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Auditory Hallucinations Ashley Grooms What are auditory hallucinations? ´ Auditory Hallucinations = perceptions of sound in absence of an external stimulus (usually accompanied by a compelling sense of reality) ´ Often associated with schizophrenia ´ Can occur in healthy individuals as well ´ Up to 1 in 25 people hear voices regularly ´ Up to 40% experience them at some point in their lives ´ What makes it pathological/an illness is the frequency with which it occurs Factors Associated with Auditory Hallucinations ´ High caffeine consumption ´ Sensory Deprivation ´ Intense Emotions (ex: Grief) ´ Stress/Hyperarousal ´ Sleep Deprivation ´ Drug Use ´ Genetic Factors ´ Altered Brain Connectivity ´ Pattern Matching Activity ´ Psychiatric Illness/Neurological Damage Pattern Matching Altered Brain Connectivity ´ Within auditory cortex or the frontal lobe (deals with sensation and perception of sound) ´ “…as if the string section of the orchestra suddenly decided to play its own music, disregarding everyone else.” ´ May misattribute internally generated speech to an external source (loss of a boundary between self and others) ´ Possibly caused by an altered connectivity in sensory system structures Different Perceptions of Auditory Hallucinations ´ Sounds ´ Repeating Phrases ´ Musical Hallucinations ´ Hearing a voice speak one’s thoughts ´ Hearing one or more voices arguing or talking ´ Hearing a voice narrating one’s actions ´ Running Commentary ´ Commands Main Disorders Associated with This ´ Hallucinations present differently depending on the cause of the hallucinations ´ Bipolar Disorder can cause psychosis and auditory hallucinations ´ Mania: feeling “high”/elated; increased energy; increased activity; feeling jumpy/”wired”; decrease in sleep; rapid speech; agitated/”touchy“; racing thoughts; risky behavior; increased self-confidence ´ Depression: “feeling blue”; decrease in energy; decreased activity; feeling sluggish; increase or decrease in sleep; low opinion of oneself ´ Also present in Schizophrenia (disconnect from reality) ´ Often intertwined with delusions Listening Example ´ Difficult to replicate this kind of experience artificially ´ Example of the kinds of hallucinations that occur in Schizophrenia and Pyschotic Depressive Examples: ´ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vvU-Ajwbok ´ Try to imagine hearing this on top of all of the things that you hear from day to day ´ How did this make you feel? How are these treated? ´ Important to acknowledge them as real to the client ´ Teach people how to interact with the voices (alter the reaction) ´ Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (newer) ´ Electroconvulsive Therapy ´ Medication: anti-psychotics ´ Essentially all of these approaches involve calming the brain ´ Often difficult for full eradication of the voices References Boksa, P. (2009). “On the neurobiology of hallucinations”. Journal of Psychiatry andNeuroscience, 34(4), 260-262. Denoon, D. (2000). “Zapping those voices in the head.” Retrieved from www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/news/20000323/schizophrenia-voices-in-head-relief. Dickey, C. (2016). “A maddening sound.” New Republic, 247(5), 50-57. [Electronic Photo of Brain Structure]. Retrieved from mybrainonline.ca/?page=3 Hemming, J., & Merrill, J. (2015). “on the distinction between involuntary musical imagery, musical hallucinosis, and musical hallucinations. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 25(4), 435-442. Jenner, J. (2016). Hallucination-focused integrative therapy: a specific treatment that hits auditory verbal hallucinations. New York; NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. Lee Adams, W. (2015). “The whisper whisperers.” Newsweek Global, 164(3), 50. Wale, J. [Jarrad Wale]. (2011, Jun. 13). Auditory hallucinations – an audio representation [Video File]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vvU-Ajwbok