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Hallucination as a Response to the Ecological Approach to Perception Zach Montes Direct vs Indirect Realism • Realism: Reality exists independently from our minds • Mind-Body Problem • Indirectly perceive via mental representation • Directly perceive without it Ecological Perception • Influenced by Empiricism, Gestalt Psychology • Designed theory based on interaction with environment • Focused on Visual Perception • Affordances: actions that objects allow you to take James J Gibson How It Explains Hallucinations • Integrates physics and light dynamics • Explains optical illusions very well • Denies the existence of hallucinations • Working with a lack of physical evidence My Argument • Using current techniques and technology, we now have neurological evidence linked to the existence of hallucinations • If perception exists without mind-independent stimuli, hallucinations are internally generated and understood as mental representations What is a Hallucination “A strictly sensational form of consciousness, as good and true a sensation as there were a real object there. The object happens not to be there, that is all.” William James, 1890 Types of Hallucinations • There is no coherent taxonomy of hallucinations • Visual Hallucinations • Simple and Complex Hallucinations • Meta-awareness, cognizant there is no external stimulus Charles Bonnet Syndrome • Failing eyesight or noncongenitally blind • Patients are mentally healthy • Lack of input leads to spontaneous release of neurotransmitters Sensory Deprivation • Total visual deprivation • Hallucinations include faces, people, integrated scenes of animals in landscapes • Occipital and Ventral pathways involved Migraine Hallucinations • Neurons are initially hyperexcitable, followed by cortical spreading depression • Evidence suggesting autonomous pattern formation in visual cortex • Bayesian theory and top-down control Back to Gibson’s Approach • Even though exact pathways are not known, hallucinations do occur • Perception without mind-independent objects • People who hallucinate are perceiving mental representations However, wrong ≠ unhelpful • Gibson’s work about optic flow • Contemporary research in Artificial Intelligence • Development of theory in which the observer and environment form an inseparable system Future Directions • Continued research on hallucinations • Development of new perceptual theories leads to advances in technology in addition to academic pursuits • Integration of direct and indirect perception in perceptual theories References • Adolph, K., & Kretch, K. (2015). Gibson's theory of perceptual learning. Wrigh, J.D. (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. 127–134. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.23096-1. • Billock, V. A., & Tsou, B. H. (2012). Elementary visual hallucinations and their relationships to neural pattern-forming mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 138(4), 744-774. doi: 10.1037/a0027580 • Collerton, D., Mosimann, U. P., & Perry, E. K. (2015). The neuroscience of visual hallucinations. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. • Ffytche, D. H. (2005). Visual hallucinations and the charles bonnet syndrome. Current Psychiatry Reports, 7(3), 168-179. doi: 10.1007/s11920-005-0050-3 References • Fish, W. (2004). The Direct/Indirect Distinction in Contemporary Philosophy of Perception. Essays in Philosophy, 5(1). • Gibson, J. J. (1979). The Theory of Affordances. In The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, 127143. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group. • Guberman, S., Maximov, V. V., & Pashintsev, A. (2012). Gestalt and image understanding. Gestalt Theory. 34(2). 143-166 • James, W. (1890). The Perception of ‘Things.’ The Principles of Psychology (pp. 115). doi: 10.1037/11059-000 • Jenkins, H. S. (2008). Gibson’s “Affordances”: Evolution of a Pivotal Concept. Journal of Scientific Psychology, December, 34-45. • Käufer, S., & Chemero, A. (2015). Phenomenology: An Introduction. Cambridge: Polity. • http://www.azquotes.com/author/41745-James_J_Gibson Thank you
