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Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities: Years 9, 10 & VCE
Investigating the Human Body
On-site student activities
Years 9, 10 & VCE
Student activity (and record) sheets have been developed with alternative themes for students to use as
guides and focus material during their visit. There are four sets of materials for Years 3–4, Years 5–6, Years
7–8 and Years 9, 10 and VCE. Each of these sets of materials contains a range of themes with individual
record sheets. The choice of themes will depend on the classroom focus, the curriculum requirements and
individual student needs.
Teachers may choose a single theme or a combination of sheets from different themes for individual student,
or for small groups of students to use. A larger selection of themes may be used by larger groups of
students. The information collected on the student record sheets should be used as reference material for
the follow-up Classroom Activities, or for further research of the subject back at school.
Alternatively, teachers may choose to develop their own student activities or have students develop their
own questions to research during their visit to The Human Body exhibition.
Years 9, 10 & VCE on-site student activity sheets focus on the following themes:
The human body: going inside
Inside out: the human body
Close-ups: the microscopic world of cells
The digestive system
The circulatory system
The immune system
The musculoskeletal system
The nervous system
The hormonal system
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Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities: Years 9, 10 & VCE
The human body: going inside
Dissections of the human body have played an important role in understanding how our
bodies work on the inside. Take a seat in the sound and light room, behind the mummy
showcase. Listen to the stories and look at the pictures, instruments and dissected body
parts from explorers of the human body, nearly 400 years ago.
1. Can you describe some of the key events that have
contributed to our modern scientific understandings
of human body structure (anatomy) and function
(physiology)?
Explore the ‘Becoming transparent’ segment of the
exhibition and the different forms of technology that are
available today, to explore the human body without
cutting it open.
2.
How was X-ray discovered?
Source: Dover Publications. Inc
? When and by whom
was this drawing of the
Human Body made?
3.
Who was George Fryatt (1862 – 1930), and why was he considered a local hero
and martyr?
Source: John Brockhoff Reconstruction
& Plastic Surgery Unit
? What is this form of X-ray
called and how is it done?
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Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities: Years 9, 10 & VCE
4.
How have X-rays (and now other medical imaging techniques) changed the
relationship between doctors and patients?
Each of the medical imaging technique has particular advantages and shows different
aspects of structure or function.
5.
Briefly describe the science behind each of the medical imaging techniques.
Describe some of the medical conditions that can be investigated with each
technique and the features of the body that can be seen.
• Ultra sound
• X-ray
Source: Women's and Children's Ultrasound
Centre
• Computed tomography (CT or CAT)
? What medical imaging technology
was used to produce this image?
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
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Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities: Years 9, 10 & VCE
Inside out: the human body
Our bodies must perform certain life-processes to keep us alive. The organs and tissues
that work co-operatively to carry out these processes are referred to as body systems.
Explore all of the different body systems in the body parts displays to find out more about
the different processes that keep us alive and healthy.
1.
After exploring the ‘Body parts’ displays, describe briefly the main function of each
system.
2.
List two organs or specialised tissues for each system that help it to carry out its
function.
• Digestive system
• Circulatory systems
• Immune systems
• Respiratory system
• Muscle & skeletal systems
• Excretory system
• Nervous systems
• Hormonal system
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Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities: Years 9, 10 & VCE
Close-ups: the microscopic world of cells
Our bodies are made up of millions of tiny cells. The functions that cells perform in the
body, makes our bodies what they are. As you explore the ‘Body parts’ displays look at the
different cells that are found in the body.
1.
How many different types of cells are there in the body?
2.
As you explore the exhibitions choose 2 different images
of cells and draw them below. Where are these cells found
in the body? What do they do? What is unique about each
of these cells?
Source: National University
Hospital of Singapore
? What is happening
to this cell?
When similar cells grow and work together they are
called tissue. Organs often contain different types of
tissue. Explore the ‘Close-ups’ section in exhibition to
find out more about how we investigate different cells
and tissue.
?
3.
What is mitosis?
Give an example of where the following tissues may be found in the body? What
function do these tissues carry out?
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The digestive system
Food travels through our body in a long tube that reaches from our mouth to our small
intestines and finishes at the anus. Some of our food is digested into tiny pieces and
absorbed into the blood. The rest of it is excreted from the body as waste (faeces). Have a
look at the digestive system showcase.
1.
Label each of the parts of the digestive tract onto the diagram.
? What happens to food
before it enters your stomach?
Source: Monash University.
?
Where are these cells
found in the body and what do
they do?
2.
Look at the shelf in the digestion display. Briefly describe the main functions of each
part of the digestive tract.
• The mouth and oesophagus
• The small intestines
• The stomach
• The large intestines
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3.
Why is saliva so important in the digestive process?
4.
What are the main functions of the liver?
5.
List three substances that are produced in the pancreas and see if you can find out
what function they carry out in the body.
a.
b.
c.
6.
Describe the surface of the small intestine.
How does this part of the digestive tract
benefit the digestion of food?
Source: University of Melbourne
?
What are the tiny finger-like
projections in the small intestine
called?
7. Why are bacteria so important for our digestive
process and what effect can they have when they
are out of balance?
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Source: AMGEN Australia
?
What is the name of this
bacterium and where is it
found?
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Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities: Years 9, 10 & VCE
The circulatory system
Our body takes in oxygen through our lungs and transfer it into our blood. The gas, carbon
dioxide, is transported out of the blood and into the lungs where it is eliminated out of the
body. Have a look at the lungs and other breathing organs in the glass showcase near the
circulation display.
1.
Label the following organs onto the diagram below.
(lungs, trachea, heart, kidneys, bladder)
?
What are alveoli?
Source: University of Melbourne
?
What are the spaces
in this lung tissue called?
What are the tiny dark cells
surrounding these spaces?
2.
Use arrows on the diagram of the alveoli, to explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide
move in and out of the lungs and into the blood.
3.
Look at the white cast of the lungs inside the glass showcase. What is this a cast
of? What happen to these structures as we breathe in and out?
4.
Can you find the picture of the carcinogenic lungs (from a person who smoked)?
Describe the lung tissue?
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Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities: Years 9, 10 & VCE
Blood carries oxygen from our lungs, and tiny digested food particles and nutrients from
our digestive system, to every cell in our body.
6.
Draw a line between the blood component and the
function it carries out.
Plasma •
• defend the body from foreign
organisms and cells
Red blood cells •
• carries oxygen around the body
White blood cells •
• the watery part of our blood carries
blood cells, dissolved nutrients and
waste products.
7.
? What are the cells shown
in the image above?
Describe what is taking place in each diagram and label the major blood vessels
and heart chambers.
Source: Monash University
? Why does blood flow in
one direction through
veins?
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Blood vessels carry blood around the body in a circuit from the heart, to every organ and
tissue, back to the heart. Blood vessels are different depending on where they occur in this
circulatory pathway.
8.
Draw a line connecting the different
blood vessels in the diagram to the
functions described below.
• Tiny branches that carry blood cells
tunnels through organs of the body in
single file
• Carry lots of blood from the heart to
different parts of the body
• Carry lots of blood from different parts
of the body to the heart
• Have thick elastic walls
• Have valves inside that stop blood
flowing backwards
?
Can you label the different blood
vessels – artery, vein and capillaries?
• Have very thin wall that let oxygen and
nutrients in and out
Source: University of Melbourne
? What can you see in this
tissue slide?
9.
Label each of the blood vessels shown above.
10.
How does the design and structure of each of the different
blood vessels contribute to the function that they carry out in
the body?
11.
Look at the red resin cast that shows the blood vessels
through the hand. Why are there so many capillaries around
the finger-tips?
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Blood picks up waste products from different body parts and carries it away to be
eliminated. The kidneys filter most of the waste products out of the blood. These wastes
go into the bladder and come out of the body as urine. Look at the kidneys and bladder in
the glass showcase.
12.
Draw and label a kidney into the box below.
? What happens to the
Kidney
waste that is filter in the
kidneys?
13.
Label the parts of one of the blood filtering unit found in the kidney. Describe how
these microscopic structures are able to separate the wastes from our blood, and
make urine.
14.
What would happen to your body if your kidneys didn’t work properly?
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The immune system
White blood cells play a major role in our immune system. They can distinguish between
healthy cells that belong to our own body and foreign cells, sick cells, bacteria and virus
infected cells. Our own cells have proteins on the membranes that are recognised by our
own immune system. Foreign cells are attacked and our own healthy cells are left alone.
1.
Link the immune organs and tissues from the
opposite diagram to the following statements.
• occur in clusters located in the neck, armpits and groin
• is enclosed in a thin membranous capsule that can
be ruptured by a sharp blow or a severe infection.
• develops T cells inside it.
• makes growth factors that stimulate the growth and
activation of immune cells.
• are scattered throughout the body.
• stores white blood cells called lymphocytes.
• exists close to the heart.
• is a major site of white and red blood cell production.
• is large in childhood when it is most active
• is responsible for cleaning the blood by removing old
blood cells, debris, bacteria, viruses and toxins.
• stops growing at adolescence and starts to shrink.
• is filled with immune cells waiting for invaders.
• is hardly noticeable at old age
2.
? . Can you label the lymph
Describe how our immune system defends us from
injury and foreign organisms?
nodes, thymus, spleen and
bone marrow onto the
diagram above?
?
What is inside the tiny
sacs in white blood cells?
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3.
Briefly describe what happens in each of the four phases of the inflammatory
process that are illustrated below.
4.
What are platelets?
5.
How is pus produced?
6.
Describe how white blood cells such as
macrophage and neutrophils defend the body
from invading organisms?
7.
Are these cells involved in fast or slow immune
responses? Is it specific or non-specific
response?
Source: California Institute of Technology
? What is this type of cell and what
is it engulfing?
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The specific immune response refers to the activation of lymphocytes to attack specific
invading cells that the body has encountered before and is now primed to recognise and
specifically attack and destroy that invader. There are two types of specific immune
responses: the antibody-mediated response is activated by B lymphocytes (B cells); and
the cell-mediated response is activated by T lymphocytes (T cells).
8.
There are two types of lymphocytes:
T cells and B cells.
Explain the different way that these cells
function in the immune system.
? Can you label each of the cells and cell
products in the diagram above?
9.
What is a virus and why are some viruses
dangerous to human cells and tissues?
What defence does a healthy body have
against viruses?
? This diagram represents the Influenza
virus. How is this virus related to bird flu?
10.
Describe some human disease conditions
that are caused by bacteria?
11.
What is cancer? What defence does the
body have against cancer cells?
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The musculoskeletal system
We have a bony skeleton with muscles attached. Our muscles and skeleton allow us
to move, they support us and protect our internal organs. Have a close look at the
bones, joints and muscles presented in the ‘Body parts - musculoskeletal’ display.
1.
List the five different types of moving joints found in the body. Give one example of
a moving body part for each joint.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2.
List five functions that bones carry out for the body.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
Give two examples of bones that protect internal organs?
4.
What runs the length of the spine and gives it support?
5.
What lies between each vertebra in the spine?
6.
What stabilises joints and stops the ends of the bones
moving from side to side?
7.
What is cartilage and where is it found in the body?
? What are these
Describe the different types of bone tissue found in
our bones.
structures, where
are they found in
the body and how
8.
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Muscles cause our body parts to move when they contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen).
No part of our body moves without muscles. Muscles move the food in our stomach, they
make our heart pump, they move our arms and legs and our eyes. Each of these muscles
are made of slightly different cells.
9.
Describe the fibres inside
muscles that allow them to
move?
? Can you label the major muscles onto the
diagram?
10.
Look at the spinning cells in the ‘Close-ups’ section of The Human Body exhibition.
Describe how these three types of muscle are different to each other and what
causes them to contract in the body.
Cardiac muscle
11.
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle
What are ligaments and where are they found in the body?
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The nervous system
Our nervous system receives and transmits information about everything that goes on
inside us and in our environment. It makes sure that all of our body systems work together.
The nervous system allows us to think and make decisions, carry out different actions and
store memories.
1.
What does the peripheral nervous system
consist of and what is its role in the body?
2.
What protects the brain in the skull?
3.
What protects the spinal cord?
4.
Find a picture of a nerve cell. Draw it below and
label its parts.
? Can you label the major organs
of the nervous system?
5.
What are the components of the central
nervous system and what is the role of
the CNS in the body?
6.
How is the brain divided and how does this
affect control over the body?
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? What the difference is between
each of these nerve cells?
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7.
What are neurons and how do they carry messages
around the body?
8.
Describe how neurons communicate with each other
and other parts of the body?
9.
What are the different stimuli that are detected by
sensory neurons?
? What is the function of
each of these cells within
the brain?
10.
Link up the neurotransmitter to the effect that
they have on the body (a neurotransmitter may
have more than one effect).
Serotonin •
• memory
Glutamate •
• sleep
Dopamine •
• affect our mood
GABA •
• reduce our perception
of pain.
Endorphins •
• stimulates
or reduces a
nerve impulse
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? What are neurotransmitters?
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11.
Label each of the following parts of the brain onto the diagram below.
(somatosensory cortex, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, hypothalamus,
brainstem, hippocampus).
12.
Briefly describe the function of each brain part that you have labelled.
13.
Who was Phineas Gage and why is his story so important to the understanding of
how the brain works?
14.
Explore the ‘Becoming transparent’ section of the exhibition that looks at the
different ways that we can map and measure the brain and its electrical impulses.
Describe some of these different methods below.
Source: St. Vincent's Hospital
? What imaging technology
is used to make this image
of the brain?
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The hormonal system
Hormones have powerful control over our bodies. They are invisible chemical messengers
made by our endocrine glands. They may be tiny but hormones have an enormous
influence over the way our bodies work, grow and develop.
1.
Why are hormones so important in the body?
2.
Write down the gland or organ that is described
by each of the following statements.
• We have two of these glands that are attached
to the top of each of our two kidneys.
• These glands are so small we can hardly see
them. They are connected to the back of the
thyroid.
• The tiny pineal gland is located deep within the
brain.
• In men, these produce sperm, as well as the
male sex hormone testosterone.
? Can you label the – pituitary
gland, hypothalamus, pineal gland,
thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries,
and testes - onto this diagram?
•These are responsible for the production of eggs
in women, and they also produce female sex
hormones.
• This gland is attached to the brain by a stalk and sits in
a bony cavity.
• This produces substances important for the digestion of
our food as well as secreting the hormones insulin and
glucagon.
• This region of the brain produces a variety of hormones,
including those responsible for the onset of puberty.
• This gland is shaped like a butterfly and wraps around
the trachea
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? What is this tissue and
what are the white spaces?
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3.
Write down the name of the hormones that perform the functions described and the
organ or gland that secretes it, into the spaces below.
• The hormone that helps to regulate our body clock is…………………………..
…..and it is made by the …………………………..
• The hormone that controls the production of sex hormones is ……………….
….and it is made by the …………………………..
• The hormone that is important for our growth is ………………………………..
….and it is made by the …………………………..
• The hormone that helps to regulate our energy levels is …………...………….
….and it is made by the …………………………..
• The hormone that controls the level of calcium in our bodies is………………
….and it is made by the …………………………..
• The hormone that increases our heart rate when we get a fright is………......
….and it is made by the …………………………..
• The hormone that helps to regulate our blood sugar levels is ………………...
….and it is made by the …………………………..
• The hormone that promotes sexual development in women is………………..
….and it is made by the …………………………..
• The hormone that promotes sexual development in men is……………………
….and it is made by the …………………………..
4.
Use the following illustrations to explain how hormones recognise and influence
cells in the body, in different ways.
5.
How are some drugs able to influence our hormones?
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