* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download chapter 3 – the morphology of english
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Danish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
E X ERC I SE AN SWE R K EY CHAPTER 3 – THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH Exercise 3.1 This exercise lends itself to group work. It focuses students’ attention on their knowledge of the underlying morphological system that enables them to create new words from nonsense words. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. striggily striggish striggishly striggophile “someone who loves (or collects) striggs” striggify Exercise 3.2 1. {dis-} + {cover} + {-able} {dis-} changes the meanings of verbs to their opposite (disallow). {cover} is a verb meaning “to shelter, hide.” {-able} creates adjectives meaning “able to be” plus the action of the verb (lovable = “able to be loved”). 2. {motive} + {-ate} {motive} is a noun or adjective meaning “a desire.” {-ate} creates verbs meaning “to make” (alienate). 3. {amaze} + {-ment} {amaze} is a verb meaning “to astonish.” {-ment} creates nouns meaning “state of ” (excitement). 4. {dark} + {-en} {dark} is a noun meaning “without light.” {-en} creates verbs meaning “to cause” (lengthen). 5. {coward} + {-ice} {coward} is a adjective meaning “one who lacks courage.” {-ice} creates nouns from other words (service, justice). 6. {care} + {-less} + {-ly} {care} is a noun meaning “attentiveness.” {-less} creates adjectives meaning “without” (hopeless). {-ly} makes adverbs from adjectives (sadly). 7. {boy} + {-ish} + {-ness} {boy} is a noun meaning “male child.” {-ish} creates adjectives meaning “having the quality of ” (foolish). {-ness} creates nouns from other words (shyness, blackness). EX–3 EX–4 EX ER CI SE A NSW ER KEY 8. {re-} + {write} {re-} means “repetition of the stated action” (redo). {write} is a verb meaning “to form letters and symbols with a pen, pencil or other writing implement on a surface.” Exercise 3.3 Yester | day | the | bak | er | ’s | old | est | daughter | ran | a | way | with | the | bank | er | ’s | young | er | son (This exercise is discussed in the text.) Exercise 3.4 1. The | manag(e) | -er | listen | -ed | im- | patient | -ly | as | the | clerk | -’s | claim | s | became | in- | creas- | -ing | -ly | in- | cred- | -ible. 2. Fred | found | the | old | elevat- | -or | un- | bear- | able. Exercise 3.5 1. burned, burned (British English has burnt as past and past participle.) 2. bet, bet (Some dialects use betted, betted.) 3. sprang, sprung (Some students may prefer sprung in the past tense.) 4. strove, striven (Some dialects use strived for the past tense and for the past participle.) 5. spelled, spelled (Some dialects have spelt for the past tense and for the past participle.) 6. dwelled, dwelled (Some dialects have dwelt, dwelt.) 7. bit, bitten (Some dialects have bit for the past participle.) 8. leapt, leapt (Some students may use leaped for both forms instead.) 9. dug, dug (Some dialects retain the more archaic digged.) Exercise 3.6 1. Noun Verb Silvano wished us many happy returns at the Trevi fountain. As we promised, we returned to Rome in the spring. 2. Noun It is difficult to match reds because each fabric soaks up a different amount of dye. Adjective Your face became even redder when he kissed you. 3. Noun Verb My mortgage company offers the lowest rates in town. Elmer Dill has rated our restaurant very highly for the past two years. EX ERC ISE A N SW ER KEY 4. Noun Verb The expectation of disaster fuels my fears of earthquakes. Jan feared returning home so late after her curfew. 5. Noun Verb Jan told her mother all the reasons behind her refusal to get married. Syd reasoned that someone else must have been at fault. 6. Noun Verb The names on the guest list need to be reviewed. Dan names all his dogs, Sparky. 7. Noun Verb The men hoisted the sails in preparation for departure. The USS Arizona sailed to Pearl Harbor. 8. Noun Adjective Adverb Verb Marybeth’s depression has caused her to hit new lows. Jill cried out when she hit her shin against the lowest rung of the ladder. The criminal hung his head low when the verdict was read. The cattle are lowing. EX–5 9. Noun The blues of the afghan complement your couch. Verb I like bluing the water to rinse my whites so that they are very bright. Adjective The waters of Hawaii are the bluest waters I have ever seen. Exercise 3.7 Some of the possible derivations from act are actable, actably, action, actionary, actionless, activate, active, actively, activeness, activist, activistic, activisticly, activity, antiaction, deactivate, enact, enaction, enactment, inactable, inactableness, inactably, inaction, inactivate, inactive, inactively, inactiveness, inactivity, nonaction, nonactive, nonactively, nonactiveness, nonactivity, proaction, proactive, proactively, proactiveness, proactivity, react, reaction, reactionary, reactionless, reactionlessly, reactivate, reactive, reactiveness, reactivity, reenact, reenaction, reenactment, semiaction, semiactive, semiactively, semiactiveness, semiactivity, superaction, superactive, superactively, unactable, unactableness, unactably, and so on. Students may create or discover others. Exercise 3.8 1. sleeper {sleep} {-er} free base bound derivational suffix meaning “one who does;” creates agent nouns (ruler) 2. misconception {mis-} bound derivational prefix meaning “wrong” {concept} free base {-ion} bound derivational suffix meaning “action or process;” used for non-count nouns (starvation) EX–6 EX ER CI SE A NS W ER KE Y 3. violinist {violin} {-ist} free base bound derivational suffix; creates agent nouns 4. referral {refer} {-al} free base bound derivational suffix meaning “act or process;” creates nouns from verbs 5. employee {employ} free base {-ee} bound derivational suffix meaning “recipient of the action;” creates nouns from verbs (refugee) 6. enjoyment {enjoy} free base {-ment} bound derivational suffix meaning “state, action;” creates nouns from verbs (confinement) 7. duckling {duck} {-ling} free base bound derivational suffix meaning “small” 8. protoform {proto-} bound derivational prefix meaning “first in rank or time” {form} free base 9. pentagram {penta-} bound base meaning “five” {-gram} bound base meaning “something written” Exercise 3.9 This exercise can be assigned as homework or it can be done in class in small groups. acrophobia claustrophobia hydrophobia agoraphobia gamophobia orinthophobia ponophobia melissophobia demophobia thanatophobia phagophobia ichthyphobia genophobia arachneophobia fear of heights fear of being locked up, shut in an enclosed space fear of water fear of open spaces fear of marriage fear of birds fear of work fear of bees fear of crowds fear of death fear of eating fear of fish fear of sex fear of spiders EX ERC I SE A N SW ER KEY ophidiophobia xenophobia gynophobia triskaidekaphobia autophobia scopophobia hygrophobia batrachnophobia peniaphobia alophobia EX–7 fear of snakes fear of strangers fear of women fear of thirteen fear of being alone fear of being looked at fear of dampness fear of frogs fear of poverty fear of seeing, handling, or playing a flute or similar wind instrument Exercise 3.10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. somewhere lecture of hot rather slow instead brown and cannot accept change (Speakers of some dialects somewheres.) accepts derivational suffixes (lecturer) and inflectional suffixes (lectures) cannot accept change accepts inflectional suffixes (hotter, hottest) and derivational suffixes (hotly) cannot accept change accepts both derivational (slowness, slowly) and inflectional morphemes (slower, slowest) cannot accept change accepts both derivational (brownness) and inflectional suffixes (browned) cannot accept changes Review Exercise Morphological Analysis 1. stylistic {style} {-ist} {-ic} free base; “sort, kind, type”; I like Madonna’s hair style. bound derivational suffix meaning “person who does;” creates agent nouns; pianist bound derivational suffix meaning “characteristic of;” creates adjectives; mythic. 2. restive {rest} {-ive} free base; “to repose”; He rested all day. bound derivational suffix meaning “having characteristic of;” creates adjectives; disruptive. 3. carefully {care} {-ful} {-ly} free base; “concern, attention;” The neurologist exercised care in assessing head injuries. derivational suffix meaning “having characteristic of;” creates adjectives; painful bound derivational suffix; creates adverbs of manner; richly 4. reachable {reach} {-able} free base; “to arrive at;” Ann reached our house by noon. derivational suffix; creates adjectives; drinkable EX–8 E X ER CI SE A N SW ER K EY 5. nationhood {nation} {-hood} free base; “a group of people as a political unit;” Europe may become a single nation. bound derviational suffix; creates nouns; brotherhood 6. legalize {legal} {-ize} free base; “pertaining to law;” Their marriage is not legal in California. bound derivational suffix; creates verbs from adjectives or nouns; equalize, rubberize 7. rivalry {rival} {-ry} free base; “an opponent;” The count met his rival at dawn. bound derivational suffix meaning “state or condition;” creates nouns; thievery 8. reference {refer} {-ence} 9. playful {play} {-ful} free base; “to direct;” The president will refer the question to the Secretary of State. bound derivational suffix meaning “state or condition;” creates nouns from adjectives ending in -ent; confidence free base; “to act in jest or sport;” Our basketball team plays well. bound derivational suffix; creates adjectives; helpful Inflectional Morphemes immigrants States brought dialects was greater come historians centuries colonists differences became moved accommodated diminished growing England’s encouraged noun plural noun plural verb past tense noun plural verb past tense adjective comparative verb past participle noun plural noun plural noun plural noun plural verb past tense verb past tense verb past tense verb past participle verb present participle noun possessive verb past tense