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359 – 1453 C.E. Constantinople The Division of the Roman Empire In 284 AD Diocletian became Roman emperor. He decided that the huge Roman empire could only be ruled effectively by splitting it into two parts. Constantine In 330 Diocletian’s successor, Constantine In 330 Diocletian’s successor, Constantine, rebuilt the old Greek port of Byzantium, at the entrance to the Black Sea. He renamed it Constantinople and made the city the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. A New Roman Capital Constantinople The Fall of the Western Roman Empire By 395 AD, the Roman Empire was formally divided into two empires: East and West. With the invasion of Germanic tribes from the north, the Western Roman Empire was conquered and further divided. This left the eastern part of the Roman empire to carry on the Greco-Roman tradition. THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE Byzantine Empire At first, this Empire controlled only a small area around the eastern Mediterranean, but during the reign of Justinian (527565), it started to recover much of the territory of the old Roman empire. What was happening then? The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian This map depicts the Empire at the death of Justinian I, who had reigned from 527 to 565 as sole Emperor, sometimes in concert, and sometimes in conflict, with his powerful wife Theodora. The New Rome The Byzantine Empire was wealthy and produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine. It traded these for spices, ivory and precious stones from countries as far away as China and India along the Silk Road trade routes. THE SILK ROAD Justinian and Theodora ● ● Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire Empire reached its greatest size Autocrat – ruler who has complete authority Justinian and Theodora Built Hagia Sophia Rebuilt the Hippodrome ● http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjrnvDn2tcA Hagia Sophia - “Holy Wisdom” Hagia Sophia - today Hagia Sophia – gold plated ceiling Hagia Sophia – gold plated ceiling Same as the Roman Coliseum ● Rebuilt the Hippodrome ● http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjrnvDn2tcA Hippodrome The Nika Riots….Turning Point in Justinian’s rule These riots in 532 A.D. were called the Nika Riots ("Nika"= "Victory!"), and grew from political unrest over the government's new tax measures. Rival gangs of Blues and Greens (admirers of rival chariot-racing teams) fought in the streets. Justinian wanted to leave the city during the riots, but two of his generals and his wife Theodora, persuaded him to stay. Theodora took it upon herself to raise a personal army, an army that eventually killed 35,000 people in a single day. PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. Art & Architecture Bigger Buildings than Rome Art is more complicated Everything is just “richer” ● Mosaics - A picture or pattern produced by arranging together small colored pieces of hard material, such as stone, tile, or glass Mosiac Ideas/Intellectual Education Schools for everyone: parochial, private & public ● Use of classical Greek & Roman literature ● Preserved Greco-Roman ideas – math, science & philosophy ● Cyrillic Alphabet Cyril & Methodius were Christian missionaries to Slavic peoples in Eastern Europe. ●The Slavs had no written language. They created a written language that is the basis for many Eastern European languages. ● Cyrillic Alphabet Russian words Hi - Privet Hello – zdravstvujjte Good morning - Dobroe utro Good afternoon - Dobriy den' Good evening - Dobry vecher Nice to see you - Rad tebya videt Good bye - Dasvidaniya Bye - Poka Excuse me – Izvinite Please – pozhalujjsta Can you tell me please - skazhite pozhalujjsta Thank you – spasibo Do you speak Russian? - vy govorite po russki ? I don't speak Russian - ja ne govorju po russki Justinian's Code of Laws Organized all the laws of ancient Rome. ●Laws were fairer to women. They could own property and raise their own children after their husbands died. ●Children allowed to choose their own marriage partners. ●Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters. Contributions to Western Law ●Punishments were detailed and fit the crime ●His work inspired the modern concept and, indeed, the very spelling of "justice". Religious Division of Christian Church ● Eastern Roman Empire establishes their own pope called a “Patriarch” in 451 C.E. Iconoclastic Controversy – 726 C.E. Church split over the use of icons. ● Great Schism – 1054 C.E. - East & West Church formally split ● West: Roman Catholic Church ● East: Eastern Orthodox Church ISSUE Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox Clergy No marriage for priests Priests are allowed to marry Icons Allowed Not Allowed Leadership Pope was supreme Rejected authority of Pope Language Latin Greek Holy Day Christmas (Dec. 25th) Easter (Mar. 22 – April 25th) Crusades Struggle over control of the Holy Lands Jerusalem, Antioch, Palestine Orthodox C. asks for help from RCC to wage war against Muslims controlling the Holy Land st ●1 Crusade - successful in reconquering land nd ●2 & 3rd Crusade - unsuccessful th ●4 Crusade – Catholics plunder Constantinople The Crusades were the beginning of the end for Byzantine E. P Justinian’s Empire P Post Justinian P Reconquest of Slavic & Ottoman P Pre – 1st Crusade P Post – 1st Crusade P Just before the fall Decline Internal Struggles ●Rich vs. poor poor farmers had their land taken by the powerful nobles, who turned them into serfs ● Emperor vs. Nobles ● Power Struggles result in civil wars ● External Struggles ● Ottoman Turks conquer territory ●B.E. does not have large enough army to defend its territory ● The End of the Byzantine Empire The Byzantine empire drew to a close in 1453 when forces from the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople. The ancient Christian city was renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. ● http://www.youtube. com/watch? v=3PszVWZNWVA ● Byzantine influence on European Architecture St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy Byzantine influence on European Architecture St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy Byzantine influence on Eastern European Architecture St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy