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Page 1 of 62 Respiratory question 5. The term "respiration" is best described as: 1. The reaction of carbon dioxide with water is a relatively slow process yet this reaction occurs within the red cells in a fraction of a second. What is responsible for speeding up this reaction? A. cytochrome oxidase B. adenosine triphosphate C. phosphorylase A. the metabolic reaction of oxygen with carbohydrate or other organic molecules producing energy and waste products B. the exchange of gas between the cells of an organism and the external environment C. both A and B D. neither A nor B D. carbonic anhydrase E. coenzyme A 2. In human, the lungs are caused to inflate by events related to: A. contraction of muscles in the lungs walls B. relaxation of the chest muscle C. contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals 6. The paranasal sinuses: A. are cavities between two parts of the same bone, in the skull B. make antibodies that attack bacteria infecting the respiratory system C. are deep crypts in the epithelial lining of the nose D. are large blood vessels that deliver quantities of water vapor to the inhaled airstream D. relaxation of ribs and abdomen E. none of the above 3. The concentration of bicarbonate ions would be: 7. A drop in the PO2 of the blood is less of a stimulus to breathing than a rise of the PCO2 level of the blood because: A. Excess CO2 would be toxic to the blood, causing irreversible damage, whereas oxygen deprivation can be remedied by addition of oxygen A. greater in the femoral artery than in the femoral vein B. greater in the femoral vein than in the femoral artery C. the same in the femoral artery and vein B. the respiratory center of the brain is more responsive to CO2 than it is to oxygen levels C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 4. In chronic or long term cigarette smokers: A. the lungs become clogged with mucus B. ciliary removal of foreign debris is decreased C. coughing from irritation of the carina of the trachea is persistent 8. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with ? to from ? A. hydrogen; water B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin D. cancer is a fairly common outcome C. barium (B); BO E. all of the above D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2 Page 2 of 62 E. water; carbonic acid B. lubrication C. removing foreign materials 9. Which of the following is/are a true statement? D. gaseous exchange A. the presence of surfactant in the alveoli reduces the amount of air which can aerate the lungs B. the detergent-like action of surfactant reduces the ability of the alveoli to stretch out as air enters the lung 13. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract? A. trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli C. any increase in fluid in the alveoli will raise the surface tension promoting collapse of the affected alveoli B. bronchi> trachea> larynx> pharynx D. all of the above C. bronchi> sinuses> lungs> pleura E. A and B only D. nasal cavity> glottis> bronchi> trachea> tracheoles E. sinuses> pharynx> pleura> trachea> bronchi> lungs 10. Cohesion of the visceral pleura to the parietal pleura occurs A. just prior to inspiration B. immediately after expiration 14. Which of the following is/are true? A. quiet expiration results from the elastic recoil of the expanded lungs and chest wall, and does not usually involve the contraction of skeletal muscles of the chest C. when we are sleeping or resting D. in pleurisy and pneumonia E. all of the time B. the fluid in the pleural cavity acts as cohesive force between the lungs and the thoracic wall C. inspiration occurs as the direct result of an increase in intra pleural and intra-alveolar pressure D. A and B only 11. The pleura is made up of two layers, with the outer or ? layer lining the entire thoracic cavity and the inner or ? layer forming the outer surface of each ? E. B and C only A. visceral; parietal; organ B. parietal; visceral; lung 15. If atmospheric pressure is 745 mm Hg and the air is 20% O2, what is the partial pressure of oxygen? C. pericardial; pleural; lung A. 740 mm Hg D. A and C only B. 38 mm Hg E. B and C only C. 149 mm Hg D. 144 mm Hg 12. The C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea not only prevent the trachea from collapsing but also aid in the process of: A. swallowing E. 37.25 mm Hg 16. The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when: Page 3 of 62 A. the blood concentration of CO2 decreases B. relaxation of inspiratory muscles B. the blood concentration of CO2 and/or acids increase C. inhibition of inspiratory center of the respiratory center C. the body temperature decreases D. all the above D. the blood becomes more alkaline than before E. none of the above 17. The vocal cords: A. are located in the larynx and vibrate to produce sound B. give a low-pitched sound when air is forced over them slowly C. are stretched tightly when a high-pitched sound is desired 21. Foreign particles entering the respiratory system may: A. become trapped in branches of the bronchial tree B. be covered with mucus and gradually moved out through the mouth or swallowed C. be attacked by white blood cells D. initiate antibody formation D. all of the above E. all the above 18. The rate of respiration is increased when: A. there is a slight increase in carbon dioxide in the blood 22. All of the following statements relate to the breathing process. Which of them is not true? B. lactic acid is released into the blood during vigorous exercise A. in inspiration, intra pulmonic pressure is less than atmospheric pressure C. there is less than 40 mm Hg of oxygen in the arterial blood B. in expiration, intra pleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure D. all of the above 19. When oxygen diffuses into the blood, it: C. in expiration, intra pulmonic pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure D. intra pulmonic pressure is sometimes a positive pressure (greater than atmospheric) and sometimes a negative pressure (less than atmospheric) A. forms a strong chemical bond with hemoglobin B. forms a weak chemical bond with hemoglobin C. is dissolved in the plasma and transported principally in this fashion D. combines with carbon dioxide to form a special type of transport molecule E. causes the displacement of any carbon monoxide which may be combined with hemoglobin 23. Which of the following listed substances is greatest as a result of cellular respiration? A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. glucose D. water E. B and D only 20. The factors which facilitate expiration in breathing are: A. elastic recoil of alveolar tissue Page 4 of 62 24. Which of the following is not a part of the "respiratory membrane" E. 146 mm Hg A. surfactant layer 28. The chloride shift refers to: B. alveolar epithelial cells C. capillary basement membrane D. capillary endothelial cells A. the movement of chloride ions across the membranes of electrically active cells B. the effect of the concentration of chloride ion on the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin E. interstitial fluid cells C. the exchange of chloride for bicarbonate that occurs in active cell membranes 25. The fact that at a PO2 of 40 mm Hg, hemoglobin is 70% saturated with oxygen, indicates that: D. the exchange of chloride for carbon dioxide that occurs in active cell membranes A. at a PO2 of 100 mm Hg, hemoglobin will be over 100% saturated E. the exchange of chloride ion for hydrogen ion that occurs in the lungs B. hemoglobin has a very high attachment rate for oxygen C. oxygen regularly combines with CO2 but if hemoglobin is around it will go with that instead 29. The reason one can hold her breath for a ? period of time following exercise is because ? . D. oxygen will dissociated from hemoglobin when it is needed by the cells for respiration A. longer; CO2 builds up and has to be carried away so the muscle doesn't accumulate lactic acid B. shorter; the contracting muscle sends many nerve signals to the respiratory center to increase its firing rate 26. About two-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in the blood as A. CO2 dissolved in blood B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin C. longer; the build up of CO2 in the blood stimulates the inspiratory center to fire sooner and thus prolong the breathholding ability D. B and C only C. bicarbonate ions D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins E. C6H12O6 30. Which of the following steps is out of order in the initiation of the Hering-Breuer reflex? A. alveoli are stretched B. stretch receptors in alveolar walls are stimulated to send inhibitory impulses to respiratory center for brain 27. When one ascends, the amount of gases in the atmosphere changes. What would be the partial pressure of oxygen when the atmospheric pressure decreases from 760 mm Hg to 730 mm Hg? C. diaphragm relaxes and then ascends D. alveoli recoil A. 159 mm Hg B. 110 mm Hg C. 151 mm Hg D. 99 mm Hg 31. If blood samples were taken from right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and analyzed for oxygen concentration: A. all would contain about the same oxygen concentration Page 5 of 62 B. the right atrial sample would be lowest in oxygen concentration 35. The partial pressure of oxygen is highest in the: A. blood in the pulmonary veins C. all would contain more oxygen than pulmonary vein blood D. all would contain 20 ml 02 per 100 ml. blood B. cells C. lungs D. blood in the pulmonary arteries 32. Hyperventilation most often leads to E. atmosphere A. CO2 retention B. decreased rate of breathing 36. Which of the following could best be termed "cellular respiration"? C. great increase in oxyhemoglobin A. the passage of gasses in and out of the lung alveoli D. no effect on oxygen in bloodstream E. all of the above B. utilization of oxygen by a liver cell with the release of energy C. the entry of food materials into cells 33. After puberty, girls tend to have higher pitched voices than boys because (the) ? . D. the act of breathing itself E. all of the above A. pharynx has overgrown in size B. tongue has become elongated and thus lengthens the spoken word C. lack of testosterone has no effect on thyroid cartilage; thus, the vocal cords do not become overstretched 37. Lung collapse occurs when air enters the pleural cavity because: A. intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure D. brain is programmed to control the pitch of the voice E. none of the above B. intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure C. intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure 34. Respirations are important for: A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to the heart B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of the heart to the diaphragm C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen to the thorax D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure 38. The "pitch" of the voice is determined by the: A. distribution and arrangement of the larynx B. shape and tension of the vocal cords D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the abdomen to the thorax E. all of the above C. position of the tongue D. size of Adam’s's apple E. size of the throat Page 6 of 62 C. contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals 39. Normally, there is no fluid in the air sacs of the lungs because: A. the pulmonary artery has not stretch and recoil D. relaxation of ribs and abdomen E. none of the above B. the highest filtration pressure is in the pulmonary veins C. there is a very low blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries to cause filtration out of the capillaries and into the alveoli D. the oxygen concentration or tension of the alveoli is too high 3. The concentration of bicarbonate ions would be: A. greater in the femoral artery than in the femoral vein B. greater in the femoral vein than in the femoral artery C. the same in the femoral artery and vein 40. If an individual has a vital capacity of 5750 cc, an inspiratory reserve of 3220 cc and an expiratory reserve of 1450 cc, what is his tidal volume? 4. In chronic or long term cigarette smokers: A. 1080 cc A. the lungs become clogged with mucus B. 500 cc B. ciliary removal of foreign debris is decreased C. 420 cc D. can't be determined C. coughing from irritation of the carina of the trachea is persistent D. cancer is a fairly common outcome E. all of the above RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-1 ANSWERS 5. The term "respiration" is best described as: 1. The reaction of carbon dioxide with water is a relatively slow process yet this reaction occurs within the red cells in a fraction of a second. What is responsible for speeding up this reaction? A. cytochrome oxidase B. adenosine triphosphate C. phosphorylase D. carbonic anhydrase A. the metabolic reaction of oxygen with carbohydrate or other organic molecules producing energy and waste products B. the exchange of gas between the cells of an organism and the external environment C. both A and B D. neither A nor B E. coenzyme A 6. The paranasal sinuses: 2. In human, the lungs are caused to inflate by events related to: A. contraction of muscles in the lungs walls B. relaxation of the chest muscle A. are cavities between two parts of the same bone, in the skull B. make antibodies that attack bacteria infecting the respiratory system C. are deep crypts in the epithelial lining of the nose Page 7 of 62 D. are large blood vessels that deliver quantities of water vapor to the inhaled airstream B. immediately after expiration C. when we are sleeping or resting D. in pleurisy and pneumonia 7. A drop in the PO2 of the blood is less of a stimulus to breathing than a rise of the PCO2 level of the blood because: A. Excess CO2 would be toxic to the blood, causing irreversible damage, whereas oxygen deprivation can be remedied by addition of oxygen B. the respiratory center of the brain is more responsive to CO2 than it is to oxygen levels C. both A and B D. neither A nor B E. all of the time 11. The pleura is made up of two layers, with the outer or ? layer lining the entire thoracic cavity and the inner or ? layer forming the outer surface of each ? A. visceral; parietal; organ B. parietal; visceral; lung C. pericardial; pleural; lung 8. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with ? to from ? D. A and C only E. B and C only A. hydrogen; water B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin C. barium (B); BO 12. The C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea not only prevent the trachea from collapsing but also aid in the process of: D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2 A. swallowing E. water; carbonic acid B. lubrication C. removing foreign materials 9. Which of the following is/are a true statement? D. gaseous exchange A. the presence of surfactant in the alveoli reduces the amount of air which can aerate the lungs B. the detergent-like action of surfactant reduces the ability of the alveoli to stretch out as air enters the lung C. any increase in fluid in the alveoli will raise the surface tension promoting collapse of the affected alveoli D. all of the above E. A and B only 13. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract? A. trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli B. bronchi> trachea> larynx> pharynx C. bronchi> sinuses> lungs> pleura D. nasal cavity> glottis> bronchi> trachea> tracheoles E. sinuses> pharynx> pleura> trachea> bronchi> lungs 10. Cohesion of the visceral pleura to the parietal pleura occurs A. just prior to inspiration 14. Which of the following is/are true? Page 8 of 62 A. quiet expiration results from the elastic recoil of the expanded lungs and chest wall, and does not usually involve the contraction of skeletal muscles of the chest 18. The rate of respiration is increased when: B. the fluid in the pleural cavity acts as cohesive force between the lungs and the thoracic wall B. lactic acid is released into the blood during vigorous exercise C. inspiration occurs as the direct result of an increase in intra pleural and intra-alveolar pressure C. there is less than 40 mm Hg of oxygen in the arterial blood D. A and B only A. there is a slight increase in carbon dioxide in the blood D. all of the above E. B and C only 19. When oxygen diffuses into the blood, it: 15. If atmospheric pressure is 745 mm Hg and the air is 20% O2, what is the partial pressure of oxygen? A. 740 mm Hg B. 38 mm Hg C. 149 mm Hg A. forms a strong chemical bond with hemoglobin B. forms a weak chemical bond with hemoglobin C. is dissolved in the plasma and transported principally in this fashion D. combines with carbon dioxide to form a special type of transport molecule D. 144 mm Hg E. 37.25 mm Hg 16. The amount of oxygen released from oxyhemoglobin increases when: E. causes the displacement of any carbon monoxide which may be combined with hemoglobin 20. The factors which facilitate expiration in breathing are: A. elastic recoil of alveolar tissue A. the blood concentration of CO2 decreases B. relaxation of inspiratory muscles B. the blood concentration of CO2 and/or acids increase C. inhibition of inspiratory center of the respiratory center C. the body temperature decreases D. all the above D. the blood becomes more alkaline than before E. none of the above 17. The vocal cords: A. are located in the larynx and vibrate to produce sound B. give a low-pitched sound when air is forced over them slowly C. are stretched tightly when a high-pitched sound is desired D. all of the above 21. Foreign particles entering the respiratory system may: A. become trapped in branches of the bronchial tree B. be covered with mucus and gradually moved out through the mouth or swallowed C. be attacked by white blood cells D. initiate antibody formation E. all the above Page 9 of 62 C. oxygen regularly combines with CO2 but if hemoglobin is around it will go with that instead 22. All of the following statements relate to the breathing process. Which of them is not true? D. oxygen will dissociated from hemoglobin when it is needed by the cells for respiration A. in inspiration, intra pulmonic pressure is less than atmospheric pressure B. in expiration, intra pleural pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure C. in expiration, intra pulmonic pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure 26. About two-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in the blood as A. CO2 dissolved in blood B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin D. intra pulmonic pressure is sometimes a positive pressure (greater than atmospheric) and sometimes a negative pressure (less than atmospheric) C. bicarbonate ions D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins 23. Which of the following listed substances is greatest as a result of cellular respiration? A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide E. C6H12O6 27. When one ascends, the amount of gases in the atmosphere changes. What would be the partial pressure of oxygen when the atmospheric pressure decreases from 760 mm Hg to 730 mm Hg? C. glucose A. 159 mm Hg D. water B. 110 mm Hg E. B and D only C. 151 mm Hg D. 99 mm Hg 24. Which of the following is not a part of the "respiratory membrane" E. 146 mm Hg A. surfactant layer B. alveolar epithelial cells 28. The chloride shift refers to: C. capillary basement membrane A. the movement of chloride ions across the membranes of electrically active cells D. capillary endothelial cells E. interstitial fluid cells B. the effect of the concentration of chloride ion on the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin C. the exchange of chloride for bicarbonate that occurs in active cell membranes 25. The fact that at a PO2 of 40 mm Hg, hemoglobin is 70% saturated with oxygen, indicates that: A. at a PO2 of 100 mm Hg, hemoglobin will be over 100% saturated B. hemoglobin has a very high attachment rate for oxygen D. the exchange of chloride for carbon dioxide that occurs in active cell membranes E. the exchange of chloride ion for hydrogen ion that occurs in the lungs Page 10 of 62 29. The reason one can hold her breath for a ? period of time following exercise is because ? . A. longer; CO2 builds up and has to be carried away so the muscle doesn't accumulate lactic acid B. shorter; the contracting muscle sends many nerve signals to the respiratory center to increase its firing rate C. longer; the build up of CO2 in the blood stimulates the inspiratory center to fire sooner and thus prolong the breathholding ability D. B and C only E. all of the above 33. After puberty, girls tend to have higher pitched voices than boys because (the) ? . A. pharynx has overgrown in size B. tongue has become elongated and thus lengthens the spoken word C. lack of testosterone has no effect on thyroid cartilage; thus, the vocal cords do not become overstretched D. brain is programmed to control the pitch of the voice 30. Which of the following steps is out of order in the initiation of the Hering-Breuer reflex? E. none of the above A. alveoli are stretched B. stretch receptors in alveolar walls are stimulated to send inhibitory impulses to respiratory center for brain C. diaphragm relaxes and then ascends D. alveoli recoil 31. If blood samples were taken from right atrium, right ventricle and pulmonary artery, and analyzed for oxygen concentration: A. all would contain about the same oxygen concentration 34. Respirations are important for: A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to the heart B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of the heart to the diaphragm C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen to the thorax D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the abdomen to the thorax E. all of the above B. the right atrial sample would be lowest in oxygen concentration C. all would contain more oxygen than pulmonary vein blood D. all would contain 20 ml 02 per 100 ml. blood 35. The partial pressure of oxygen is highest in the: A. blood in the pulmonary veins B. cells C. lungs 32. Hyperventilation most often leads to A. CO2 retention D. blood in the pulmonary arteries E. atmosphere B. decreased rate of breathing C. great increase in oxyhemoglobin D. no effect on oxygen in bloodstream 36. Which of the following could best be termed "cellular respiration"? A. the passage of gasses in and out of the lung alveoli Page 11 of 62 B. utilization of oxygen by a liver cell with the release of energy 40. If an individual has a vital capacity of 5750 cc, an inspiratory reserve of 3220 cc and an expiratory reserve of 1450 cc, what is his tidal volume? C. the entry of food materials into cells A. 1080 cc D. the act of breathing itself B. 500 cc E. all of the above C. 420 cc D. can't be determined 37. Lung collapse occurs when air enters the pleural cavity because: A. intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure B. intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure 1. Which of the following reactions occurs just before CO2 diffuses from the pulmonary capillary bed to the alveoli? A. CO2 + H2O == > H2CO3 B. CO2 + H2O -- Carbonic Anhydrase == > H2CO3 C. H2CO3 == > H+ + HCO3- C. intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure 38. The "pitch" of the voice is determined by the: D. H2CO3 == > H2O + CO2 E. none of the above 2. Which one of the following structures listed would be pierced thirdly by a point of a pin entering the body from the outside? A. distribution and arrangement of the larynx A. pleural cavity B. shape and tension of the vocal cords B. visceral pleura C. position of the tongue C. parietal pleura D. size of Adam’s's apple D. lungs E. size of the throat 3. What's wrong with the wording of this reaction: "oxygen plus hemoglobin > oxyhemoglobin" 39. Normally, there is no fluid in the air sacs of the lungs because: A. oxygen dissociates into ions before it combines with hemoglobin A. the pulmonary artery has not stretch and recoil B. the highest filtration pressure is in the pulmonary veins C. there is a very low blood pressure in the pulmonary capillaries to cause filtration out of the capillaries and into the alveoli B. hemoglobin has to dissolve in water before it will combine with any other molecule C. the arrow indicates the reaction moves in one direction only D. all of the above D. the oxygen concentration or tension of the alveoli is too high 4. As carbon dioxide is blown off with each expiration there is a corresponding ? in the amount of acid in the blood. Page 12 of 62 A. increase D. pulmonary pressure during inspiration B. decrease E. intra thoracic pressure during expiration C. no change 5. Oxygen that is available for "immediate diffusion" is carried: 9. In organs other than the lungs, oxygen tension or partial pressure decreases progressively in which of these sequences? A. in carbonic acid A. arterial blood, interstitial fluid, and cells B. in solution in the plasma B. cells, arterial blood, and interstitial fluid C. as oxyhemoglobin C. cells, interstitial fluid, and arterial blood D. as potassium oxyhemoglobin D. interstitial fluid, arterial blood, and cells E. in sodium bicarbonate 10. The vagus nerve is important in respiration because it carries: 6. The nasal cavity functions to A. warm and moisten air B. trap foreign particles C. house the organs of smell A. impulses from stretch receptors in the alveoli to the brain B. impulses to the diaphragm to contract C. impulses to external intercostal muscles to contract D. all of the above D. filter out large foreign matter from air E. all of the above 11. Intra pleural pressure is: A. less than atmospheric pressure 7. The heaviest concentration of carbon dioxide, carried in the form of buffers like NaHCO3 is found in the: B. less than pulmonary pressure A. plasma C. the same as intra thoracic pressure B. white blood cells D. all of the above C. hemoglobin of the red blood cells E. A and B only D. platelets 12. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with ? to from ? 8. Which air pressure is the highest? A. intra thoracic pressure during inspiration B. pulmonary pressure during expiration C. atmospheric pressure A. hydrogen; water B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin C. barium (B); BO D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2 Page 13 of 62 E. water; carbonic acid 13. The C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea not only prevent the trachea from collapsing but also aid in the process of: E. size of the throat 17. External respiration is defined as the: A. gaseous metabolism in the cell. A. swallowing B. transfer of gas from alveolus to blood and vice versa. B. lubrication C. transfer of gas from blood to tissue and vice versa. C. removing foreign materials D. elimination of CO2 from tissues to blood. D. gaseous exchange 18. The largest fraction of the carbon dioxide in the blood travels as 14. About two-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in the blood as A. the oxygenated form of carbon dioxide. A. CO2 dissolved in blood B. bicarbonate ions. B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin C. carboxyhemoglobin. C. bicarbonate ions D. CO2 physically dissolved in the plasma of the blood. D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins E. carbamino hemoglobin. E. C6H12O6 19. Which of the following is a FALSE statement? 15. Which of the following steps is out of order in the initiation of the hering-breuer reflex? A. alveoli are stretched A. Alveolar air is completely exchanged with the pulmonary blood during normal breaths. B. Air is always humidified as it passes from the external atmosphere to he alveolar spaces. B. stretch receptors in alveolar walls are stimulated to send inhibitory impulses to respiratory center for brain C. Both A and B C. diaphragm relaxes and then ascends D. Neither A nor B D. alveoli recoil 20. Which of the following is CORRECT statement? 16. The "pitch" of the voice is determined by the: A. The thyroid cartilage is shaped like a shield and is the smallest cartilage of the larynx. A. distribution and arrangement of the larynx B. shape and tension of the vocal cords C. position of the tongue B. The intrapulmonary pressure is always less than atmospheric pressure. C. Pressure in the thoracic cavity is always less than 760 mmHg; that is it is always a negative pressure. D. size of Adam’s's apple D. Most of the oxygen transported through the blood is in the form of reduced hemoglobin. Page 14 of 62 E. An inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissue is known as emphysema. E. more vertical nature of the right primary bronchus. 25. During expiration, the 21. The major function of respiration is A. diaphragm moves up and ribs move up and out. A. to break down foodstuffs. B. diaphragm moves down and the ribs moves up and out. B. to bind oxygen to hemoglobin. C. diaphragm moves down and the ribs move down and in. C. to cause the release of energy from nutrients. D. diaphragm moves up and ribs move slightly back and in. D. to get nutrients to the cells for oxidation. 26. Aerobic respiration my be roughly described as follows 22. Hyperventilation causes the loss of more carbon dioxide than usual from the body, resulting in a decline in the amount of hydrogen ions in solution. As a result in the amount of hydrogen ions in solution. As a result A. the pH rises. B. the pH falls. C. the body fluids become more alkaline. A. Glucose + O2 = H2O + CO2 + energy + heat B. Energy + CO2 + H2O = glucose + O2 + heat C. Glucose = alveolus + CO2 + energy + heat D. Glucose + H2O = CO2 + O2 + ATP E. CO2 + H2O + energy = glucose + O2 + heat D. the body fluids become less acid. E. all of the above except B 27. Which of the following is/are a "FALSE" statement(s)? A. Exhaling is stopped when you cough. 23. Which of the following is/are important factors affecting the vital capacity of the lungs? A. Degree of expansibility of lungs and thorax B. Amount of compliance by the ribs and sternum C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B 24. Most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the lungs because of the B. Coughing helps to expel material from the respiratory tract. C. Coughing prevents possible choking. D. In coughing, strong thrusts of air dislodge material blocking the airway during exhaling. E. all of the above 28. Within the tissues of the body where metabolic processes are active, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is about --?-mm of Hg. A. ciliated mucous lining in the nasopharynx and trachea. A. 159 B. porous structure of turbinate bones. B. 105 C. cartilaginous sections of nasal septum. C. 44-45 D. poor blood supply to nasal mucosa. D. 40 Page 15 of 62 E. 0.3 B. KHCO3 C. NaHCO3 29. An individual has a respiratory rate of 16, a vital capacity of 4.5 liters, an expiratory reserve of 1000 cc, and a minute respiratory volume of 8 liters. What is his inspiratory reserve? D. HCl E. H2CO3 A. 281 cc B. 3000 or 3.0 liters cc 33. -- ?-- supply the bronchi with blood. C. 3500 cc A. Intercostal arteries D. 16.0 liters B. Small branches from the descending aorta E. 4.5 liters C. Branches of the pulmonary artery D. They do not need any, because they get all the oxygen they need from the air passing through them 30. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several ways including A. dissolved in plasma. 34. Which of the following causes the pulmonary pressure to become positive, that is, above 760 mmHg? B. carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions. A. Entrance of air into the pleural cavity. C. united with the hemoglobin to form carbamino hemoglobin. B. Cohesion of the visceral to parietal pleura during inspiration. D. united with water in the red blood cells. C. Entrance of air into the thoracic cavity. E. all of the above D. Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. 31. Hyperventilation results in a(n) --?-- in the length of time a subject can hold his/her breath, because --?--. E. All of the above A. decrease, the lungs need to be expanded B. decrease, the alveoli are not receiving a sufficient amount of oxygen, because of the quick, forceful breaths 35. If some were choking on a large piece of meat, he/she could get A. asphyxia. C. increase, it builds up the concentration of oxygen in the lungs so a person can go for a longer time, without a breath D. increase, the normal stimulus to inspire has been removed E. none of the above 32. Which of the following is NOT an acid-base buffers of the blood? A. HHBO2 B. hyperventilation. C. atelectasis. D. a cough. 36 The small region, where the bronchi and blood vessels enter and leave the lung, is known as the A. hilus. Page 16 of 62 B. base. A. an increased production of carbonic acid, and the pH of the body fluids tends to rise. C. apex. D. cardiac notch. E. bronchi. 37. In addition to their role in speech, the false vocal cords help to A. seal off the windpipe, or trachea, during swallowing. B. Temporarily increased production of carbonic acid, and the pH of body fluids tends to fall. C. a decreased production of carbonic acid, and the pH tends to rise. D. a decreased production of carbonic acid, and the pH tends to fall. RESPIRATION-2 ANSWERS B. detect the O2 content of inspired air. C. moisten the air. D. warm the air. E. recover water from expired air. 1. Which of the following reactions occurs just before CO2 diffuses from the pulmonary capillary bed to the alveoli? A. CO2 + H2O == > H2CO3 B. CO2 + H2O -- Carbonic Anhydrase == > H2CO3 38. Which of the following is the CORRECT chemical reaction after CO2 and water are produced during cellular respiration? A. H2CO3 ----> H2O + CO2 C. H2CO3 == > H+ + HCO3D. H2CO3 == > H2O + CO2 E. none of the above B. H2CO3 -----> H+ + HCO3 C. CO2 + H2O -----> Carbonic anhydrase -----> H2CO3 D. Glucose + CO2 -----> H2CO3 2. Which one of the following structures listed would be pierced thirdly by a point of a pin entering the body from the outside? A. pleural cavity 39. Exercise causes an increase in the respiratory rate because A. the cardiac output has to increase to feed the muscles. B. visceral pleura C. parietal pleura D. lungs B. carbon dioxide needs to be exhaled for its own sake. C. the cerebral cortex sends nerve impulses directly to the inspiratory center to fire, at the same time as the latter sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm to contract and thus start the inspiratory sequence. D. stretched and contracting muscles send nerve impulses directly to the respiratory center to speed up breathing. E. C and D only 3. What's wrong with the wording of this reaction: "oxygen plus hemoglobin > oxyhemoglobin" A. oxygen dissociates into ions before it combines with hemoglobin B. hemoglobin has to dissolve in water before it will combine with any other molecule C. the arrow indicates the reaction moves in one direction only 40. During periods of physical exercise, there is Page 17 of 62 D. all of the above A. intra thoracic pressure during inspiration B. pulmonary pressure during expiration 4. As carbon dioxide is blown off with each expiration there is a corresponding ? in the amount of acid in the blood. C. atmospheric pressure D. pulmonary pressure during inspiration A. increase E. intra thoracic pressure during expiration B. decrease C. no change 9. In organs other than the lungs, oxygen tension or partial pressure decreases progressively in which of these sequences? 5. Oxygen that is available for "immediate diffusion" is carried: A. arterial blood, interstitial fluid, and cells A. in carbonic acid B. cells, arterial blood, and interstitial fluid B. in solution in the plasma C. cells, interstitial fluid, and arterial blood C. as oxyhemoglobin D. interstitial fluid, arterial blood, and cells D. as potassium oxyhemoglobin E. in sodium bicarbonate 10. The vagus nerve is important in respiration because it carries: 6. The nasal cavity functions to A. warm and moisten air B. trap foreign particles C. house the organs of smell A. impulses from stretch receptors in the alveoli to the brain B. impulses to the diaphragm to contract C. impulses to external intercostal muscles to contract D. all of the above D. filter out large foreign matter from air E. all of the above 11. Intra pleural pressure is: A. less than atmospheric pressure 7. The heaviest concentration of carbon dioxide, carried in the form of buffers like NaHCO3 is found in the: B. less than pulmonary pressure A. plasma C. the same as intra thoracic pressure B. white blood cells D. all of the above C. hemoglobin of the red blood cells E. A and B only D. platelets 12.Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with ? to from ? 8. Which air pressure is the highest? Page 18 of 62 A. hydrogen; water A. distribution and arrangement of the larynx B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin B. shape and tension of the vocal cords C. barium (B); BO C. position of the tongue D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2 D. size of Adam’s's apple E. water; carbonic acid E. size of the throat 13.The C-shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea not only prevent the trachea from collapsing but also aid in the process of: A. swallowing 17. External respiration is defined as the: A. gaseous metabolism in the cell. B. transfer of gas from alveolus to blood and vice versa. B. lubrication C. transfer of gas from blood to tissue and vice versa. C. removing foreign materials D. elimination of CO2 from tissues to blood. D. gaseous exchange 14.About two-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in the blood as 18. The largest fraction of the carbon dioxide in the blood travels as A. the oxygenated form of carbon dioxide. A. CO2 dissolved in blood B. bicarbonate ions. B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin C. carboxyhemoglobin. C. bicarbonate ions D. CO2 physically dissolved in the plasma of the blood. D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins E. carbamino hemoglobin. E. C6H12O6 19. Which of the following is a FALSE statement? 15.Which of the following steps is out of order in the initiation of the hering-breuer reflex? A. Alveolar air is completely exchanged with the pulmonary blood during normal breaths. A. alveoli are stretched B. stretch receptors in alveolar walls are stimulated to send inhibitory impulses to respiratory center for brain B. Air is always humidified as it passes from the external atmosphere to he alveolar spaces. C. Both A and B C. diaphragm relaxes and then ascends D. Neither A nor B D. alveoli recoil 20. Which of the following is CORRECT statement? 16.The "pitch" of the voice is determined by the: Page 19 of 62 A. The thyroid cartilage is shaped like a shield and is the smallest cartilage of the larynx. 24. Most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the lungs because of the B. The intrapulmonary pressure is always less than atmospheric pressure. A. ciliated mucous lining in the nasopharynx and trachea. C. Pressure in the thoracic cavity is always less than 760 mmHg; that is it is always a negative pressure. B. porous structure of turbinate bones. C. cartilaginous sections of nasal septum. D. Most of the oxygen transported through the blood is in the form of reduced hemoglobin. E. An inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissue is known as emphysema. 21. The major function of respiration is A. to break down foodstuffs. B. to bind oxygen to hemoglobin. C. to cause the release of energy from nutrients. D. to get nutrients to the cells for oxidation. 22. Hyperventilation causes the loss of more carbon dioxide than usual from the body, resulting in a decline in the amount of hydrogen ions in solution. As a result in the amount of hydrogen ions in solution. As a result D. poor blood supply to nasal mucosa. E. more vertical nature of the right primary bronchus. 25. During expiration, the A. diaphragm moves up and ribs move up and out. B. diaphragm moves down and the ribs moves up and out. C. diaphragm moves down and the ribs move down and in. D. diaphragm moves up and ribs move slightly back and in. 26. Aerobic respiration my be roughly described as follows A. Glucose + O2 = H2O + CO2 + energy + heat A. the pH rises. B. Energy + CO2 + H2O = glucose + O2 + heat B. the pH falls. C. Glucose = alveolus + CO2 + energy + heat C. the body fluids become more alkaline. D. Glucose + H2O = CO2 + O2 + ATP D. the body fluids become less acid. E. CO2 + H2O + energy = glucose + O2 + heat E. all of the above except B 27. Which of the following is/are a "FALSE" statement(s)? 23. Which of the following is/are important factors affecting the vital capacity of the lungs? A. Degree of expansibility of lungs and thorax B. Amount of compliance by the ribs and sternum C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B A. Exhaling is stopped when you cough. B. Coughing helps to expel material from the respiratory tract. C. Coughing prevents possible choking. D. In coughing, strong thrusts of air dislodge material blocking the airway during exhaling. E. all of the above Page 20 of 62 C. increase, it builds up the concentration of oxygen in the lungs so a person can go for a longer time, without a breath 28. Within the tissues of the body where metabolic processes are active, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is about --?-mm of Hg. A. 159 D. increase, the normal stimulus to inspire has been removed E. none of the above B. 105 C. 44-45 32. Which of the following is NOT an acid-base buffers of the blood? D. 40 A. HHBO2 E. 0.3 B. KHCO3 C. NaHCO3 29. An individual has a respiratory rate of 16, a vital capacity of 4.5 liters, an expiratory reserve of 1000 cc, and a minute respiratory volume of 8 liters. What is his inspiratory reserve? D. HCl E. H2CO3 A. 281 cc B. 3000 or 3.0 liters cc 33. -- ?-- supply the bronchi with blood. C. 3500 cc A. Intercostal arteries D. 16.0 liters B. Small branches from the descending aorta E. 4.5 liters C. Branches of the pulmonary artery 30. Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in several ways including D. They do not need any, because they get all the oxygen they need from the air passing through them A. dissolved in plasma. B. carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions. C. united with the hemoglobin to form carbamino hemoglobin. D. united with water in the red blood cells. E. all of the above 34. Which of the following causes the pulmonary pressure to become positive, that is, above 760 mmHg? A. Entrance of air into the pleural cavity. B. Cohesion of the visceral to parietal pleura during inspiration. C. Entrance of air into the thoracic cavity. D. Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. 31. Hyperventilation results in a(n) --?-- in the length of time a subject can hold his/her breath, because --?--. E. All of the above A. decrease, the lungs need to be expanded B. decrease, the alveoli are not receiving a sufficient amount of oxygen, because of the quick, forceful breaths 35. If some were choking on a large piece of meat, he/she could get Page 21 of 62 A. asphyxia. B. hyperventilation. C. atelectasis. D. a cough. 36 The small region, where the bronchi and blood vessels enter and leave the lung, is known as the A. hilus. B. base. C. apex. D. cardiac notch. E. bronchi. 37. In addition to their role in speech, the false vocal cords help to A. seal off the windpipe, or trachea, during swallowing. B. detect the O2 content of inspired air. B. carbon dioxide needs to be exhaled for its own sake. C. the cerebral cortex sends nerve impulses directly to the inspiratory center to fire, at the same time as the latter sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm to contract and thus start the inspiratory sequence. D. stretched and contracting muscles send nerve impulses directly to the respiratory center to speed up breathing. E. C and D only 40. During periods of physical exercise, there is A. an increased production of carbonic acid, and the pH of the body fluids tends to rise. B. Temporarily increased production of carbonic acid, and the pH of body fluids tends to fall. C. a decreased production of carbonic acid, and the pH tends to rise. D. a decreased production of carbonic acid, and the pH tends to fall. 1. Most of the carbon dioxide generated at the cells is carried to the lungs in which form(s)? A. in the form of bicarbonate ions which are formed in the red blood cells (as well as in the plasma of the blood) C. moisten the air. D. warm the air. E. recover water from expired air. B. in the form of carbonic acid which is formed in the plasma by a union with water, especially where CO2 is to exit to the alveoli C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 38. Which of the following is the CORRECT chemical reaction after CO2 and water are produced during cellular respiration? A. H2CO3 ----> H2O + CO2 B. H2CO3 -----> H+ + HCO3 C. CO2 + H2O -----> Carbonic anhydrase -----> H2CO3 D. Glucose + CO2 -----> H2CO3 2. Breathing rate is most likely to increase if the blood concentration of: A. carbon dioxide decreases B. carbon dioxide increases C. hydrogen ions decreases D. oxygen increases 39. Exercise causes an increase in the respiratory rate because A. the cardiac output has to increase to feed the muscles. E. oxygen decreases slightly Page 22 of 62 3. The fluid in the pleural cavity is there to: A. dissolve the gases that normally enter the pleural cavity B. carry oxygen to the most distal parts of the bronchial tree A. voluntary muscles; their extensibility B. cerebral cortex; its control over cellular respiration C. inspiratory center; the control over the breathing or respiratory rate C. allow cohesion of the visceral to parietal layers of pleura D. all of the above D. prevent friction of the lungs during breathing E. none of the above E. C and D only 4. In asthma, there is 8. Intra-alveolar pressure is normally greater than intra pleural pressure because A. narrowing of the bronchioles due to chronic contraction of their smooth muscles A. the surface tension of the alveolar walls promotes their collapse, thus reducing the size of the pulmonary cavity B. an increased tendency to have hypoxia C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 5. CO2 easily diffuses into the plasma of the blood because: A. it has a high CO-efficient of diffusion in respiratory membrane B. it usually has a high concentration gradient between the cells and the plasma C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 6. Aerobic respiration may be roughly described as follows B. elasticity promotes the recoil of the alveolar walls following inspiration C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 9. In carbon monoxide poisoning A. the arterial partial pressure of oxygen is decreased B. the arterial partial pressure of carbon monoxide is much greater than that of oxygen C. the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide is substantially increased above normal D. the venous partial pressure of oxygen is normal E. the oxygen-carrying ability of hemoglobin is substantially decreased A. C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy + Heat B. Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat C. C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy + Heat D. 4NH3 + 6O2 = 2N2 + 6H2O + Energy + Heat E. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat 7. It is now thought that cerebral input to the ? that parallels cerebral output to skeletal muscles, greatly affects ? . 10. Breathing is stimulated principally by: A. reduced CO2 concentration acting on the respiratory centers B. elevated CO2 acting on the respiratory centers C. reduced CO2 acting on the chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries D. elevated CO2 acting on the cerebral medulla and hypothalamus Page 23 of 62 E. none of the above 11. The trachea transports --?-- from the --?-- to the --?--, C. intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure. D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. A. air; pharynx; mouth B. air; larynx; primary bronchus C. oxygen; mouth; lungs D. carbon dioxide; secondary bronchus; bronchioles 12. Breathing is important for A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to the heart. B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of the heart to he diaphragm. 15. Factors involved in the elastic tendency for collapse of the lungs include: A. epithelial cells lining the alveolar sac. B. surface tension of alveolar fluid. C. smooth muscle of the interstitial space of the respiratory membrane. D. presence of elastic fibers within the terminal bronchial tree. E. B and D only C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen to the thorax. 16. "Emphysema" is D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the abdomen to the thorax. A. a chronic condition in which adjacent alveolar sacs fuse together to form bigger bubbles or air spaces. E. all of the above B. a condition in which the elasticity of the alveolar walls is seriously decreased C. both A and B 13. What are the CORRECT products when carbonic acid ionizes in the red blood cells? D. neither A nor B A. Carbonic acid and water. B. Reduced hemoglobin and potassium bicarbonate. C. Sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride. D. Carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. E. Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. 14. Lung collapse can occur when air from the atmosphere enters the pleural cavity because --?-- and pushes in on the lung. 17. The respiratory membrane consists of A. a single thickness of epithelial cells. B. a single thickness of epithelial cells and a basement membrane. C. two thickness of epithelial cells. D. two thickness of epithelial cells and basement membranes. E. two layers of epithelial cells, two sets of basement membranes, and interstitial tissue between them. A. intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. B. intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure. 18. Which one of the following would be pierced THIRDLY by a point of a pin entering the chest wall from the outside? Page 24 of 62 A. Pleural fluid A. carbon dioxide diffuses from the brain cells into the blood, while oxygen diffuses form the blood into the brain cells. B. Skin C. Lung D. Parietal pleura B. both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the brain cells. C. oxyhemoglobin is carried into the brain cells by active transport. D. carbon dioxide leaves the brain cells by active transport. 19. Children who are born without enough pulmonary surfactant have difficulty breathing. This type of respiratory distress disease is E. platelets release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. A. emphysema B. Respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) C. cancer D. pleurisy E. none of the above 23. It is said that the "tracheal cartilages are 'open' in the back". This really means that A. There is smooth muscle enveloping the entire trachea, including the open part of the cartilages. B. Air can enter the back of the trachea via the esophagus. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 20. Assuming an atmospheric pressure equivalent to that at sea level, and knowing that the amount of oxygen in air is about 1/5 of the total pressure, then the partial pressure of the oxygen in air at sea level is --?-- in Hg. 24. The damaging effect of carbon monoxide is due to the fact that A. 175 B. 152 C. 200 D. 225 21. Emphysema is a devastating disease because every breath is painful. Emphysema is most commonly related to long-term A. It combines strongly with hemoglobin which doesn't easily let go of it. B. It inactivates enzymes that transport oxygen to hemoglobin. C. It causes erythrocytes to undergo peculiar changes in shape. D. All of the above E. None of the above A. lack of exercise B. coughing C. cigarette smoking D. all of the above E. none of the above 25. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract? A. Trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli B. Bronchi > trachea > larynx > pharynx C. Bronchi > sinuses > lungs > pleura D. Nasal cavity > glottis > bronchi > trachea > tracheoles 22. As blood passes through capillaries in the cerebrum Page 25 of 62 E. Alveolar sac > alveolar duct > bronchiole > primary bronchus 26. What will be the partial pressure of O2 under the following conditions? Atmospheric pressure at 750 mm Hg and %O2 = 2O. D. expiration occurs. E. the alveoli are compressed. 30. Which function of the nasal cavity allows for the "speeding up of the movement of gases into the alveolus from the outside of the body"? A. PO2 = 20 mm Hg A. Filtration and phagocytosis B. PO2 = 15000 mm Hg B. Humidification and warming C. PO2 = 150 - 156 mm g C. both A and B D. PO2 = 230 mm Hg D. neither A nor B E. PO2 = 150 ml per minute 31. The tidal volume equals the volume of air 27. In which region would you expect the PCO2 of the blood to be highest? A. passing in and out of the lungs with each breathing movement A. left atrium B. filling the bronchial tree, trachea, and larynx B. a bronchi of the hepatic artery C. exhaled by the deepest possible expiration C. the descending aorta D. remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration D. pulmonary artery E. none of the above E. pulmonary vein 32. The rate of breathing is INCREASED when 28. An acute, or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree caused by bacterial infection or irritants, is known as A. emphysema B. hay fever A. there is a slight increase in carbon dioxide in the blood. B. lactic acid is released into the blood during vigorous exercise. C. there is less than 40 mm Hg of oxygen in the arterial blood C. bronchitis D. all of the above D. bronchial asthma 29. When the diaphragm and chest elevating muscles contract, A. the intra thoracic volume decreases. B. the intra thoracic pressure increases. C. the intrapulmonary pressure decreases. 33. When one covers their mouth and nose with a paper bag and starts to breathe into the bag, they get big urge to breathe after removing the bag. This is because A. the oxygen was being depleted rapidly, therefore, it took deeper breaths into the bag to obtain enough oxygen. B. the oxygen was limited to small amounts in the bag while the carbon dioxide was building up, so carbon dioxide was Page 26 of 62 inhaled in great amounts and made the person increase his/her breathing right away. 37. In normal quiet breathing, expiration is brought about by A. inhibition of inspiration C. both A and B B. stimulation of sympathetic neurons D. neither A nor B C. stimulation of expiratory muscles D. stimulation of the diaphragm 34. Surfactant E. all of the above A. contains NaHCO3, a detergent-like substance which breaks apart water molecules of the alveoli and normally causes it to get smaller. B. contains lecithin which allows the alveoli to stretch out when air enters the lungs. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 38. The Eustachian tubes and the internal nares are openings into the A. oropharynx B. nasopharynx C. laryngopharynx 35. In which of the following structures might one expect inhaled air to have the HIGHEST carbon dioxide content? D. sphenoid sinus E. adenoids A. trachea B. bronchus C. pharynx D. alveoli E. nose 39. It is now known that --?-- produce the "surface active agent" in the alveoli of the lungs. A. the alveolar macrophages B. dust cells in the alveolus C. the type II cells 36. Increasing levels of CO2 are more influential in changing the rate of breathing than is decreasing levels of oxygen because D. the plasma cells E. oxygenated red blood cells A. the latter can be remedied more quickly than increasing amounts of carbon dioxide B. the respiratory center is equally sensitive to changing levels of both CO2 and O2 40. In tissue cells and deoxygenated blood, the PCO2 is --?-the PO2. A. greater than C. the medulla oblongata's respiratory center requires extremely large rises of oxygen to have any appreciable effect D. all of the above B. equal to C. less than E. none of the above RESPIRATION-3 ANSWERS Page 27 of 62 1. Most of the carbon dioxide generated at the cells is carried to the lungs in which form(s)? A. in the form of bicarbonate ions which are formed in the red blood cells (as well as in the plasma of the blood) B. in the form of carbonic acid which is formed in the plasma by a union with water, especially where CO2 is to exit to the alveoli C. both A and B 5. CO2 easily diffuses into the plasma of the blood because: A. it has a high CO-efficient of diffusion in respiratory membrane B. it usually has a high concentration gradient between the cells and the plasma C. both A and B D. neither A nor B D. neither A nor B 6. Aerobic respiration may be roughly described as follows 2. Breathing rate is most likely to increase if the blood concentration of: A. carbon dioxide decreases B. carbon dioxide increases C. hydrogen ions decreases D. oxygen increases A. C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy + Heat B. Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat C. C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy + Heat D. 4NH3 + 6O2 = 2N2 + 6H2O + Energy + Heat E. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + Heat E. oxygen decreases slightly 7. It is now thought that cerebral input to the ? that parallels cerebral output to skeletal muscles, greatly affects ? . 3. The fluid in the pleural cavity is there to: A. dissolve the gases that normally enter the pleural cavity B. carry oxygen to the most distal parts of the bronchial tree A. voluntary muscles; their extensibility B. cerebral cortex; its control over cellular respiration C. inspiratory center; the control over the breathing or respiratory rate C. allow cohesion of the visceral to parietal layers of pleura D. all of the above D. prevent friction of the lungs during breathing E. none of the above E. C and D only 4. In asthma, there is 8. Intra-alveolar pressure is normally greater than intra pleural pressure because A. narrowing of the bronchioles due to chronic contraction of their smooth muscles A. the surface tension of the alveolar walls promotes their collapse, thus reducing the size of the pulmonary cavity B. an increased tendency to have hypoxia B. elasticity promotes the recoil of the alveolar walls following inspiration C. both A and B C. both A and B D. neither A nor B D. neither A nor B Page 28 of 62 D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the abdomen to the thorax. 9. In carbon monoxide poisoning E. all of the above A. the arterial partial pressure of oxygen is decreased B. the arterial partial pressure of carbon monoxide is much greater than that of oxygen C. the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide is substantially increased above normal D. the venous partial pressure of oxygen is normal E. the oxygen-carrying ability of hemoglobin is substantially decreased 13. What are the CORRECT products when carbonic acid ionizes in the red blood cells? A. Carbonic acid and water. B. Reduced hemoglobin and potassium bicarbonate. C. Sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride. D. Carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. E. Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. 10. Breathing is stimulated principally by: A. reduced CO2 concentration acting on the respiratory centers B. elevated CO2 acting on the respiratory centers 14. Lung collapse can occur when air from the atmosphere enters the pleural cavity because --?-- and pushes in on the lung. C. reduced CO2 acting on the chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries A. intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. D. elevated CO2 acting on the cerebral medulla and hypothalamus B. intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure. E. none of the above 11. The trachea transports --?-- from the --?-- to the --?--, C. intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure. D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. A. air; pharynx; mouth B. air; larynx; primary bronchus C. oxygen; mouth; lungs D. carbon dioxide; secondary bronchus; bronchioles 12. Breathing is important for A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to the heart. B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of the heart to he diaphragm. C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen to the thorax. 15. Factors involved in the elastic tendency for collapse of the lungs include: A. epithelial cells lining the alveolar sac. B. surface tension of alveolar fluid. C. smooth muscle of the interstitial space of the respiratory membrane. D. presence of elastic fibers within the terminal bronchial tree. E. B and D only 16. "Emphysema" is Page 29 of 62 A. a chronic condition in which adjacent alveolar sacs fuse together to form bigger bubbles or air spaces. B. a condition in which the elasticity of the alveolar walls is seriously decreased 20. Assuming an atmospheric pressure equivalent to that at sea level, and knowing that the amount of oxygen in air is about 1/5 of the total pressure, then the partial pressure of the oxygen in air at sea level is --?-- in Hg. A. 175 C. both A and B B. 152 D. neither A nor B C. 200 D. 225 17. The respiratory membrane consists of A. a single thickness of epithelial cells. B. a single thickness of epithelial cells and a basement membrane. C. two thickness of epithelial cells. D. two thickness of epithelial cells and basement membranes. 21. Emphysema is a devastating disease because every breath is painful. Emphysema is most commonly related to long-term A. lack of exercise B. coughing C. cigarette smoking E. two layers of epithelial cells, two sets of basement membranes, and interstitial tissue between them. D. all of the above E. none of the above 18. Which one of the following would be pierced THIRDLY by a point of a pin entering the chest wall from the outside? 22. As blood passes through capillaries in the cerebrum A. Pleural fluid B. Skin A. carbon dioxide diffuses from the brain cells into the blood, while oxygen diffuses form the blood into the brain cells. C. Lung D. Parietal pleura B. both oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse into the brain cells. C. oxyhemoglobin is carried into the brain cells by active transport. 19. Children who are born without enough pulmonary surfactant have difficulty breathing. This type of respiratory distress disease is D. carbon dioxide leaves the brain cells by active transport. E. platelets release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. A. emphysema B. Respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) C. cancer D. pleurisy E. none of the above 23. It is said that the "tracheal cartilages are 'open' in the back". This really means that A. There is smooth muscle enveloping the entire trachea, including the open part of the cartilages. B. Air can enter the back of the trachea via the esophagus. C. both A and B Page 30 of 62 D. neither A nor B A. left atrium B. a bronchi of the hepatic artery 24. The damaging effect of carbon monoxide is due to the fact that C. the descending aorta D. pulmonary artery A. It combines strongly with hemoglobin which doesn't easily let go of it. E. pulmonary vein B. It inactivates enzymes that transport oxygen to hemoglobin. C. It causes erythrocytes to undergo peculiar changes in shape. D. All of the above E. None of the above 28. An acute, or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tree caused by bacterial infection or irritants, is known as A. emphysema B. hay fever C. bronchitis 25. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract? A. Trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli B. Bronchi > trachea > larynx > pharynx C. Bronchi > sinuses > lungs > pleura D. Nasal cavity > glottis > bronchi > trachea > tracheoles E. Alveolar sac > alveolar duct > bronchiole > primary bronchus 26. What will be the partial pressure of O2 under the following conditions? Atmospheric pressure at 750 mm Hg and %O2 = 2O. A. PO2 = 20 mm Hg B. PO2 = 15000 mm Hg C. PO2 = 150 - 156 mm g D. PO2 = 230 mm Hg D. bronchial asthma 29. When the diaphragm and chest elevating muscles contract, A. the intra thoracic volume decreases. B. the intra thoracic pressure increases. C. the intrapulmonary pressure decreases. D. expiration occurs. E. the alveoli are compressed. 30. Which function of the nasal cavity allows for the "speeding up of the movement of gases into the alveolus from the outside of the body"? A. Filtration and phagocytosis B. Humidification and warming C. both A and B D. neither A nor B E. PO2 = 150 ml per minute 31. The tidal volume equals the volume of air 27. In which region would you expect the PCO2 of the blood to be highest? A. passing in and out of the lungs with each breathing movement Page 31 of 62 B. filling the bronchial tree, trachea, and larynx 35. In which of the following structures might one expect inhaled air to have the HIGHEST carbon dioxide content? C. exhaled by the deepest possible expiration A. trachea D. remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration B. bronchus E. none of the above C. pharynx D. alveoli 32. The rate of breathing is INCREASED when E. nose A. there is a slight increase in carbon dioxide in the blood. B. lactic acid is released into the blood during vigorous exercise. C. there is less than 40 mm Hg of oxygen in the arterial blood D. all of the above 36. Increasing levels of CO2 are more influential in changing the rate of breathing than is decreasing levels of oxygen because A. the latter can be remedied more quickly than increasing amounts of carbon dioxide B. the respiratory center is equally sensitive to changing levels of both CO2 and O2 33. When one covers their mouth and nose with a paper bag and starts to breathe into the bag, they get big urge to breathe after removing the bag. This is because A. the oxygen was being depleted rapidly, therefore, it took deeper breaths into the bag to obtain enough oxygen. C. the medulla oblongata's respiratory center requires extremely large rises of oxygen to have any appreciable effect D. all of the above E. none of the above B. the oxygen was limited to small amounts in the bag while the carbon dioxide was building up, so carbon dioxide was inhaled in great amounts and made the person increase his/her breathing right away. 37. In normal quiet breathing, expiration is brought about by C. both A and B A. inhibition of inspiration D. neither A nor B B. stimulation of sympathetic neurons C. stimulation of expiratory muscles 34. Surfactant D. stimulation of the diaphragm A. contains NaHCO3, a detergent-like substance which breaks apart water molecules of the alveoli and normally causes it to get smaller. E. all of the above B. contains lecithin which allows the alveoli to stretch out when air enters the lungs. C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 38. The Eustachian tubes and the internal nares are openings into the A. oropharynx B. nasopharynx C. laryngopharynx D. sphenoid sinus Page 32 of 62 E. adenoids 3. Intra pleural pressure is: A. less than atmospheric pressure 39. It is now known that --?-- produce the "surface active agent" in the alveoli of the lungs. B. less than pulmonary pressure C. the same as intra thoracic pressure A. the alveolar macrophages D. all of the above B. dust cells in the alveolus E. A and B only C. the type II cells D. the plasma cells E. oxygenated red blood cells 4. The reason one CANNOT hold their breath for an extended period of time is A. oxygen depletion causes excitation of the respiratory center 40. In active tissue cells and deoxygenated blood, the PCO2 is usually --?-- the PO2. B. CO2 build-up in the blood automatically forces them to breathe A. greater than B. equal to C. less than C. build-up of lactic acid causes the pneumotaxic center to start action D. stretch receptors stimulate the inspiratory center 1. Which one of the following pressures is the HIGHEST? A. Intra pleural pressure to cause expiration B. Intra pleural pressure to cause inspiration C. Intra pulmonic pressure to cause expiration D. Intra pulmonic pressure to cause inspiration 5. The normal stimulus for inspiration is the A. stretch put on the vagus nerve by gas in the diaphragm B. stretch put on the diaphragm by the contraction of the lungs C. lift of the intercostal muscles upon the diaphragm D. increased level of arterial blood CO2 2. Inhalation is brought about by E. none of the above A. contraction of both the diaphragm and the external intercostals B. relaxation of both the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles C. contraction of the abdominal wall muscles, and the latisimus dorsi 6. All of these changes occur in inspiration; which change is LAST in the sequence and occurs as a result of the others? A. decrease in intra pleural pressure B. enlargement of the thorax D. upward movement of the diaphragm and a shortening of C. decrease in intra pulmonic pressure the three diameters of the chest cavity D. contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals E. movement of air through the respiratory tract to the alveoli Page 33 of 62 E. none of the above 7. Increasing the volume in the chest cavity --?-- the pressure in the cavity. A. produces B. increases 11. Because the inspiratory center of the medulla is so --?-- to hypoxia, it can A. sensitive; respond to very low levels of oxygen in the blood without being adversely affected C. has no effect on D. increases the temperature E. decreases B. responsive; cause rapid breathing to the state of hyperventilation with no trouble at all C. insensitive; withstand low oxygen levels for a long period of time D. none of the above 8. The transfer of oxygen across cell membranes occurs A. entirely by diffusion. B. by diffusion and active transport. 12. An object small enough to pass into a primary bronchus would more likely become lodged in the right lung because the right primary bronchus C. entirely by active transport. A. is wider D. entirely by osmosis. B. is shorter E. by surfactant action. C. is more vertical D. branches from the trachea first 9. Changes in which of the following affect breathing rate the MOST? E. all except D A. Degree to which exercises being carried on B. CO2 of atmospheric air 13. The space between the lungs, occupied by the trachea, esophagus and great vessels, is called the C. Heat produced in the body during respiration A. mediastinum D. pH of alveolar membranes B. thoracic cavity E. All affect respiration equally C. neck D. chest cavity 10. In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate by events related to E. pericardial cavity A. contraction of muscles in the lungs walls B. relaxation of the chest muscle C. contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals D. relaxation of ribs and abdomen 14. If a habitual smoker stops smoking, A. The risk of dying from lung cancer may be reduced B. His risk of respiratory illness is somewhat reduced C. Both A and B Page 34 of 62 D. Neither A nor B D. Glottis and epiglottis E. None of the above 15. Hemoglobin: A. buffers both oxygen and hydrogen levels in the blood B. attaches more strongly to oxygen than to carbon monoxide 19. Which of the following is/are correct? A. In emphysema, blood meets more resistance in the pulmonary circulation, thus the right side of the heart tends to enlarge. C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B B. A loss of elasticity of the alveolar ducts and alveoli is a common finding at autopsy in individuals who smoke cigarettes and get emphysema C. Both A and B 16. While you're reading this question, hold your breath. Go ahead, hold your breath! Why can you NOT be expected to hold your breath until the end of this test? A. You would faint. And then your instructor would have to hold you up to finish your exam. B. You would start hyperventilating in which case your instructor would have to call the college nurse to revive you. D. Neither A nor B 20. Which one of the following parts of a respiratory membrane is passed thirdly by a molecule of oxygen leaving the lung and entering the blood stream. A. Endothelium C. You would NOT get enough oxygen to ventilate your brain, so you would go into a fit and yell for help. D. You would accumulate a lot of carbon dioxide and that would stimulate you to inhale. B. Alveolar epithelium C. Endothelial basement membrane D. Alveolar basement membrane E. all of the above could occur. 17. Boyle's law states that : 21. Since the pO2 of arterial-type blood is about 100 mm hg and the p02 if venous-type blood is about 40 mm hg, the hemoglobin saturation is invariably around A. The pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume A. 90 - 100% B. The pressure of a gas is directly related to the volume B. 80 - 90% C. The percent by volume of a gas is the same as the partial pressure D. That NONE of the above are TRUE C. 40 - 100% D. 70 - 97% E. 90 - 97% 18. The actual exchange of gases between the air and the blood occurs "first" across the: A. Bronchi 22 The effects of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions on the respiratory center are similar because: B. Respiratory membrane A. Both cause a reduction in the oxygen concentration C. Bronchioles B. Both are positively charged. Page 35 of 62 C. Hydrogen ions combine with water to form carbon dioxide D. The center is almost equally responsive to both substances B. 500 cc C. 420 cc D. can't be determined 23. Which of the following is/are a false statement(s)? A. Exhalation is stopped during coughing 27. Which of the following substances is greatest as a result of cellular respiration? B. Coughing helps to expel material from the respiratory tract A. Oxygen C. Coughing prevents possible choking B. Carbon dioxide D. In coughing, one thrust of air serves to dislodge material blocking the airway during exhaling C. Glucose D. nitrogen E. All of the above E. B and D only 24. You cannot inhale when you attempt to swallow because: A. your tongue will protrude into your throat and block the passage of air to your lungs 28. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with - ? -- to form --?--. A. hydrogen; H2O B. Breathing would impair your chance to get food into your esophagus C. the soft palate closes off air passage through the nasopharynx to the throat D. swallowing is more important than breathing E. none of the above 25. The "hilum" of a lung contain(s): B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin C. barium (B); BO D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2 E. water; carbonic acid 29. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract? A. Common bile duct, hepatic artery and portal vein A. trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli B. Bronchus, alveolar sac and alveoli B. bronchi> trachea> larynx> pharynx C. Pulmonary arteries & veins, plus the primary bronchus C. bronchi> sinuses> lungs> pleura D. Mediastinum and diaphragm D. nasal cavity> glottis> bronchi> trachea> tracheoles E. Trachea, larynx, and pharynx E. sinuses> pharynx> pleura> trachea> bronchi> lungs 26. If an individual has a vital capacity of 5150 cc, an inspiratory reserve of 3220 cc and an expiratory reserve of 1450 cc, what is his tidal volume? A. 480 cc 30. The true vocal cords: A. are located in the larynx and vibrate to produce sound Page 36 of 62 B. give a low-pitched sound when air is forced over them slowly C. are stretched tightly when a high-pitched sound is desired D. all of the above 34. If an individual has a vital capacity of 6150 cc, an inspiratory reserve of 4020cc, and an expiratory reserve of 1450 cc, what is their tidal volume? A. 480 cc B. 500 cc 31. Dust particles, entering the respiratory system at the nose, may: C. 680 cc D. can't be determined A. become trapped in branches of the bronchial tree B. be covered with phlegm and gradually moved out through the nose and Be exhaled C be attacked by white blood cells in the trachea 35. Which one of the following structures listed would be pierced thirdly by a point of a pin entering the body from the OUTSIDE? D. initiate antibody formation in the pulmonary capillary bed A. pleural cavity E. cause the individual to sneeze B. visceral pleura C. parietal pleura 32. Breathing movements are important for: D. alveoli A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to the heart E. chest wall B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of the heart to The diaphragm C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen to the thorax D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the abdomen to the thorax E. all of the above 36. The largest concentration of carbon dioxide, carried in the form of buffers like NaHCO3, is found in the: A. plasma B. white blood cells C. hemoglobin of the red blood cells D. platelets 33. Following a stab wound to the chest, :lung collapse occurs because air enter the pleural cavity and: A. Intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure B. Intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure 37. Oxygen is carried in the blood 1. bound to hemoglobin. 2. bound to albumin. 3. as a solute dissolved in plasma. C. Intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure 4. in combination with inorganic ions. ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------- Page 37 of 62 A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct A. ciliated columnar epithelium. B. if 1, and 3 only are correct B. simple squamous epithelium. C. if 2 and 4 only are correct C. stratified squamous epithelium. D. if 4 only is correct D. loose connective tissue. E. if all of the choices are correct RESPIRATION-4 ANSWERS 38. The rate of diffusion of gas across the respiratory membrane decreases because of an increased thickness of the wall (relative or actual) in 1. Which one of the following pressures is the HIGHEST? 1. pulmonary edema A. Intra pleural pressure to cause expiration 2. pneumonia B. Intra pleural pressure to cause inspiration 3. pulmonary fibrosis(more connective tissue in alveolar C. Intra pulmonic pressure to cause expiration wall) 4. emphysema ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct D. if 4 only is correct D. Intra pulmonic pressure to cause inspiration 2. Inhalation is brought about by A. contraction of both the diaphragm and the external intercostals B. relaxation of both the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles C. contraction of the abdominal wall muscles, and the latisimus dorsi E. if all of the choices are correct D. upward movement of the diaphragm and a shortening of the three diameters of the chest cavity 39. A rise in the lactic acid content of the blood will have what effect on breathing? A. The respiratory rate increases and the breathing becomes stronger. B. The respiratory rate decreases and the breathing becomes shallow and weaker. C. The chemoreceptors are depressed. D. The baroreceptors are depressed. E. The individual gradually loses consciousness. 40. The walls of the alveoli are composed of 3. Intra pleural pressure is: A. less than atmospheric pressure B. less than pulmonary pressure C. the same as intra thoracic pressure D. all of the above E. A and B only Page 38 of 62 4. The reason one CANNOT hold their breath for an extended period of time is A. oxygen depletion causes excitation of the respiratory center B. CO2 build-up in the blood automatically forces them to breathe C. build-up of lactic acid causes the pneumotaxic center to start action D. stretch receptors stimulate the inspiratory center E. decreases 8. The transfer of oxygen across cell membranes occurs A. entirely by diffusion. B. by diffusion and active transport. C. entirely by active transport. D. entirely by osmosis. E. by surfactant action. 5. The normal stimulus for inspiration is the A. stretch put on the vagus nerve by gas in the diaphragm B. stretch put on the diaphragm by the contraction of the lungs C. lift of the intercostal muscles upon the diaphragm D. increased level of arterial blood CO2 E. none of the above 9. Changes in which of the following affect breathing rate the MOST? A. Degree to which exercises being carried on B. CO2 of atmospheric air C. Heat produced in the body during respiration D. pH of alveolar membranes E. All affect respiration equally 6. All of these changes occur in inspiration; which change is LAST in the sequence and occurs as a result of the others? A. decrease in intra pleural pressure B. enlargement of the thorax C. decrease in intra pulmonic pressure D. contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals E. movement of air through the respiratory tract to the alveoli 10. In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate by events related to A. contraction of muscles in the lungs walls B. relaxation of the chest muscle C. contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals D. relaxation of ribs and abdomen E. none of the above 7. Increasing the volume in the chest cavity --?-- the pressure in the cavity. A. produces B. increases C. has no effect on D. increases the temperature 11. Because the inspiratory center of the medulla is so --?-- to hypoxia, it can A. sensitive; respond to very low levels of oxygen in the blood without being adversely affected B. responsive; cause rapid breathing to the state of hyperventilation with no trouble at all Page 39 of 62 C. insensitive; withstand low oxygen levels for a long period of time C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B D. none of the above 12. An object small enough to pass into a primary bronchus would more likely become lodged in the right lung because the right primary bronchus A. is wider B. is shorter 16. While you're reading this question, hold your breath. Go ahead, hold your breath! Why can you NOT be expected to hold your breath until the end of this test? A. You would faint. And then your instructor would have to hold you up to finish your exam. B. You would start hyperventilating in which case your instructor would have to call the college nurse to revive you. C. is more vertical D. branches from the trachea first E. all except D C. You would NOT get enough oxygen to ventilate your brain, so you would go into a fit and yell for help. D. You would accumulate a lot of carbon dioxide and that would stimulate you to inhale. E. all of the above could occur. 13. The space between the lungs, occupied by the trachea, esophagus and great vessels, is called the A. mediastinum 17. Boyle's law states that : B. thoracic cavity A. The pressure of a gas is inversely related to the volume C. neck D. chest cavity E. pericardial cavity B. The pressure of a gas is directly related to the volume C. The percent by volume of a gas is the same as the partial pressure D. That NONE of the above are TRUE 14. If a habitual smoker stops smoking, A. The risk of dying from lung cancer may be reduced 18. The actual exchange of gases between the air and the blood occurs "first" across the: B. His risk of respiratory illness is somewhat reduced A. Bronchi C. Both A and B B. Respiratory membrane D. Neither A nor B C. Bronchioles D. Glottis and epiglottis 15. Hemoglobin: E. None of the above A. buffers both oxygen and hydrogen levels in the blood B. attaches more strongly to oxygen than to carbon monoxide 19. Which of the following is/are correct? Page 40 of 62 A. In emphysema, blood meets more resistance in the pulmonary circulation, thus the right side of the heart tends to enlarge. B. A loss of elasticity of the alveolar ducts and alveoli is a common finding at autopsy in individuals who smoke cigarettes and get emphysema C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B 23. Which of the following is/are a false statement(s)? A. Exhalation is stopped during coughing B. Coughing helps to expel material from the respiratory tract C. Coughing prevents possible choking D. In coughing, one thrust of air serves to dislodge material blocking the airway during exhaling E. All of the above 20. Which one of the following parts of a respiratory membrane is passed thirdly by a molecule of oxygen leaving the lung and entering the blood stream. A. Endothelium B. Alveolar epithelium C. Endothelial basement membrane D. Alveolar basement membrane 24. You cannot inhale when you attempt to swallow because: A. your tongue will protrude into your throat and block the passage of air to your lungs B. Breathing would impair your chance to get food into your esophagus C. the soft palate closes off air passage through the nasopharynx to the throat D. swallowing is more important than breathing 21. Since the pO2 of arterial-type blood is about 100 mm hg and the p02 if venous-type blood is about 40 mm hg, the hemoglobin saturation is invariably around A. 90 - 100% B. 80 - 90% C. 40 - 100% D. 70 - 97% E. 90 - 97% E. none of the above 25. The "hilum" of a lung contain(s): A. Common bile duct, hepatic artery and portal vein B. Bronchus, alveolar sac and alveoli C. Pulmonary arteries & veins, plus the primary bronchus D. Mediastinum and diaphragm 22 The effects of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions on the respiratory center are similar because: A. Both cause a reduction in the oxygen concentration B. Both are positively charged. C. Hydrogen ions combine with water to form carbon dioxide D. The center is almost equally responsive to both substances E. Trachea, larynx, and pharynx 26. If an individual has a vital capacity of 5150 cc, an inspiratory reserve of 3220 cc and an expiratory reserve of 1450 cc, what is his tidal volume? A. 480 cc B. 500 cc C. 420 cc D. can't be determined Page 41 of 62 D. all of the above 27. Which of the following substances is greatest as a result of cellular respiration? A. Oxygen 31. Dust particles, entering the respiratory system at the nose, may: B. Carbon dioxide C. Glucose A. become trapped in branches of the bronchial tree B. be covered with phlegm and gradually moved out through the nose and Be exhaled D. nitrogen C be attacked by white blood cells in the trachea E. B and D only D. initiate antibody formation in the pulmonary capillary bed 28. Most of the oxygen carried in the body has combined with - ? -- to form --?--. E. cause the individual to sneeze A. hydrogen; H2O 32. Breathing movements are important for: B. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin C. barium (B); BO D. carbon monoxide (CO); CO2 E. water; carbonic acid 29. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of structures over which air passes in the respiratory tract? A. trachea> bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli A. aiding the movement of venous blood from the head to the heart B. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the left side of the heart to The diaphragm C. aiding the movement of arterial blood from the abdomen to the thorax D. aiding the movement of venous blood from the abdomen to the thorax E. all of the above B. bronchi> trachea> larynx> pharynx C. bronchi> sinuses> lungs> pleura D. nasal cavity> glottis> bronchi> trachea> tracheoles 33. Following a stab wound to the chest, :lung collapse occurs because air enter the pleural cavity and: A. Intra pleural pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure E. sinuses> pharynx> pleura> trachea> bronchi> lungs B. Intra pleural pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure 30. The true vocal cords: C. Intra pulmonic pressure becomes greater than atmospheric pressure A. are located in the larynx and vibrate to produce sound B. give a low-pitched sound when air is forced over them D. intra pulmonic pressure becomes equal to atmospheric pressure slowly C. are stretched tightly when a high-pitched sound is desired 34. If an individual has a vital capacity of 6150 cc, an inspiratory reserve of 4020cc, and an expiratory reserve of 1450 cc, what is their tidal volume? Page 42 of 62 A. 480 cc D. if 4 only is correct B. 500 cc E. if all of the choices are correct C. 680 cc D. can't be determined 38. The rate of diffusion of gas across the respiratory membrane decreases because of an increased thickness of the wall (relative or actual) in 1. pulmonary edema 35. Which one of the following structures listed would be pierced thirdly by a point of a pin entering the body from the OUTSIDE? 2. pneumonia A. pleural cavity 3. pulmonary fibrosis(more connective tissue in alveolar wall) B. visceral pleura 4. emphysema C. parietal pleura D. alveoli E. chest wall ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct B. if 1, and 3 only are correct 36. The largest concentration of carbon dioxide, carried in the form of buffers like NaHCO3, is found in the: C. if 2 and 4 only are correct D. if 4 only is correct A. plasma E. if all of the choices are correct B. white blood cells C. hemoglobin of the red blood cells D. platelets 39. A rise in the lactic acid content of the blood will have what effect on breathing? A. The respiratory rate increases and the breathing becomes stronger. 37. Oxygen is carried in the blood 1. bound to hemoglobin. 2. bound to albumin. 3. as a solute dissolved in plasma. 4. in combination with inorganic ions. ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct B. The respiratory rate decreases and the breathing becomes shallow and weaker. C. The chemoreceptors are depressed. D. The baroreceptors are depressed. E. The individual gradually loses consciousness. 40. The walls of the alveoli are composed of A. ciliated columnar epithelium. B. simple squamous epithelium. C. stratified squamous epithelium. Page 43 of 62 D. loose connective tissue. 1. The quantity of oxygen in solution in the plasma is: A. about equal to that combined with hemoglobin. C. medulla oblongata. D. hypothalamus E. carotid body. B. a small fraction of that combined with hemoglobin. C. greater than that combined with hemoglobin. D. slightly less than that combined with hemoglobin. 5. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs by 1. active transport mechanisms. 2. diffusion. 2. Rapid forced breathing 1. is called hyperventilation 2. causes a state of alkalosis 3. filtration. 4. osmosis. =============================================== = 3. causes a state of acidosis A. 1 only =============================================== ===== B. 2 only A. 1 only C. 3 only B. 2 only D. 4 only C. 3 only E. 1 and 2 D. 1 and 2 E. 1 and 3 6. Intra thoracic pressure (pressure within the pleural space) A. equals the atmospheric pressure in inspiration. 3. Most of the carbon dioxide is carried in venous blood A. as molecular CO2, dissolved in the plasma. B. is more than atmospheric pressure during inspiration. C. increases when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract. B. combined with hemoglobin, as carbamino-hemoglobin. C. combined with hemoglobin, as oxyhemoglobin. D. As bicarbonate ions in erythrocytes. D. is the difference between the pressure in the pleural cavity and that within the lung alveoli. E. none of the above E. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. 7. The presence of extra atmospheric air in the pleural cavity is called: 4. The center for control of normal respiration is located in the A. spinal cord. B. cerebellum. A. residual air. B. pneumothorax. C. pneumonia. Page 44 of 62 D. pleurisy. 1. The external intercostal muscles relax in normal inspiration E. minimal air. 2. When the lungs expand, the pressure in the alveoli has decreased 8. The factors influencing the diffusion of gas across the respiratory membrane include the 1. membrane thickness. 2. diffusion coefficient of the gas in the substance of the membrane. 3. The diaphragm contracts and forces air out of the lungs, on expiration ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. 1 only 3. surface area of the membrane. B. 2 only 4. difference in partial pressures across the membrane. C. 3 only ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------- D. All of the above E. None of the above A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct D. if 4 only is correct E. if all of the choices are correct 11. An individual has a respiratory rate of 18, a vital capacity of 5.5 liters, an expiratory reserve of 900 cc, and a minute respiratory volume of 9.4 liters. What is his inspiratory reserve? A. 281 cc B. 3000 or 3.0 liters cc C. 3500 c 9. Blood loses ALL of its oxygen during passage through 1. the systemic capillaries D. 16.0 liters E. 4.1 liters 2. the pulmonary capillaries 3. the alveoli -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. All of the above E. None of the above 12. The walls of the alveoli 1. are composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium. 2. are very thin. 3. contain several layers of smooth muscle. 4. contain some secretory cells. ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct 10. Regarding the breathing process, which of the following is/are true? B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct Page 45 of 62 D. if 4 only is correct A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct E. if all of the choices are correct B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct 13. The alveoli tend to get reduced in size because of 1. their elasticity. D. if 4 only is correct E. if all of the choices are correct 2. their compliance. 3. the surface tension of fluid in the alveoli. 16. Which "reflex" takes precedence as food and air move toward the pharynx? 4. the negative Intra pleural pressure. A. Swallowing reflex ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct B. Breathing reflex C. They both occur simultaneously B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct 17. The trachea D. if 4 only is correct 1. is located in the mediastinum. E. if all of the choices are correct 2. is reinforced by 15 to 20 circular cartilages. 3. is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. 14. If someone was choking on a large piece of meat, she could get 4. bifurcates at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra to form the primary bronchi. A. asphyxia. B. hyperventilation. ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------- C. atelectasis. A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct D. a cough. B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct 15, Constriction of the smooth muscles in the bronchioles 1. occurs during asthma attacks. D. if 4 only is correct E. if all of the choices are correct 2. restricts the exchange of air in the lungs. 3. can cause suffocation. 4. causes dyspnea. ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------- 18. As CO2 passes from the plasma to the alveolar air, which is the third structure it passes? A. Surfactant layer B. Alveolar epithelial cells Page 46 of 62 C. Capillary basement membrane C. are the openings of the nose to the outside. D. Capillary endothelial cells D. interrupt the air flow, causing it to swirl. E. alveolar basement membrane E. are the seat of olfaction. 19. During the "chloride shift" in the blood, A. anions move into the red blood cell to replace the loss of bicarbonate ions. B. chloride ions combine with sodium hydroxide to form free sodium ions in the red blood cell. 23. The volume of the sound produced by the vocal cords is related to A. the length of the vocal cords. B. the frequency of the vibrations. C. the amplitude of the vibrations. C. both A and B D. the thickness of the thyroid cartilage. D. neither A nor B E. the size of the glottis. 20. About one-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in the blood as 24. In chronic smoking, A. CO2 dissolved in blood A. the lungs become clogged with mucus B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin B. ciliary removal of foreign debris is decreased C. bicarbonate ions C. coughing from irritation of the carina of the trachea is persistent D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins D. cancer is a fairly common outcome E. C6H12O6(glucose) E. all of the above 21. The chloride shift refers to: A. The movement of chloride ions into red blood cells following loss of bicarbonate ions from these cells. 25. The least important influence on regulation of respiration is the ? level of the arterial blood reaching the medulla oblongata. A. hydrogen ion B the exchange of chloride for carbon dioxide that occurs between red blood cells and plasma at the pulmonary capillary bed C. both A and B D. Neither A nor B 22. The nasal conchae A. divide the nose into a right and left chamber. B. form the floor of the nasal cavity. B. carbon dioxide C. oxygen D. nitrogen 26. Rhythmicity of breathing involves the: A. cyclic action of the inspiratory center B. influence of the apneustic center Page 47 of 62 C. influence of the pneumotaxic center C. the entry of food materials into cells D. hering-breuer reflex D. the act of breathing itself E. all of the above E. all of the above 27. About two-thirds of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in the blood a 31. Hyperventilation produces which one of the following conditions in the blood? A. CO2 dissolved in blood A. increase in hydrogen ion concentration B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin B. increase in carbon dioxide concentration C. bicarbonate ions C. increase in alkalinity D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins D. decrease in acidity level E. C6H1206 E. both C and D 28. Chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries are influenced by: 32. The following 7 questions are in order: Carbon dioxide is always highest in cells because A. H+ A. that's where it is produced B. CO2 B. that's where it is needed the most C. acidity C. it combines with water to form carbonic acid D. all of the preceding D. its least concentrated in the external atmosphere E. none of the above 29. Most of the carbon dioxide transported through the circulatory system is actually chemically attached to: A. bicarbonate ion in either the red blood cell or in plasma 33. CO2 easily diffuse into the plasma of the blood because: B. reduced hemoglobin within the red blood cell A. it has a high co-efficient of diffusion in respiratory membrane C. the surface of the red blood cell D. albumin and occasionally the alpha globulins of the plasma B. it usually has a high concentration gradient between the cells and the plasma C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 30. Which of the following could best be termed "cellular respiration"? A. the passage of gasses in and out of the lung alveoli B. utilization of oxygen by a liver cell with the release of energy 34. Once in the red blood cells, carbon dioxide combines with ? to form carbonic acid A. carbonic anhydrase Page 48 of 62 B. water C. more CO2 cell. This then decomposes to ? , which then diffuse into the plasma and ultimately across the respiratory membrane to the alveoli. D. oxygen A. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions E. hydrogen ions B. oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin C. water and carbon dioxide 35. Upon ionization of carbonic acid ? diffuses into the plasma where it combines with sodium to form ? D. sodium and potassium chloride A. hydrogen; sodium globinate B. oxygen; sodium oxalate 39. Which one of the following items does not significantly affect the oxygen saturation of arterial blood? C. bicarbonate; sodium bicarbonate A. partial pressure of O2 D. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin B. partial pressure of CO2 E. potassium; sodium hypochloride C. amount of hemoglobin in the blood D. PH of blood 36. Next, the hydrogen ions from carbonic acid combine with hemoglobin to form reduced hemoglobin; the latter thus becomes: A. dissociated B. a hydrogen buffer C a plasma salt D. an oxygen carrier E. all of the above E. partial pressure of nitrogen 40. After hyperventilating for several seconds, a person experiences a short period of apnea (lack of breathing) because: A. the level of oxygen has increased and inhibits the inspiratory center B. the oxygen in the lungs has not had time to diffuse into the blood C. the PH would drop and inhibit inspiration 37. Since sodium had to become detached from sodium chloride to combine with HCO3)3, ? ions were left in the plasma. These are then attracted to the inside of the red blood cells by the ? that exists there A. bicarbonate; positivity of ions D. the level of carbon dioxide would drop below the level necessary to stimulate the inspiratory center E. the short, quick respirations would upset the timing of the apneustic center, resulting in a temporary lack of action potentials to the inspiratory center B. chlorides; deficiency of negative ions C. both A and B RESPIRATION-5 ANSWERS D. neither A nor B 1. The quantity of oxygen in solution in the plasma is: 38. As the red blood cells follow the flow of blood toward the pulmonary circulation, carbonic acid is again reformed in the A. about equal to that combined with hemoglobin. Page 49 of 62 B. a small fraction of that combined with hemoglobin. C. greater than that combined with hemoglobin. D. slightly less than that combined with hemoglobin. 5. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs by 1. active transport mechanisms. 2. diffusion. 2. Rapid forced breathing 1. is called hyperventilation 2. causes a state of alkalosis 3. filtration. 4. osmosis. =============================================== = 3. causes a state of acidosis A. 1 only =============================================== ===== B. 2 only A. 1 only C. 3 only B. 2 only D. 4 only C. 3 only E. 1 and 2 D. 1 and 2 E. 1 and 3 6. Intra thoracic pressure (pressure within the pleural space) A. equals the atmospheric pressure in inspiration. 3. Most of the carbon dioxide is carried in venous blood A. as molecular CO2, dissolved in the plasma. B. is more than atmospheric pressure during inspiration. C. increases when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract. B. combined with hemoglobin, as carbamino-hemoglobin. C. combined with hemoglobin, as oxyhemoglobin. D. As bicarbonate ions in erythrocytes. D. is the difference between the pressure in the pleural cavity and that within the lung alveoli. E. none of the above E. as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. 7. The presence of extra atmospheric air in the pleural cavity is called: 4. The center for control of normal respiration is located in the A. spinal cord. B. cerebellum. C. medulla oblongata. D. hypothalamus E. carotid body. A. residual air. B. pneumothorax. C. pneumonia. D. pleurisy. E. minimal air. Page 50 of 62 8. The factors influencing the diffusion of gas across the respiratory membrane include the 1. membrane thickness. 2. diffusion coefficient of the gas in the substance of the membrane. 3. The diaphragm contracts and forces air out of the lungs, on expiration ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. 1 only 3. surface area of the membrane. B. 2 only 4. difference in partial pressures across the membrane. C. 3 only ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------- D. All of the above E. None of the above A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct 11. An individual has a respiratory rate of 18, a vital capacity of 5.5 liters, an expiratory reserve of 900 cc, and a minute respiratory volume of 9.4 liters. What is his inspiratory reserve? D. if 4 only is correct A. 281 cc E. if all of the choices are correct B. 3000 or 3.0 liters cc C. 3500 c 9. Blood loses ALL of its oxygen during passage through D. 16.0 liters 1. the systemic capillaries E. 4.1 liters 2. the pulmonary capillaries 3. the alveoli 12. The walls of the alveoli -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1. are composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium. A. 1 only 2. are very thin. B. 2 only 3. contain several layers of smooth muscle. C. 3 only 4. contain some secretory cells. D. All of the above E. None of the above ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct 10. Regarding the breathing process, which of the following is/are true? B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct 1. The external intercostal muscles relax in normal inspiration 2. When the lungs expand, the pressure in the alveoli has decreased D. if 4 only is correct E. if all of the choices are correct Page 51 of 62 C. if 2 and 4 only are correct 13. The alveoli tend to get reduced in size because of 1. their elasticity. D. if 4 only is correct E. if all of the choices are correct 2. their compliance. 3. the surface tension of fluid in the alveoli. 16. Which "reflex" takes precedence as food and air move toward the pharynx? 4. the negative Intra pleural pressure. A. Swallowing reflex ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct B. Breathing reflex C. They both occur simultaneously B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct 17. The trachea D. if 4 only is correct 1. is located in the mediastinum. E. if all of the choices are correct 2. is reinforced by 15 to 20 circular cartilages. 3. is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. 14. If someone was choking on a large piece of meat, she could get 4. bifurcates at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra to form the primary bronchi. A. asphyxia. B. hyperventilation. ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------- C. atelectasis. A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct D. a cough. B. if 1, and 3 only are correct C. if 2 and 4 only are correct 15, Constriction of the smooth muscles in the bronchioles 1. occurs during asthma attacks. D. if 4 only is correct E. if all of the choices are correct 2. restricts the exchange of air in the lungs. 3. can cause suffocation. 4. causes dyspnea. ----------CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING LETTERS------------------------------- 18. As CO2 passes from the plasma to the alveolar air, which is the third structure it passes? A. Surfactant layer B. Alveolar epithelial cells A. if 1, 2, and 3 only are correct C. Capillary basement membrane B. if 1, and 3 only are correct D. Capillary endothelial cells Page 52 of 62 E. alveolar basement membrane 19. During the "chloride shift" in the blood, A. anions move into the red blood cell to replace the loss of bicarbonate ions. B. chloride ions combine with sodium hydroxide to form free sodium ions in the red blood cell. E. are the seat of olfaction. 23. The volume of the sound produced by the vocal cords is related to A. the length of the vocal cords. B. the frequency of the vibrations. C. the amplitude of the vibrations. C. both A and B D. the thickness of the thyroid cartilage. D. neither A nor B E. the size of the glottis. 20. About one-third of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in the blood as 24. In chronic smoking, A. CO2 dissolved in blood A. the lungs become clogged with mucus B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin B. ciliary removal of foreign debris is decreased C. bicarbonate ions C. coughing from irritation of the carina of the trachea is persistent D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins D. cancer is a fairly common outcome E. C6H12O6(glucose) E. all of the above 21. The chloride shift refers to: A. The movement of chloride ions into red blood cells following loss of bicarbonate ions from these cells. B the exchange of chloride for carbon dioxide that occurs between red blood cells and plasma at the pulmonary capillary bed 25.The least important influence on regulation of respiration is the ? level of the arterial blood reaching the medulla oblongata. A. hydrogen ion B. carbon dioxide C. both A and B C. oxygen D. Neither A nor B D. nitrogen 22. The nasal conchae 26.Rhythmicity of breathing involves the: A. divide the nose into a right and left chamber. A. cyclic action of the inspiratory center B. form the floor of the nasal cavity. B. influence of the apneustic center C. are the openings of the nose to the outside. C. influence of the pneumotaxic center D. interrupt the air flow, causing it to swirl. D. hering-breuer reflex Page 53 of 62 E. all of the above 27.About two-thirds of the CO2 produced by the cells travels in the blood a E. all of the above 31.Hyperventilation produces which one of the following conditions in the blood? A. CO2 dissolved in blood A. increase in hydrogen ion concentration B. CO2 bound to hemoglobin B. increase in carbon dioxide concentration C. bicarbonate ions C. increase in alkalinity D. CO2 bound to plasma proteins D. decrease in acidity level E. C6H1206 E. both C and D 28.Chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries are influenced by: 32.The following 7 questions are in order: Carbon dioxide is always highest in cells because A. H+ A. that's where it is produced B. CO2 B. that's where it is needed the most C. acidity C. it combines with water to form carbonic acid D. all of the preceding D. its least concentrated in the external atmosphere E. none of the above 29.Most of the carbon dioxide transported through the circulatory system is actually chemically attached to: A. bicarbonate ion in either the red blood cell or in plasma B. reduced hemoglobin within the red blood cell C. the surface of the red blood cell D. albumin and occasionally the alpha globulins of the plasma 33.CO2 easily diffuse into the plasma of the blood because: A. it has a high co-efficient of diffusion in respiratory membrane B. it usually has a high concentration gradient between the cells and the plasma C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 30.Which of the following could best be termed "cellular respiration"? A. the passage of gasses in and out of the lung alveoli B. utilization of oxygen by a liver cell with the release of energy C. the entry of food materials into cells D. the act of breathing itself 34.Once in the red blood cells, carbon dioxide combines with ? to form carbonic acid A. carbonic anhydrase B. water C. more CO2 Page 54 of 62 D. oxygen A. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions E. hydrogen ions B. oxyhemoglobin and reduced hemoglobin C. water and carbon dioxide 35.Upon ionization of carbonic acid ? diffuses into the plasma where it combines with sodium to form ? D. sodium and potassium chloride A. hydrogen; sodium globinate B. oxygen; sodium oxalate 39.Which one of the following items does not significantly affect the oxygen saturation of arterial blood? C. bicarbonate; sodium bicarbonate A. partial pressure of O2 D. hemoglobin; oxyhemoglobin B. partial pressure of CO2 E. potassium; sodium hypochloride C. amount of hemoglobin in the blood D. PH of blood 36.Next, the hydrogen ions from carbonic acid combine with hemoglobin to form reduced hemoglobin; the latter thus becomes: A. dissociated B. a hydrogen buffer C a plasma salt E. partial pressure of nitrogen 40.After hyperventilating for several seconds, a person experiences a short period of apnea (lack of breathing) because: A. the level of oxygen has increased and inhibits the inspiratory center D. an oxygen carrier E. all of the above B. the oxygen in the lungs has not had time to diffuse into the blood C. the PH would drop and inhibit inspiration 37.Since sodium had to become detached from sodium chloride to combine with HCO3)3, ? ions were left in the plasma. These are then attracted to the inside of the red blood cells by the ? that exists there A. bicarbonate; positivity of ions B. chlorides; deficiency of negative ions C. both A and B D. neither A nor B D. the level of carbon dioxide would drop below the level necessary to stimulate the inspiratory center E. the short, quick respirations would upset the timing of the apneustic center, resulting in a temporary lack of action potentials to the inspiratory center 1. One of the principal functions of the paranasal sinuses is to: A. help relieve ocular pressure B. store infectionary sinus drip C. lighten the bones of the skull 38.As the red blood cells follow the flow of blood toward the pulmonary circulation, carbonic acid is again reformed in the cell. This then decomposes to ? , which then diffuse into the plasma and ultimately across the respiratory membrane to the alveoli. D. help store clotting agents for broken vessels E. immediately absorb blood from broken vessels Page 55 of 62 2. The "pitch" of vocal sounds is controlled by changing the: A. tidal volume A. Force of air movement through the pharynx and mouth B. residual volume B. tension on the vocal cords C. vital capacity C. size of the laryngeal cartilages D. inspiratory reserve D. shape of the laryngeal cartilages E. expiratory reserve E. all of the above 7. It is now known that ? produces the "surface active agent" in the alveoli of the lungs 3. If a person were to accidentally swallow a tiny, bee bee-size bone and it traveled down his/her lower respiratory tract, into which structure would it most likely enter? A. the alveolar macrophage B. dust cells in the alveolus A. right lung C. the type II cells in the alveolus B. left lung D. the plasma cell C. mediastinal lung E. oxygenated red blood cell D. esophagus 8. If the volume of an area increases, then its: 4. The ? arteries are nutrient arteries and play no part in oxygenization of the blood. A space will decrease in size A. pulmonary B. pressure will decrease B. coronary C. velocity will increase C. parenchymal D. blood flow will be reduced D. bronchial E. none of the above 5. It is said that the "tracheal cartilages are open in the back" This really means that: A. there is smooth muscle enveloping the entire trachea, including the open part of the cartilages B. the esophagus can bulge into the back of the trachea C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 6. Of the following, the largest pulmonary volume is the 9. Inspiration is accomplished by: A. contraction of diaphragm B. elastic recoil of chest C. contraction of external intercostal muscles D. contraction of lungs E. A and C only 10. During normal, quiet expirations Page 56 of 62 A. the internal intercostal pull the rib cage downward D. neither A nor B B. the inspiratory muscles are relaxed C. the thoracic cavity volume gradually increases 14. The partial pressure of oxygen is: D. A and B only A. about 100 mm in venous blood E. A and C only B. about 40 mm in arterial blood C. about 100 mm in the interstitial space 11. By chemically combining with available oxygen from the lungs, hemoglobin D. about 40 mm in the alveoli E. slightly less than 100 mm in the pulmonary veins A. causes the breakdown of carbaminohemoglobin B. maximizes the acidifying effects of carbonic acid 15. The reaction— C. causes oxygen to be moved at both greater speed and greater volume through the tissues D. greatly increases the carrying capacity of oxygen and makes it readily available to the tissues E. increases the partial pressure of oxygen while decreasing it solubility "Glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water, heat and energy" is know as A. breathing B. external respiration C. cellular respiration 12. Blood in the pulmonary artery is A. bright red in color because it has a high oxygen contraction B. dark red in color because of its low oxygen concentration C. dark red in color because of its high carbon dioxide concentration D. internal respiration E. all of the above 16. Respiration involves two phases: the first, ? , involves exchange of gases between the blood and air. The second, ? , involves exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells A. inhalation; exhalation D. bright red because it has a low carbon dioxide concentration B. inspiration: expiration E. the color is red for none of the above reasons C. external; cellular D. external; internal 13. The term "respiration" is best described as: A. the metabolic reaction of oxygen with carbohydrate or other organic molecules producing energy and waste products E. internal; external 17. What are the correct products when carbonic acid dissociates in the red blood cells B. the exchange of gas between the cells of an organism and the external environment A. carbonic acid and water C. both A and B B. reduced hemoglobin and potassium bicarbonate Page 57 of 62 C. sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride B. 755 mmHg D. carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide C. 253 mmHg E. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions D. 114 mmHg E. 3800 mmHg 18. Since atmospheric air is 20.9% oxygen, and since the barometric pressure at 10,000 feet is 523 mm of hg, the partial pressure of oxygen at the elevation in the inspired air is ? mm of hg A. 25 B. 159 C. 109 22. If the chest wall is perforated: A. the lung will tend to be forced out through the wound. B. the lung on that side will collapse. C. breathing will be largely unaffected, because of the large reserve capacity of the abdominal respiratory muscles. D. 523 D. pleurisy results immediately. E. 2502 E. the respiratory rate slows drastically. 19. In order for hypoxia to be a stimulus for respiration, its level in the blood must reach a partial pressure of at least ? mm hg. A. 150 B. 100 C. 90 D. 80 E. 40 to 50 20. The breathing rate is accelerated by: 23. The carotid chemoreceptors are stimulated by: A. an increase in Po2. B. an increase in Pco2. C. an increase in blood Ph. D. All of the above E. a and c only 24. Restful (quiet) breathing involves active skeletal muscle contraction in: A. a small decrease in blood oxygen levels A. expiration. B. a decrease in blood CO2 B. inspiration. C. an increase in blood CO2 C. Both D. an increase in blood O2 and a decrease of CO2 D. Neither 21. Assume that alveolar air has an oxygen content of 15% and a CO2 content of 5%. Total alveolar pressure is equivalent to 760 mm Hg. What is the PCO2? A. 38 mmHg 25. Hyperventilation leads to: A. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate and an increase in blood pH. Page 58 of 62 B. an increase in plasma bicarbonate and a decrease in blood pH. D. All of the above C. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate and a decrease in blood pH. 29. The blood concentration of oxygen would be: D. an increase in plasma bicarbonate and an increase in blood pH. A. higher in the pulmonary artery than in the pulmonary vein B. higher in the pulmonary vein than in the pulmonary artery 26. Respiratory acidosis can result from + 1. too much H in the blood C. the same in the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein + 2. too little H in the blood 3. reduced breathing rate 4. increased breathing rate ================================== 30. A patient has a blood pH of 7.5 (normal is 7.4), a resting respiratory rate of 10 (normal is 15), and an arterial Po2 of 92 (normal is 100). Name one possible cause which might yield levels noted in this patient. A. Respiratory acidosis A. 1 and 3 B. Respiratory alkalosis B. 2 and 4 C. Metabolic acidosis C. 1 and 4 D. Metabolic alkalosis D. 2 and 3 RESPIRATION-6 ANSWERS 27. The presence of atmospheric air in the pleural cavity is called: 1. One of the principal functions of the paranasal sinuses is to: A. residual air. A. help relieve ocular pressure B. pneumothorax. B. store infectionary sinus drip C. pneumonia. C. lighten the bones of the skull D. pleurisy. D. help store clotting agents for broken vessels E. minimal air. E. immediately absorb blood from broken vessels 28. Respiratory disease frequently leads to: 2. The "pitch" of vocal sounds is controlled by changing the: A. an increase in the vital capacity . A. Force of air movement through the pharynx and mouth B. a decrease in the residual volume. B. tension on the vocal cords C. a decrease in the alveolar/pulmonary capillary gas exchange. C. size of the laryngeal cartilages Page 59 of 62 D. shape of the laryngeal cartilages E. expiratory reserve E. all of the above 7. It is now known that ? produces the "surface active agent" in the alveoli of the lungs 3. If a person were to accidentally swallow a tiny, bee bee-size bone and it traveled down his/her lower respiratory tract, into which structure would it most likely enter? A. the alveolar macrophage B. dust cells in the alveolus A. right lung C. the type II cells in the alveolus B. left lung D. the plasma cell C. mediastinal lung E. oxygenated red blood cell D. esophagus 8. If the volume of an area increases, then its: 4. The ? arteries are nutrient arteries and play no part in oxygenization of the blood. A space will decrease in size A. pulmonary B. pressure will decrease B. coronary C. velocity will increase C. parenchymal D. blood flow will be reduced D. bronchial E. none of the above 5. It is said that the "tracheal cartilages are open in the back" This really means that: A. there is smooth muscle enveloping the entire trachea, including the open part of the cartilages B. the esophagus can bulge into the back of the trachea C. both A and B D. neither A nor B 6. Of the following, the largest pulmonary volume is the A. tidal volume B. residual volume C. vital capacity D. inspiratory reserve 9. Inspiration is accomplished by: A. contraction of diaphragm B. elastic recoil of chest C. contraction of external intercostal muscles D. contraction of lungs E. A and C only 10.During normal, quiet expirations A. the internal intercostal pull the rib cage downward B. the inspiratory muscles are relaxed C. the thoracic cavity volume gradually increases D. A and B only Page 60 of 62 E. A and C only B. about 40 mm in arterial blood C. about 100 mm in the interstitial space 11.By chemically combining with available oxygen from the lungs, hemoglobin D. about 40 mm in the alveoli E. slightly less than 100 mm in the pulmonary veins A. causes the breakdown of carbaminohemoglobin B. maximizes the acidifying effects of carbonic acid 15.The reaction— C. causes oxygen to be moved at both greater speed and greater volume through the tissues D. greatly increases the carrying capacity of oxygen and makes it readily available to the tissues E. increases the partial pressure of oxygen while decreasing it solubility "Glucose + oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water, heat and energy" is know as A. breathing B. external respiration C. cellular respiration 12.Blood in the pulmonary artery is A. bright red in color because it has a high oxygen contraction B. dark red in color because of its low oxygen concentration C. dark red in color because of its high carbon dioxide concentration D. bright red because it has a low carbon dioxide concentration E. the color is red for none of the above reasons D. internal respiration E. all of the above 16.Respiration involves two phases: the first, ? , involves exchange of gases between the blood and air. The second, ? , involves exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells A. inhalation; exhalation B. inspiration: expiration C. external; cellular D. external; internal 13.The term "respiration" is best described as: E. internal; external A. the metabolic reaction of oxygen with carbohydrate or other organic molecules producing energy and waste products B. the exchange of gas between the cells of an organism and the external environment 17.What are the correct products when carbonic acid dissociates in the red blood cells A. carbonic acid and water C. both A and B B. reduced hemoglobin and potassium bicarbonate D. neither A nor B C. sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride D. carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide 14.The partial pressure of oxygen is: E. hydrogen and bicarbonate ions A. about 100 mm in venous blood Page 61 of 62 E. 3800 mmHg 18.Since atmospheric air is 20.9% oxygen, and since the barometric pressure at 10,000 feet is 523 mm of hg, the partial pressure of oxygen at the elevation in the inspired air is ? mm of hg A. 25 B. 159 C. 109 22. If the chest wall is perforated: A. the lung will tend to be forced out through the wound. B. the lung on that side will collapse. C. breathing will be largely unaffected, because of the large reserve capacity of the abdominal respiratory muscles. D. 523 D. pleurisy results immediately. E. 2502 E. the respiratory rate slows drastically. 19.In order for hypoxia to be a stimulus for respiration, its level in the blood must reach a partial pressure of at least mm hg. A. 150 B. 100 C. 90 D. 80 23.The carotid chemoreceptors are stimulated by: A. an increase in Po2. B. an increase in Pco2. C. an increase in blood Ph. D. All of the above E. a and c only E. 40 to 50 20.The breathing rate is accelerated by: A. a small decrease in blood oxygen levels B. a decrease in blood CO2 C. an increase in blood CO2 D. an increase in blood O2 and a decrease of CO2 21.Assume that alveolar air has an oxygen content of 15% and alveolar pressure is equivalent a CO2 content of 5%. Total to 760 mm Hg. What is the PCO2? A. 38 mmHg B. 755 mmHg C. 253 mmHg D. 114 mmHg 24.Restful (quiet) breathing involves active skeletal muscle contraction in: A. expiration. B. inspiration. C. Both D. Neither 25.Hyperventilation leads to: A. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate and an increase in blood pH. B. an increase in plasma bicarbonate and a decrease in blood pH. C. a decrease in plasma bicarbonate and a decrease in blood pH. Page 62 of 62 D. an increase in plasma bicarbonate and an increase in blood pH. B. higher in the pulmonary vein than in the pulmonary artery C. the same in the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein 26.Respiratory acidosis can result from + 1. too much H in the blood 2. too little H+ in the blood 3. reduced breathing rate 4. increased breathing rate ================================== A. 1 and 3 B. 2 and 4 C. 1 and 4 D. 2 and 3 27.The presence of atmospheric air in the pleural cavity is called: A. residual air. B. pneumothorax. C. pneumonia. D. pleurisy. E. minimal air. 28.Respiratory disease frequently leads to: A. an increase in the vital capacity . B. a decrease in the residual volume. C. a decrease in the alveolar/pulmonary capillary gas exchange. D. All of the above 29.The blood concentration of oxygen would be: A. higher in the pulmonary artery than in the pulmonary vein 30.A patient has a blood pH of 7.5 (normal is 7.4), a resting respiratory rate of 10 (normal is 15), and an arterial Po2 of 92 (normal is 100). Name one possible cause which might yield levels noted in this patient. A. Respiratory acidosis B. Respiratory alkalosis C. Metabolic acidosis D. Metabolic alkalosis