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Name
CHAPTER
Class
7
Date
Guided Reading Strategies 7.4
Roman Society and Culture
READING THE SECTION As you read the section, use the chart below to write down
important elements of each category of Roman life.
ROMAN LIFE
Government
Transportation
Army
Daily Life
Religion
Entertainment
Science
Language and
Literature
POST-READING QUICK CHECK After you have read the section, explain why common
language and laws were important in the Roman Empire.
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Holt World History: The Human Journey
PAGE
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Guided Reading Strategies
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Name
CHAPTER
Class
7
Date
Main Idea Activities 7.4
Roman Society and Culture
VOCABULARY Some terms to understand:
• reinforcements (163): extra troops
• recreation (164): activities a person does when on vacation or relaxing
• dormice (164): European animals like small squirrels
• fungi (164): growth on a tree, related to mushrooms
• hearth (165): the stone or brick floor of a fireplace
• satires (165): writings in which humor is used to make fun of something bad or foolish
• mimes (165): actors who perform without speaking
ORGANIZING INFORMATION Fill in the chart by placing each item under the correct
category.
• taught their children at home
• helped entertain guests
• could accept inheritances
• made all the important family decisions
• conducted religious ceremonies
• managed the households
• taught daughters to manage the household
• could own property
• taught sons the duties of citizenship
FAMILY ROLES IN ANCIENT ROME
MEN
BOTH
WOMEN
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Holt World History: The Human Journey
Monotype Composition
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Main Idea Activities
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Class
Date
Chapter 7, Main Idea Activities 7.4, continued
EVALUATING INFORMATION Mark each statement T if it is true or F if it is false.
1. To match the needs of the huge empire, the Romans changed the laws.
2. Well-constructed road systems promoted trade and made the army more
efficient.
3. The army was not always successful in crushing rebels.
4. All Romans, including the rich, ate simple meals of bread, cheese, and fruit.
5. If you had slaves in the Roman Empire, you lost respect.
6. Early Romans worshipped ancestral spirits.
CLASSIFYING INFORMATION These are among the most important legacies of the
Roman Empire. In the space provided, mark the letter of the correct category.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Law and Government
Engineering
Science
Architecture
Literature
Languages
Recreation
1. the Colosseum, the great arena in Rome
2. twenty-three letters of the alphabet
3. Aeneid by Virgil, Metamorphoses by Ovid, Annals by Tacitus
4. Galen’s summary of all medical knowledge
5. aqueducts or bridge-like structures that carried water
6. code of Twelve Tables
7. the Ptolemaic system
8. the use of concrete, arch, and vaulted dome
9. basic principles that should apply to all humans
10. Parallel Lives, Greek and Roman biographies by Plutarch
11. Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Romanian
12. gladiators, chariot racing
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Holt World History: The Human Journey
Monotype Composition
410-467-3300
PAGE
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Main Idea Activities
Name
★
Date
Class
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 5
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Roman Roads
[Appius Claudius Caecus] caused all
the paving stones to be polished and cut
so as to form angles and had them
jointed together without any kind of
cement. They adhered so strongly that to
look at them they do not seem to be
jointed at all but to form one whole
mosaic of stone.
Curbstones
Drainage
ditch
Paving stones
Gravel and concrete
Small stones in clay
Sand
Rocks and rubble
Bedrock foundation
The Romans adapted their road-building technology to the terrain and also to available building materials. The road shown above would
have been constructed on solid dry ground. In
an unstable, marshy area, the Romans would
have laid a road on timber foundations pinned
to the ground by stakes.
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5
The Appian Way
CHAPTER
People in the modern city of Rome still
drive over portions of the Appian Way.
Started in 312 B.C. by Appius Claudius
Caecus, the Appian Way was one of the
first Roman military highways. How did
the Roman Empire use its roads?
Ever since draft animals first pulled
wheeled vehicles, people have built roads.
The best road builders of the ancient world
were the Romans. Road building was a key
factor in Roman military conquest, enabling
generals to move their legions quickly fr om
one flash point to another in a vast empir e.
Roman soldiers could cover 30 miles
(48 km) a day if roads were firm and dry.
Eventually a network of more than 50,000
miles (80,000 km) of roads, regularly
marked with milestones, laced together the
Roman Empire.
Designed to handle military carts hauling
cargo weighing as much as 1,000 Roman
pounds (330 kg), Roman roads have lasted
for centuries. While earlier roads often
meandered along animal trails and contours of the terrain, Roman roads cut a
remarkably straight line no matter what
obstacles lay in their path—swamps, mountains, and even ravines.
Construction began with engineers laying out two trenches 40 feet (12 m) apart,
enabling them to analyze the composition
of the subsoil. Then under the watchful
eyes of supervisors, teams of soldiers dug
down several feet to prepare the roadbed.
On top of the flattened layer of sand came
three additional layers that cushioned the
top layer of paving stones.
A convex road surface—sloped from the
center down toward the sides—drained
water off the road into ditches. In almost
any weather, legions of troops, merchants
with carts, and postal carriages could
Name
Date
Class
CHAPTER
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY ACTIVITY 5
(continued)
continue their journeys. Most private individuals rode two-wheeled chariots behind a
team of two to four horses. The fastest four wheeled freight wagons were drawn by
eight horses in summer and ten during the
winter. They sped past most traffic, covering up to 75 miles (120 km) per day.
People in different places and at different
times have developed a variety of ways to
move over distances—by land and by sea
and, most recently, by air. These methods of
travel have been used to carry people, their
natural resources, their manufactured
goods, and even their ideas. Over the years,
the movement of people develops a r egular
pattern, in some places following the same
major historical trade routes for many centuries. In other places people may carve out
new routes of travel. To develop economically and politically, people must create an
effective transportation network to link all
parts of their territory. In addition, they can
improve their means of transportation with
technological innovations in, for example,
the areas of navigation, shipbuilding, road
building, and laying railroad tracks.
5
APPLYING GEOGRAPHY TO HISTORY
DIRECTIONS: Answer the questions below in the space pr ovided.
1. What sorts of things do people need to be able to move?
2. Why did a system of roads help the Romans develop economically and politically?
Critical Thinking
3. Analyzing Information Rome’s roads facilitated administering a vast empire. What is
the meaning of the expression “all roads lead to Rome”?
Activity
5. Modern roads are designed by highly trained civil engineers. Write a paragraph explaining
the ways modern roads are similar to ancient Roman roads and ways they are different.
What problems might a civil engineer face in designing r oads today?
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Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Making Comparisons The “highways” of the ancient Greeks were actually sea-lanes and
navigational channels throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Compare the advantages of
movement by water for the Greeks with movement by land for the Romans.
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