Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Core Concepts Part 1 Tools of Geography Several Maijuna people study a map. A Peruvian toucan overlooks mountains and rain forest. The Maijuna live in a rain forest area. 2 Jason Young Story by Miles Lemaire for myWorld T here were a number of things that took some getting used to for Jason Young when he first traveled to Peru. There was no electricity in the village where he was living, which meant that there was no place to charge his cell phone. The same was true for his computer, which he could not use much since there was no Internet connection. He was alone in a foreign country, eating food that the hunters of the village provided for him. He ate toucan and piranha. “It is an entirely different world,” Jason says. “The people there are living off the rainforest, so they go hunting and whatever they catch is what I eat.” Nothing about this place on the edge of the Amazon jungle felt like home to Jason. However, it was home to the people of the Maijuna (mai HU na) tribe and he was going to help them prove it. According to Jason, the Maijuna “do not own the land where they live, and it is being threatened by things like logging. The Peruvian government wants to construct a road right through some of their traditional territory.” Fortunately, there is a way for the Maijuna to keep their land if they can prove their ownership of it. To do this, they need accurate maps of the area. That is where Jason comes in. Jason studies geography, which deals with the human and nonhuman features of Earth. Using his geography skills, he has created maps to help the Maijuna prove their case. He used a GPS device, which uses satellites to locate places on Earth’s surface. Jason says, “I went down there and worked with them for four months over different field seasons. I worked with them to do what is called participatory mapping. It is where you have them draw what they believe is their territory on their traditional land. You use that to go out with a GPS unit and collect [data] points from each of the different spots. I actually took video interviews of them talking about the history of the spots that we went to.” Maijuna people took pictures of the spots, and Jason is working on putting them online in an interactive map. Eventually, users will be able to click on traditional sites to view videos or pictures. “We are hoping to use that mostly as a teaching tool for safeguarding the Maijuna’s traditions, as well as using it as a tool with which to speak to the government.” Jason’s involvement with the Maijuna came to an end in 2009. Still, his bond with the Maijuna is so strong that he wants to revisit his new friends as often as he can. He feels that he has learned a lot from his experience. “The level of poverty opened my eyes to how privileged I have been and how much potential I have to give back to the world,” Jason says. 3 Core Concepts Part 1 Tools of Geography Maijuna men use a GPS device. Core Concepts 1.1 Geography: The Study of Earth Key Ideas tGeographers use directions to help locate points on Earth’s surface. tGeographers have drawn imaginary lines around Earth, dividing it into parts to help pinpoint locations. Key Terms t geography t degree t cardinal direction t hemisphere G t sphere t longitude t latitude eography is the study of the human and nonhuman features of Earth, our home. Geographers try to answer two basic questions: Where are things located? Why are they there? To answer these questions, geographers study oceans, plant life, landforms, countries, and cities. Geographers also study how Earth and its people affect each other. Directions In order to study Earth, geographers need to measure it and locate points on its surface. One way to do this is with directions. Geographers use both cardinal and intermediate directions. The cardinal directions are north, east, south, and west. Intermediate directions lie between the cardinal directions. For example, northwest is halfway between north and west. Latitude Earth is an almost perfect sphere (sfeer), or round-shaped body. Geographers have drawn imaginary lines around Earth to help locate places on its surface. One of these is the Equator, a line drawn around Earth halfway between the North and South Poles. The Equator is also known as the 0-degree (0°) latitude line. Latitude is the distance north or south of the Equator. It is measured in degrees. Degrees are units that measure angles. Minutes (') measure smaller units. On this map, lines are drawn every 20° of latitude. Lines of latitude form east-west circles around the globe. Lines of latitude are also called parallels, because they are parallel to one another. That means they never cross. 4 North Pole 60° N 40° N Northern Hemisphere 20° N EQUATOR 0° 20° S Southern Hemisphere 40° S 60° S South Pole Core Concepts Part 1 The Equator divides Earth in half. Each half of Earth is called a hemisphere. The half of Earth north of the Equator is known as the Northern Hemisphere. The half of Earth south of the Equator is the Southern Hemisphere. Longitude 90° N Greenwich, England PRIME MERIDIAN 20° E 40° E 60° E Eastern Hemisphere Latitude and longitude form a global grid. You can describe the location of any point on Earth’s surface using degrees of longitude and latitude. For example, Greenwich, England, is located at 0° longitude and about 51°29’ north latitude. 40° N 20° E 0° 40° E 60° E 0 PRIME MERIDIAN 20° W EQUATOR 0° The Global Grid 20° 40° W 60° W 40° W 20° W 80° N 60° N 60° W Western Hemisphere Lesson 1 Geographers have also drawn imaginary north-south lines that run between the North Pole and the South Pole on Earth’s surface. One of these lines is the Prime Meridian, which passes through Greenwich, England. The Prime Meridian and the other north-south lines measure longitude, or the distance in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian. Lines of longitude are also called meridians. The half of Earth east of the Prime Meridian is known as the Eastern Hemisphere. The half of Earth west of the Prime Meridian is the Western Hemisphere. 20° Assessment 1. What do geographers study? 40° S 2. Based on the diagrams shown here, in which two hemispheres do you live? 60° S 90° S 80° S 5 1st St NW Core Concepts 1.2 Av e St Yo rk 7th tUsing five themes can help you make sense of geography. NW Ne w Key Ideas NW Geography’s Five Themes tThe theme of location is used to describe where a place is found, while the other themes describe features of a place. e NW NW tts Av t relative location t place t region chuse Massa t human-environment interaction Av e Key Terms t absolute location t movement Yo r k G Ne w eographers use five different themes, or ways of thinking. These themes are location, place, region, movement, and human-environment interaction. They can help answer the geographer’s two basic questions: Where are things located? Why are they there? You can see how the five themes work by looking at the example of our nation’s capital, Washington, D.C. Place Geographers also study place. Place refers to the mix of human and nonhuman features at a given location. For example, you might talk about how many people live in a place and the kinds of work they do. You might mention that a place is hilly or that it has a wet climate. As a place, Washington, D.C., is on the Potomac River. It has a humid climate with cool winters and hot summers. It is a major city and the center of government for the United States. 6 hS tN W iles 1.5 m White House 14t hS 17t Location Geographers begin to study a place by finding where it is, or its location. There are two ways to talk about location. Absolute location describes a place’s exact position on Earth in terms of longitude and latitude. Using degrees of longitude and latitude, you can pinpoint any spot on Earth. For example, the absolute location of the center of Washington, D.C., is at the intersection of the 38°54’ north latitude line and the 77°2’ west longitude line. Relative location, or the location of a place relative to another place, is another way to describe location. For example, you can say that Washington, D.C, is about 200 miles southwest of New York City. 12t hS W Washington Monument tN W NW tio itu st on ve nA tN C Ti d al B a sin SW ve A nce de en p e Ind Lincoln Memorial Lincoln Memorial 6th to Frederick NE 270 495 267 McLean 495 66 1 95 495 ve r 50 Landover Washington Maryland 395 Virginia Springfield 295 95 495 4 Oxon Hill 1 0 to Richmond 0 5 mi 5 km SW 395 Geographers use the theme of region to group places that have something in common. A region is an area with at least one unifying physical or human feature such as climate, landforms, population, or history. Washington, D.C., is part of a region called the Washington Metropolitan Area, which includes the city of Washington and its suburbs. This region shares a job market and a road and rail network. New technology, such as highspeed railroads, may give places new unifying features and connections. This can change the way people see regions. Movement Wa shin g ton Chan nel Jefferson Memorial The theme of movement explores how people, goods, and ideas get from one place to another. A daily movement of trucks and trains supplies the people of Washington with food, fuel, and other basic goods. Human-Environment Interaction Potomac Riv e r The theme of human-environment interaction considers how people affect their environment, or their natural surroundings, and how their environment affects them. The movement of water from the Potomac River into Washington’s water system is an example of humanenvironment interaction. Assessment 1. What are the five themes of geography? 2. What is the difference between your hometown’s location and your hometown as a place? 7 Lesson 2 e Av nce College Park Region e nd pe e Ind W Ave N Silver Spring District of Ri Columbia Alexandria 95 ania 495 29 Annandale 495 sylv Penn 295 Arlington 50 Capitol Building (38°54‘ N, 77°2‘ W) 95 S Bethesda ch Massa E 29 66 W Ave N usetts W Potomac ac tom Po 2 dS The absolute location of the nCapitol tN Building is 38°54’ N, 77°2’ W. The E N C location of the Capitol Building relative ap ito from the White House. is 1.5 miles l St to Baltimore N Core Concepts Part 1 St Core Concepts 1.3 Ways to Show Earth’s Surface Key Ideas tGlobes, photographs, computer images, and maps are all ways to show and view Earth’s surface. tEach way of showing Earth’s surface has advantages and disadvantages. Key Terms t scale t aerial photograph t satellite image t geographic information system (GIS) t distortion t projection G eographers use a number of different models to represent Earth’s surface. Each model has its own strengths and weaknesses. Globes A globe is a model of Earth with the same round shape as Earth itself. With a globe, geographers can show the continents and oceans of Earth much as they really are. The only difference is the scale, or the area a given space on the map corresponds to in the real world. For example, one inch on a globe might corespond to 600 miles on Earth’s surface. A globe would have to be hundreds of feet high to show the streets of your town. Such a globe would be impossible to carry around. Instead, people use flat maps to help them find their way. Photographs Geographers use photographs as well as maps. Aerial photographs are photographic images of Earth’s surface taken from the air. Satellite images are pictures of Earth’s surface taken from a satellite in orbit. They show Earth’s surface in great detail. However, it can be hard to find specific features, such as roads, on a photograph. For this reason, maps are still the main way to show information about Earth’s surface. Geographic Information Systems An aerial photo taken in Antactica (top) and a satellite image of Antarctica (above). 8 Geographic information systems (GIS) are computer-based systems that store and use information linked to geographic locations. GIS is useful not only to geographers and mapmakers but also to government agencies and businesses. It offers a way to connect information to places. ATLANTIC OCEAN AFRICA SOUTH AMERICA INDIAN ANTARCTICA OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN AUSTRALIA This projection shows the size and shape of Antarctica nearly correctly. The Equal-Area Projection The Mercator Projection An equal-area map shows the correct size of landmasses. However, their shapes are distorted. The Mercator (mur KAYT ur) projection shows correct shapes and directions but not true distances or sizes. Mercator maps make areas near the poles look bigger than they are. Lesson 3 Flat maps and photos have one major problem. Earth is round. A map or photo is flat. Can you flatten an orange peel without stretching or tearing it? There will be sections that are stretched or bent out of shape. Showing Earth on a flat surface always brings some distortion, or loss of accuracy in the size or position of objects on a map. Something is going to look too large, too small, or out of place. To show a flat image of Earth’s round surface, mapmakers have come up with different projections, or ways to map Earth on a flat surface. A few examples show how they differ. Core Concepts Part 1 Map Projections The Robinson Projection The Robinson projection shows nearly the correct size and shape of most land areas. However, even a Robinson projection has distortions, especially in areas around the edges of the map. Assessment 1. How are maps different from globes? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of the three projections in showing Antarctica? 9 Core Concepts 1.4 Understanding Maps Key Ideas tMaps have parts that help you read them. tThough different maps show different things about a place, you can use the same tools to help understand them. Key Terms t key t locator map t scale bar t compass rose L ook at the maps on these two pages. One is a physical map of the state of Colorado. The other is a road map of Colorado. These maps cover the same area but show different kinds of information. Despite their differences, both maps have all of the basic parts that you should find on any map. The map has a title that tells you the subject of the map. 110° 0° W 108° 108 10 08° W 10 106 106° 06° 6° W 104° W Parts of a Map: Map Wyoming Wyom Wyo yomin mPhysical mi ing 102° W KEY 40° N N W Roan Plateau E iver Col o R do ra S S Utah So uth Platte River 40 N 40° Denver This map comes with a locator map. A locator map shows a larger area v Ri n than the main map. It shows where a c bli pu the area on the Re map is located rk within this Folarger area. . Aurora Mount Elbert 14, 4,4 ft (4,399 m) 14,433 O Colorado Springs Kansas N ge Pikes Peak 14,110 ft (4,301 m) U Ran A compass rose is a diagram of a compass showing direction. T San Jua n M S Mountai I N risto C A re de de an ng Sa 38° N Rio Gr ou ta This map uses a grid showing lines of longitude n and latitude that can help you find locations. ns in s 10 Nebraska Fort Collins er State border M K Y tch R O C awa A map’s key explains the symbols and shading on the map. This key shows the shades that correspond to elevations, or different heights. S 3,048 1,829 914 R a n g e Meters F r o n t Feet 10,000 6,000 3,000 ge Park Ran Elevation Pueblo A map’s scale bar shows how much s River Arkansarepresents space on the map a given distance on the land. 0 50 mi m 0 50 km Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection 38°° N Reading a Map Look at the map below. It is a highway map of the state of Colorado. This map looks different from the physical map of Colorado that you have just studied. However, it has the same parts that can help you read it. In fact, you can read most maps using the key, scale bar, and other map tools that you have learned about. Core Concepts Part 1 Find the key on this map. Using the key, can you find the route number of the Interstate highway that connects Denver and Colorado Springs, Colorado? Using the scale bar, estimate the number of miles between these two cities. Using the compass rose, find the direction that you would need to travel from Denver to Colorado Springs. Now you have learned to read a highway map! N Map Key Freeway Urban area U.S. highway 191 109° W 107° W 108° W WYOMING 41° N 105° W . Roosevelt Natl. For. Gree nR Routt Natl. For. 40° N R do U TA H 70 6 34 85 Grand Junction San Isabel Natl. 24 For. 50 nR Black Canyon of the Gunnison Natl. Park Gunnison Natl. For. . Uncompahgre Natl. For. 50 Pike Natl. For. 85 Florissant Fossil Beds Natl. Mon. Rio Grande Natl. For. 160 160 and Rio Gr e 37° N 285 84 160 491 109° W 108° W 107° W 287 70 24 385 40 39° N 40 40 Security-Widefield 287 87 N E W ME X I C O 106° W 385 50 Arkan s as R. 50 50 38° N 287 Great Sand Dunes Natl. Park and Preserve 285 160 385 Colorado Springs San Isabel Natl. For. 160 550 70 40 36 287 50 191 Mesa Verde Natl. Park e R. kare Ari 85 38° N San Juan Natl. For. 36 25 50 550 36 24 Pueblo Canyons of the Ancients Natl. Mon. 40° N 87 Pueblo West 491 34 25 24 285 385 KANSAS R. ores Dol 191 Colorado N.M. i so Gunn 39° N 76 6 6 Centennial Parker Castle Rock 85 Grand Mesa Natl. For. 385 Brighton 285 70 76 hP 6 ut So 76 Westminster Thornton Aurora Arvada 70 DENVER Englewood Co lor a White River Natl. For. Greeley 34 Boulder Broomfield . 138 6 Rocky Mtn. Longmont Natl. Park 36 287 40 102° W 80 41° N 80 25 87 85 Pawnee Natl. Grassland Loveland 34 te R. Whi 103° W NEBRASKA Fort Collins 40 50 mi 50 km 0 104° W Cheyenne S 0 Town, 25,000–100,000 80 287 Dinosaur Natl. Mon. Town, 100,000 or more Greeley 106° W E State capital R. Interstate highway 34 W DENVER Pueblo National park or forest lat te U.S. highway 25 Lesson 4 Parts of a Map: Road Map 350 25 385 Assessment Comanche Natl. Grassland 160 85 1. What can you learn from a scale bar? 287 87 385 to shop in your 2. If you made 160 a map of places 37° N key? area, what might you put in the map’s OKLAHOMA 104° W 103° W 102° W 11 Core Concepts 1.5 Types of Maps Key Ideas tMaps can show many different kinds of information. tPolitical, physical, and special-purpose maps are the main types of maps. Key Terms t physical map t elevation t political map t special-purpose map T he map projections, or ways to represent Earth’s surface, that you have studied can be used to show different things about the area they cover. For example, they might represent the physical landscape, political boundaries, ecosystem zones, or almost any other feature of a place. People use different kinds of maps in different situations. United States: Physical N E W 0 E S Rio G de ran C O IN UN MO Mississip pi R . A S AP T A P L P L ATLANTIC OCEAN KEY Elevation 110° W 20° N TROPIC OF CANCER PACIFIC OCEAN 20° N 160° W Same scale as main map 100° W Feet 10,000 6,000 3,000 1,000 500 Sea level Meters 3,048 1,829 914 305 152 Sea level National border 12 N IAN r er 30° N PACIFIC P OCEAN O i oR Ohi P L A I N S AINS This is a physical map of the United States. It is similar to the physical map of Colorado you have just seen. Physical maps show physical, or natural, features. Study the key and then find the areas of high and low elevation, or height above sea level, on the map. Now look at the compass rose. Are the areas of highest elevation in the eastern or western half of the United States? Find the major rivers on the map. Notice that the rivers flow from areas of higher elevation down to large bodies of water. Red Riv S TA Mi ssi s iv pi R er sip e iv oR d a Color Physical Maps 400 km Conic Equal-Area t Albers L a Projection ke I iver e R iv e r Great Salt Lake 0 ea s iR ak 600 mi 600 km Missour E A T G R Columbia River NT OU Y M 0 0 a Rang e Sn A le utian Islands k las CK Bering Sea Gr A Mt. McKinley 20,320 ft (6,194 m) 400 mi CH CL LA CI R 140° W A IC 160° W RO °N 180° ve r 60 CT A AR 80° W 0 CA N A D A 0 Washington N Wisconsin South Dakota Idaho Mi ch i Minnesota Oregon New Hampshire New Massachusetts York n ga 40° North Dakota Montana PACIFIC OCEAN 400 mi 400 km Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection Vermont Maine Wyoming Political Maps Iowa Nebraska Utah Colorado California Arizona New Mexico 120° W E A R C T I C C IR C L Alaska CANADA N M EX ICO 0 180° 160° W 0 400 mi 400 km E S 20° N 100° W Same scale as main map 90° W ATLANTIC OCEAN Florida W 60° N 160° W Hawaii Rhode Island Connecticut New Jersey Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Lesson 5 Indiana Ohio West Illinois Virginia Virginia Kansas Missouri Kentucky North Carolina Tennessee Oklahoma Arkansas South Carolina Alabama Georgia Mississippi Texas Louisiana Nevada 130° W This is a political map of the United States. Political maps show political units, such as countries or states. They may also show capitals of countries, or centers of govern30° N ment, and other major cities. Study the key and compass rose of this map. Now look at the map. Which state is directly west of Georgia? How many states border Canada? Pennsylvania TROPIC OF R CANCE 80° W United States: Election 2008 N Washington W Montana E Oregon S N South Dakota Idaho Vermont Mi Minnesota ch i Wisconsin Wyoming Nebraska Nevada 130° W Utah PACIFIC OCEAN Arizona 30° N Colorado California New Mexico 120° W AR CT IC C IR CL E Iowa Maine New Hampshire New York Massachusetts n ga 40° North Dakota Pennsylvania Indiana Ohio West Illinois Virginia Virginia Kansas Missouri Kentucky North Carolina Tennessee South Oklahoma Arkansas Carolina Alabama Georgia Mississippi Texas Louisiana Rhode Island Connecticut New Jersey Delaware Maryland District of Columbia ATLANTIC OCEAN KEY McCain Obama Florida Alaska 0 0 180° 60° N 160° W 400 mi Hawaii 20° N 400 km 160° W 140° W Same scale as main map 0 Gulf of Mexico 100° W 90° W C TROPIC OF Special-purpose Maps Maps can show many different kinds of information. Special-purpose maps show the location or distribution of human or physical features. This map shows the results of the 2008 presidential election. A highway map is another kind of special-purpose map. Other special-purpose maps may show a region’s weather patterns or other features. Study this map’s key. Which presidential candidate won your home state in the 2008 election? ANCER 80° W Core Concepts Part 1 United States: Political 200 mi 0 200 km Albers Conic Equal-Area Projection Assessment 1. What are the elements of a physical map? 2. What are the elements of a political map? 13