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Chapter 16 Reconstruction • hostmart.net 1. Read Chapter 16 1. In each chapter, students will be assigned up to three events, issues, or people to explain, identify, or define. 2. In each Chapter, students will write five questions with the answer and be prepared to ask these questions to other students in the classroom (one word or short answer) Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant? Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. 4. Write a short report on the problems faced by the freedmen 5. Write a short report on the daily life of a slave (pre reconstruction.) Chapter 16 : Topics Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan / Congressional Plan Johnson’s Plan Radical Republican Plan Freedman Bureau Black Codes Johnson’s Impeachment Grant’s Administrations Election of 1876 / Compromise of 1877 Jim Crow Laws/ 1. Reconstruction Questions and Issues: Questions Who had the authority and responsibility? - the President or Congress. How to readmit the Southern States? How were former Confederates treated? (especially political and military leaders) going to be How were Civil Rights going to be given to the former salves? How were the New Southern State Governments going to be organized? Reconstruction Issues: Rebuilding the infrastructure Approximately 600,000 people died in the Civil War Many towns, infrastructure, and land greatly damaged Ill feelings of the people Reconstruction refers to the period of 12 years following the Civil War. 1865 -1877 / 2. Lincoln’s ideas: Early in the war, President Lincoln started to plan for reconstruction. He wanted it to be completed rapidly without punishment / Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Was this the first step for Reconstruction? Only freed slaves in the confederate states. 3. Congressional ideas: • slower Reconstruction • possible punishment • guaranteed and protected rights for freedmen / 4. Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Ten Per Cent Plan) December 8, 1863 Lincoln’s Plan A quick and simple method to readmit southern states Requirements 10 % of a state's voters must swear allegiance to the Union Write a new state constitution that banned slavery. Many Republicans in Congress considered this plan too lenient and countered with the Wade-Davis Bill / 5. Wade-Davis Bill July 4, 1864 Requirements: A state must have a majority (51% or more) to take the oath of loyalty A state must formally abolish slavery No former Confederate official could participate in the new governments. President Lincoln pocket-vetoes the Wade-Davis Bill Starts a Presidential and Congressional Dispute Congress felt Reconstruction was a legislative matter not executive / 6. Election of 1864 • The Democrats selected George McClellan to be their candidate. He was the former general that Lincoln demoted after the Battle of Antietam • Congress made the charge that Lincoln trying to take over the powers of Congress • Little impact on public opinion, because the military news from the South improved. • Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign restored Lincoln’s popularity and helped with his reelection. Why did President Lincoln select Andrew Johnson to be his running mate in the Election 1864? Johnson was a War Democrat from a southern state, Tennessee. Johnson would balance the ticket and get votes from War Democrats and pro southern groups. Lincoln easily won reelection. • Lincoln (R) – 212 • McClellan (D) – 21 / 7. Thirteenth Amendment January 31, 1865 This amendment abolished slavery / 8. Freedmen's Bureau March 3, 1865 A federal refugee agency set up to aid former slaves and impoverished whites after the Civil War. Provided food, clothing, and other necessities. Programs to assist in finding jobs Established schools. What was the most important accomplishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau? schools/ End of War 9. Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. April 9, 1865 April 1,1865 General Lee was forced to leave Richmond and retreated westward. Lee was surrounded by Union forces near Appomattox Courthouse. With no options, Lee was forced to surrender to General US Grant on April 9, 1865 Basically ended the war. The site has been made a national historical park / 10. Why did President call a cabinet meeting on the morning of April 14, 1865? He wanted to discuss post-war reconstruction in detail. He wanted to get the southern state governments back into the Union before Congress came back into session in December. He wanted to avoid conflict with the Radical Republicans. / 11. Lincoln’s assassination – April 14, 1865. Ford’s Theatre – Washington, DC April 14 John Wilkes Booth shoots President Lincoln in Ford’s Theater. April 15 Lincoln dies, and Andrew Johnson is inaugurated as President April 26 John Wilkes Booth is shot in a barn in Virginia and dies Conspiracy – VP and Secretary of State, were also targets / 12. Andrew Johnson was born in North Carolina and raised in Tennessee was the first to become President due to an assassination. was the first President to be impeached. was the only southern senator to stay with the union. before the civil war owned a few slaves. did not have a formal education. taught himself to read and write. rose from poverty to become a successful politician. was considered rigid, ambitious, and uncompromising. Johnson had 15 vetoes overridden by Congress. (this is still the most in US history) A 2009 c span leadership poll ranked Johnson 41st out of 42 presidents Lincoln 1st / Andrew Johnson at the Helm 13. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan May 29, 1865 President Johnson announces his plan for Reconstruction. His program was as lenient as Lincoln’s 10% Plan. Required southern states to call special conventions Governors were to be appointed by President / 14. Southern State Conventions Requirements to be met: Declare secession illegal Repealed their ordinances of secession Pay War debts Ratify the Thirteenth Amendment Schedule elections When requirements were met, then the states would be readmitted to the Union. In May 1865, President Andrew Johnson offered a pardon to all white Southerners except Confederate leaders and wealthy planters. (later, individual pardons were given) / 15. Black Codes Summer 1865 Laws passed by southern states that denied many rights of citizenship to former slaves and were designed to control the freedom, mobility, and employment of the freedmen. (avoiding the Thirteenth Amendment) Passed to control and restrict equality Required to have a license to show employment Employment was required; violators faced vagrancy charges (tried to forced the former slaves to go back to the plantations) Could not assemble without the presence of a white person Freedmen were not to be taught to read or write Freedmen could not vote to serve on juries Public facilities were segregated Violators of these laws were subject to being whipped or branded. These codes varied from state to state. / 16. Frederick Douglass • Was a former slave who escaped to the North and became active in the abolitionist movement. • Gave speeches promoting voting and civil rights for freedmen. • Criticized President Johnson Reconstruction policies. • Campaigned against both slavery and racial prejudice. / 17. President Johnson completion of Reconstruction December 6, 1865 President Johnson announces that the reconstruction has been completed. Congress disagrees, and refuses to seat the new Southern representatives and senators. Congress considers its own Reconstruction Plan. / • 18. What was the reactions and what questions were asked in Congress concerning the development of sharecropping, black codes, and President Johnson Reconstruction Plan? • Why was the war fought? • What gains were made? The Radical Republicans felt the freedmen right were being restricted and a “new” type of slavery was being developed. Moderate Republican started to join the Radical Republicans and rejected Johnson’s reconstruction. Congress decided to create its own reconstruction plan. Congress Takes the Initiative 19. Thaddeus Stevens (R.) of PA. ( December 18, 1865) Pennsylvania lawyer U.S. House of Representatives (1849 – 53, 1859 – 68) Announced that Congress was going to supervise Reconstruction. Radical Republicans wanted some punishment given to the southern states for the war and tougher requirements to be readmitted to the union. He helped establish the Freedmen's Bureau Helped with passage of the 14th Amendment Introduced the resolution for Johnson’s impeachment. Congress Takes the Initiative 20. Radical Republicans / Radical Reconstruction Radical Republicans felt the Confederate states had seceded from the Union and should be treated like “conquered provinces.” Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Benjamin Wade Insisted on black suffrage Federal protection of the civil rights of blacks. Gained control of Reconstruction in 1867 Required the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment as a condition of readmission for former Confederate states / Short Review What was Lincoln's attitude toward the southern states concerning secession? Lincoln felt the southern never left the union What does the Constitution say about reconstruction? no provision What was the major concern of Radical Republicans with Lincoln's plan of quickly readmitted the southern states to the Union? restoration of the southern aristocracy reverting back into the same south as before the war freedman rights Who was the leader of the Radical Republicans? Thaddeus Stevens (PA.) What bill was passed by the Radical Republicans in response to Lincoln's 10% plan? Wade-Davis / 21. What happened when the newly elected members of Congress from the southern states tried to take their seats in Congress in December , 1865? Congressional Republicans from the northern states were outraged and refused to allow the southern legislators to enter Congress. Over a dozen former Confederate military officers and the former VP of the Confederacy, Alexander Stephens, were included in this group. 22. Alexander Stephens January 1866 • Alexander Hamilton Stephens (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883) was a politician from Georgia. He was Vice President of the Confederate States of America • • • • After the Civil War he was confined for five months at Fort Warren, Boston. In 1866 he was elected to the U.S. Senate but was denied his seat because Georgia had not been readmitted to the Union. He did serve again in the U.S. House of Representatives (1873–82) (also served in the HR before the Civil War Governor of Georgia (1882–83). / 23. Hiram R. Revels Ordained minister He was the first African American to serve in the US Senate He represented Mississippi in 1870 and 1871 during Reconstruction. As of 2010, Revels is one of only six African Americans ever to have served in the US Senate. / 24. Blanche K. Bruce U.S. Senator from 1875 to 1881 Mississippi (Rep) The first elected African American senator to serve a full term. / 25. Civil Rights Bill of 1866 April 9, 1866 This legislation guarantees that all persons born in the US (except for Native Americans) are to be U.S. citizens with full protection of "person and property" under the law. This law tried to guarantee basic civil rights Bill passed over President Johnson's veto / • Congress feared that the representatives and senators that would be elected to Congress from the southern states might be able to repeal the Civil Rights Act or the Supreme could declare all or parts of the Act unconstitutional. • Southern states would increase, thus more reps. in the House. WHY? • So the 14th (1866) and 15th (1870) amendments were added to the Constitution. / 26. Fourteenth Amendment June 13, 1866 All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. Due process of law / 27. Freedmen's Bureau extended July 16, 1866 Congress passes a bill extending the Freedmen's Bureau and increasing the Bureau’s power. President Johnson vetoes, but Congress overrides the veto. / 28. "swing around the circle" campaign. Summer, 1866 This was the mid term election for Congressmen and Senators. President Johnson campaigned to win support for his Reconstruction program. Johnson was hoping to get candidates elected that would support his agenda. His effort failed because a majority of the elections were won by Republicans. / 29. “swing the bloody shirt” • This was the Radical Republican tactic to win public support in the mid term election (1866) for a more aggressive Reconstruction policy. This tactic reminded northern voters of the sacrifices that were made on the battlefield to defend the union. 27/ 30. Election of 1866 (midterm) November 1866 The Republicans won a landslide victory in the midterm elections. Republicans are now in control of every Northern state legislatures and governments Why were the “midterm” Congressional election so important in 1866? President Johnson campaign through the Midwest trying to win support for his reconstruction plan. His campaign was called “swing around the circle” campaign and it was a complete failure. President felt it was vital to win support in Congress for his reconstruction plan. The republicans easily retained control of Congress by winning a large majority of the congressional seats in the midterm election. The republicans use the “waving the bloody shirt” campaign. 28/ Why was Andrew Johnson selected to be the VP candidate in the Election of 1864? from Tennessee and stayed with the union, he would help some voters to switch their support to Lincoln. “balance the ticket” help with reconstruction Why did Lincoln so easily win the Election of 1864? War effort was going well for Lincoln. McClellan wasn’t a strong candidate Where did Lee surrender to US Grant? Appomattox Court House, VA Explain the following principles of the constitution “separation of powers ” three branches of government each having its own powers “checks and balances” one branch has the power to counter (check) the other branches Congress passes a law and the President may veto. (SC could declare it unconstitutional) What name was given to special laws passed by southern state and municipal governments immediately after the Civil War. The laws denied many rights of citizenship to former slaves and were designed to control the labor, mobility, and employment of the freedmen. Black Codes / 31. Congressional Reconstruction Plan Enacted March 2, 1867 Congress passes the first in a series of Reconstruction Acts. (override of the President’s veto) Why was the Military Reconstruction Act passed in March 2, 1867? Ten of the eleven confederate states rejected the Fourteenth Amendment, those ten states were divided into five military zones. Each zone was rule by a General and his troops. The general had the authority (martial law) to maintain order and protect the rights of the citizens. This occupation would continue until the states met the federal requirements for forming new governments. Voters were to be registered including all freedmen. States were required to ratify the 14th Amendment prior to readmission. / 32. What action did Congress take to restrict the power of President Johnson? Congress was upset due to the continuous vetoes of Johnson on bills passed by Congress and stated to pass bill that would limit the powers of the president . In late 1867, Congress pass the Office of Tenure Act, this law would prohibited the president from removing senate-approved officials without first gaining the consent of the Senate. / 33. Tenure of Office Act 1867 March 2, 1867 Provided that all federal officials whose appointment required Senate confirmation could not be removed without the consent of the Senate. The act was repealed in 1887. Part of this act was declared unconstitutional in the Myers vs. US court case. (1926) President Johnson challenged the act in 1868 when he dismissed Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton. Due to this dismissal, the HR impeached Johnson. / Impeachment trial 34. Impeachment trial February - May 16, 1868 After President Johnson dismisses Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (Stanton opposed Johnson’s political views) Stanton had a personal conflict with President Johnson concerning Johnson’s reconstitution plan. Stanton also cooperated with the Radical Republicans. He was dismissed by Johnson but refused to leave his position as secretary of war, but did resign after Johnson was found not guilty in the impeachment trail. House impeaches President Johnson on the grounds that he has violated the Tenure of Office Act and other charges (pardon of certain confederates) Radical Republicans looking for a reason to impeach because Johnson’s resisted their agenda 32(cont) Impeachment HR files the charges (indictment) Senate acts as the jury with Chief Justice of SC being the Judge 2/3th vote needed to convict Johnson was acquitted, the Senate was one vote short of conviction 35 to 19 (36 was needed) / THE AGE OF GRANT 35. Election of 1868 November 3, 1868 Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant is elected President. U. S. Grant – Rep – 214 Horatio Seymour – Dem - 80 Rank 33rd 35/36 36. Fifteenth Amendment March 30, 1870 The states can not to deny the vote to anyone on the account of race, color, or for having been a slave. It was intended to guarantee former slaves the right to vote . Women? Women organization campaigned against the 14th Amendment because women did not receive the right to vote. Susan B. Anthony , Elizabeth Stanton, and others 37 / 37. KKK 1866 Tennessee Southerners who objected to congressional Reconstruction policies secret terrorist organizations Tried to force African Americans out of politics by using intimidation and violence. / 38. Enforcement Acts May 31, 1870 To counter the KKK Congress passed three Force Acts in 1870-1871. state elections under federal jurisdiction imposed fines and imprisonment on those guilty of interfering with any citizen exercising his right to vote. laws were designed to protect black voters in the South. / 39. Ku Klux Klan Act 1871 April 20, 1871 Originally passed to protect freedmen from the KKK. Unlawful to deny civil rights Federal government given authority to prosecute and send military assistance if states failed to cooperate. / 40. Election of 1872 November 5, 1872 President Ulysses S. Grant wins reelection. Grant Rep 286 Horace Greeley Dem (Greeley died before the Electoral votes were cast, his 80 votes were divided among four minor candidates.) 41/42 Scandals in Grant’s Administration 41. Scandals in Grant’s Administration Jim Fisk and Jay Gould - conspiracy to increase the price of gold (aided by Grant’s brother-law) Whiskey Ring - Orville E. Babcock (Grant’s private secretary) bribes & kickbacks concerning liquor taxes William W. Belknap- Grant’s Sec of War allegedly accepted bribes from companies trading with Indian reservations) 43/44/45/46/47 Economic adjustments during Reconstruction 42. List a few problems facing the freedmen. • • • • no money lacked skills to find jobs (restricted) could not read or write no experience 48/ Economic adjustments during Reconstruction 43. Sharecropping Landowners provided land, tools, housing, and seed to a sharecropper farmer who provided his labor. The resulting crop was divided between them Why did many former slaves become sharecroppers? The freedmen lacked skills, money, and education to find other work. What was the reactions and questions were asked in Congress concerning the development of sharecropping and black codes in the south? Why was the war fought? What gains were made? The freedmen right were being restricted and a “new” type of slavery was being developed. Moderate Republican started to join the Radical Republicans and rejected Johnson’s reconstruction. Congress decided to create its own reconstruction plan. A Joint Committee on Reconstitution was formed. p3/ Economic adjustments during Reconstruction 44. Crop-lien System to finance sharecropping Landowners and sharecroppers could borrow money against their future crops. (high interest) Required certain crops to be grown such as cotton. Prevented the development of diversified farming. / Social Adjustment 45. List a few social adjustment facing the freedmen • Freedman Bureau • Churches • Schools / Political Adjustments 46. Scalawags a white Southerner who supported Reconstruction policies after the American Civil War (usually for personal gain / 47. Carpetbaggers • Northerners who went to the South after the Civil War. • Many were only interested in making money for themselves by taking advantage of the situation • Some promoted a political agenda. • Others were trying to helpful by providing assistance. • Unfavorable and disrespectful term. / 48. Redeemers 1870s Southern Democrats who gained control of governments in the south, usually through electoral fraud and violence / 49. Election of 1876 Samuel J. Tilden (D) 165 Rutherford B. Hayes (R) 184 This was a controversial election because the result was settled by a special Congressional committee Samuel J. Tilden (D) 165 Rutherford B. Hayes (R) 164 after the compromise Hayes (R) 184 The disputed 20 Electoral Votes were awarded to Hayes. With these voted Hayes had the majority of the vote which is required by the Constitution. 50. Compromise of 1877 A compromise was needed to settle the Election of 1876. Democratic and Republican members of Congress met and worked out an agreement. Democrats agreed to accept the Republican candidate (Hayes) as President with the following conditions: – To withdraw federal soldiers from their remaining positions in the South – To enact federal legislation that would promote industrialization in the South – To appoint Democrats to patronage positions in the South – To appoint a Democrat to the president’s cabinet. – This compromise was accepted and Rutherford B. Hayes was elected President. – The disputed Election of 1876 and Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction. / Why did the Democrats so easily give up the presidency that they had probably legitimately won? It gave the Democrats what they wanted. Union troops withdrawn from the south and an end to reconstruction. There was no guarantee that with Samuel J. Tilden as president the Democrats would have fared as well. To the four million former slaves in the South, the Compromise of 1877 was the “Great Betrayal." Republican efforts to assure civil rights for the blacks were totally abandoned. The country was anxious to get on with making money. No serious move to restore the rights of black citizens would surface again until the 1950s. / Rise of the Money Question 51. Greenbackers 1874 • • Greenbackers were those who, following the Civil War, hoped to inflate the currency and lower debts by keeping wartime paper currency (greenbacks) in circulation. They formed the Greenback party in 1874. Greenbacks were paper currency issued by the Union government during the Civil War. Whether to continue the issue of greenbacks and inflate the currency, or withdraw them from circulation remained an unresolved political issue in the 1870s and 1880s. 58/ 52. Jim Crow Laws 1880s Legalized segregation Restaurants Schools Restrooms Buses Railroads Name came from a minstrel show character/song / 53. Tactics that were used by the southern governments to keep freedmen from voting? Literacy Test / What voting requirement gave a test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote? Poll Tax What law enacted a flat rate tax per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote? Grandfather clause What clause in registration laws allowing people who do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867? Scare Tactics / 54. Slaughterhouse Cases Slaughterhouse cases were a group of cases resulting in one sweeping decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1873 that contradicted the intent of the Fourteenth Amendment by decreeing that most citizenship rights remained under state, not federal, control. (later the Supreme Court used the due process clause in the 14th amendment to protect citizens) / 55. What was the final Reconstruction act passed by Congress? The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last congressional Reconstruction measure. It prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection, transportation, restaurants, and "inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement.“ It did not guarantee equality in schools, churches, and cemeteries. Unfortunately, the Act lacked a strong enforcement procedures., It was another 90 years before new civil rights acts were attempted. Ultimately declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883/ What principle of the Constitution was used because of the dispute between President Andrew Johnson and Congress during Reconstruction? • • Separation of powers Republican president Andrew Johnson and the Radical Republicans who controlled Congress, differed over how to handle the task of reconstruction in the post-Civil War South. Johnson favored a more forgiving plan outlined by Lincoln prior to his assassination, the Radical Republicans favor a punishing plan that occupied and controlled the former Confederacy. The Radical Republicans subsequently attempted to impeach Johnson and he escaped removal by only 1 vote in the Senate. While still president, Johnson was politically weakened by the attack from his own party members and as such the radical element enacted their own, harsh plan on the South. What type of employment was available to the freedmen? due to lack of skills and money, most became sharecroppers which led to a type of indentured servant What bill did Congress pass to stop the Black Codes? Civil Rights Bill in March 1866. This Bill granted American citizenship to blacks and denied the states the power to restrict their rights to hold property, testify in court, and make contracts for their labor. Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Bill. This ended cooperation between Johnson and Congress On April 9, 1866, Congress overrode the presidential veto, and from that point forward, Congress frequently overturned Johnson’s vetoes. Why did Congress enact the Fourteenth amendment? June 1866 Congress feared if the southern reps would gain control of the Congress, the Civil Rights of March, 1866 would be repealed What was Johnson response to the fourteenth amendment? he opposed it and recommended it to rejected by the states Of the all former confederate states only Tennessee passed it Eventually all states had to accept it. Why did President Johnson go on his “swing around the circle” campaign for the fall Election of 1866? (mid term) The congressional election of 1866 widened the divide between President Johnson and Congress. President Johnson embarked on a where he gave speeches at various Midwestern cities to rally the public around his policy of lenient Union recognition for the southern states. His tour was a complete failure as he exchanged hot-tempered insults with the critics in the crowd. How did the Radical Republicans counter Johnson's “swing around the circle” campaign? To counter Johnson’s campaign, Congressional Republicans took to “waving the bloody shirt”--appealing to voters by reminding them of the sacrifices the Union made during the Civil War. What was the result of the Election of 1866? Republicans won by a landslide Why did Congress pass the Military Reconstruction Act ? March 2, 1867 If the southern states had been willing to adopt the Fourteenth Amendment, coercive measures might have been avoided. On March 2, 1867, Congress passed the Military Reconstruction Act, which became the final plan for Reconstruction and identified the new conditions under which the southern governments would be formed. Tennessee was exempt from the Act because it had ratified the Fourteenth Amendment. How did the Military Reconstruction Act (1867) divide the southern states? this legislation divided the former Confederacy into five military districts, each occupied by a Union, whom Southerners contemptuously called “bluebellies.” The officers had the power to maintain order and protect the civil rights of all persons. The southern states were required to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and adopt new state constitutions guaranteeing blacks the right to vote in order for their representatives to be admitted to Congress and military rule to end (which paved the way for easy ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment later). However, the Act did not go as far as giving freedmen land or education at federal expense. What actions were taken by the southern states to ignore the Fifteenth Amendment? While most of the southern states had quickly ratified the Fifteenth Amendment under pressure from the federal government, Democratic Party dominance in those states assured the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were largely ignored. Literacy tests and poll taxes were often used to keep blacks from voting. Intimidation and lynching were also common means to keep blacks from the polls. Full suffrage for blacks was not realized until 1965.