lovable = “able to be
loved”).
2. {motive} + {-ate}
{motive} is a noun or adjective meaning “a desire.”
{-ate} creates verbs meaning “to make” (alienate).
3. {amaze} + {-ment}
{amaze} is a verb meaning “to astonish.”
{-ment} creates nouns meaning “state of ” (excitement).
4. {dark} + {-en}
{dark} is a noun meaning “without light.”
{-en} creates verbs meaning “to cause” (lengthen).
5. {coward} + {-ice}
{coward} is a adjective meaning “one who lacks courage.”
{-ice} creates nouns from other words (service, justice).
6. {care} + {-less} + {-ly}
{care} is a noun meaning “attentiveness.”
{-less} creates adjectives meaning “without” (hopeless).
{-ly} makes adverbs from adjectives (sadly).
7. {boy} + {-ish} + {-ness}
{boy} is a noun meaning “male child.”
{-ish} creates adjectives meaning “having the quality of ” (foolish).
{-ness} creates nouns from other words (shyness, blackness).
EX–3
EX–4
EX ER CI SE A NSW ER KEY
8. {re-} + {write}
{re-} means “repetition of the stated action” (redo).
{write} is a verb meaning “to form letters and symbols with a pen, pencil or other writing implement
on a surface.”
Exercise 3.3
Yester | day | the | bak | er | ’s | old | est | daughter | ran | a | way |
with | the | bank | er | ’s | young | er | son
(This exercise is discussed in the text.)
Exercise 3.4
1. The | manag(e) | -er | listen | -ed | im- | patient | -ly | as | the | clerk | -’s | claim | s | became |
in- | creas- | -ing | -ly | in- | cred- | -ible.
2. Fred | found | the | old | elevat- | -or | un- | bear- | able.
Exercise 3.5
1. burned, burned (British English has burnt as past and past participle.)
2. bet, bet (Some dialects use betted, betted.)
3. sprang, sprung (Some students may prefer sprung in the past tense.)
4. strove, striven (Some dialects use strived for the past tense and for the past participle.)
5. spelled, spelled (Some dialects have spelt for the past tense and for the past participle.)
6. dwelled, dwelled (Some dialects have dwelt, dwelt.)
7. bit, bitten (Some dialects have bit for the past participle.)
8. leapt, leapt (Some students may use leaped for both forms instead.)
9. dug, dug (Some dialects retain the more archaic digged.)
Exercise 3.6
1. Noun
Verb
Silvano wished us many happy returns at the Trevi fountain.
As we promised, we returned to Rome in the spring.
2. Noun
It is difficult to match reds because each fabric soaks up a different amount of dye.
Adjective Your face became even redder when he kissed you.
3. Noun
Verb
My mortgage company offers the lowest rates in town.
Elmer Dill has rated our restaurant very highly for the past two years.
EX ERC ISE A N SW ER KEY
4. Noun
Verb
The expectation of disaster fuels my fears of earthquakes.
Jan feared returning home so late after her curfew.
5. Noun
Verb
Jan told her mother all the reasons behind her refusal to get married.
Syd reasoned that someone else must have been at fault.
6. Noun
Verb
The names on the guest list need to be reviewed.
Dan names all his dogs, Sparky.
7. Noun
Verb
The men hoisted the sails in preparation for departure.
The USS Arizona sailed to Pearl Harbor.
8. Noun
Adjective
Adverb
Verb
Marybeth’s depression has caused her to hit new lows.
Jill cried out when she hit her shin against the lowest rung of the ladder.
The criminal hung his head low when the verdict was read.
The cattle are lowing.
EX–5
9. Noun
The blues of the afghan complement your couch.
Verb
I like bluing the water to rinse my whites so that they are very bright.
Adjective The waters of Hawaii are the bluest waters I have ever seen.
Exercise 3.7
Some of the possible derivations from act are
actable, actably, action, actionary, actionless, activate, active, actively, activeness, activist, activistic,
activisticly, activity, antiaction, deactivate, enact, enaction, enactment, inactable, inactableness, inactably,
inaction, inactivate, inactive, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity, nonaction, nonactive, nonactively,
nonactiveness, nonactivity, proaction, proactive, proactively, proactiveness, proactivity, react, reaction,
reactionary, reactionless, reactionlessly, reactivate, reactive, reactiveness, reactivity, reenact, reenaction,
reenactment, semiaction, semiactive, semiactively, semiactiveness, semiactivity, superaction, superactive,
superactively, unactable, unactableness, unactably, and so on.
Students may create or discover others.
Exercise 3.8
1. sleeper
{sleep}
{-er}
free base
bound derivational suffix meaning “one who does;” creates agent nouns (ruler)
2. misconception
{mis-}
bound derivational prefix meaning “wrong”
{concept} free base
{-ion}
bound derivational suffix meaning “action or process;” used for non-count nouns
(starvation)
EX–6
EX ER CI SE A NS W ER KE Y
3. violinist
{violin}
{-ist}
free base
bound derivational suffix; creates agent nouns
4. referral
{refer}
{-al}
free base
bound derivational suffix meaning “act or process;” creates nouns from verbs
5. employee
{employ} free base
{-ee}
bound derivational suffix meaning “recipient of the action;” creates nouns from verbs (refugee)
6. enjoyment
{enjoy}
free base
{-ment} bound derivational suffix meaning “state, action;” creates nouns from verbs (confinement)
7. duckling
{duck}
{-ling}
free base
bound derivational suffix meaning “small”
8. protoform
{proto-} bound derivational prefix meaning “first in rank or time”
{form}
free base
9. pentagram
{penta-} bound base meaning “five”
{-gram} bound base meaning “something written”
Exercise 3.9
This exercise can be assigned as homework or it can be done in class in small groups.
acrophobia
claustrophobia
hydrophobia
agoraphobia
gamophobia
orinthophobia
ponophobia
melissophobia
demophobia
thanatophobia
phagophobia
ichthyphobia
genophobia
arachneophobia
fear of heights
fear of being locked up, shut in an enclosed space
fear of water
fear of open spaces
fear of marriage
fear of birds
fear of work
fear of bees
fear of crowds
fear of death
fear of eating
fear of fish
fear of sex
fear of spiders
EX ERC I SE A N SW ER KEY
ophidiophobia
xenophobia
gynophobia
triskaidekaphobia
autophobia
scopophobia
hygrophobia
batrachnophobia
peniaphobia
alophobia
EX–7
fear of snakes
fear of strangers
fear of women
fear of thirteen
fear of being alone
fear of being looked at
fear of dampness
fear of frogs
fear of poverty
fear of seeing, handling, or playing a flute or similar wind instrument
Exercise 3.10
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
somewhere
lecture
of
hot
rather
slow
instead
brown
and
cannot accept change (Speakers of some dialects somewheres.)
accepts derivational suffixes (lecturer) and inflectional suffixes (lectures)
cannot accept change
accepts inflectional suffixes (hotter, hottest) and derivational suffixes (hotly)
cannot accept change
accepts both derivational (slowness, slowly) and inflectional morphemes (slower, slowest)
cannot accept change
accepts both derivational (brownness) and inflectional suffixes (browned)
cannot accept changes
Review Exercise
Morphological Analysis
1. stylistic
{style}
{-ist}
{-ic}
free base; “sort, kind, type”; I like Madonna’s hair style.
bound derivational suffix meaning “person who does;” creates agent nouns; pianist
bound derivational suffix meaning “characteristic of;” creates adjectives; mythic.
2. restive
{rest}
{-ive}
free base; “to repose”; He rested all day.
bound derivational suffix meaning “having characteristic of;” creates adjectives; disruptive.
3. carefully
{care}
{-ful}
{-ly}
free base; “concern, attention;” The neurologist exercised care in assessing head injuries.
derivational suffix meaning “having characteristic of;” creates adjectives; painful
bound derivational suffix; creates adverbs of manner; richly
4. reachable
{reach}
{-able}
free base; “to arrive at;” Ann reached our house by noon.
derivational suffix; creates adjectives; drinkable
EX–8
E X ER CI SE A N SW ER K EY
5. nationhood
{nation}
{-hood}
free base; “a group of people as a political unit;” Europe may become a single nation.
bound derviational suffix; creates nouns; brotherhood
6. legalize
{legal}
{-ize}
free base; “pertaining to law;” Their marriage is not legal in California.
bound derivational suffix; creates verbs from adjectives or nouns; equalize, rubberize
7. rivalry
{rival}
{-ry}
free base; “an opponent;” The count met his rival at dawn.
bound derivational suffix meaning “state or condition;” creates nouns; thievery
8. reference
{refer}
{-ence}
9. playful
{play}
{-ful}
free base; “to direct;” The president will refer the question to the Secretary of State.
bound derivational suffix meaning “state or condition;” creates nouns from
adjectives ending in -ent; confidence
free base; “to act in jest or sport;” Our basketball team plays well.
bound derivational suffix; creates adjectives; helpful
Inflectional Morphemes
immigrants
States
brought
dialects
was
greater
come
historians
centuries
colonists
differences
became
moved
accommodated
diminished
growing
England’s
encouraged
noun plural
noun plural
verb past tense
noun plural
verb past tense
adjective comparative
verb past participle
noun plural
noun plural
noun plural
noun plural
verb past tense
verb past tense
verb past tense
verb past participle
verb present participle
noun possessive
verb past tense