Download 359 – 1453 CE Constantinople

359 – 1453 C.E.
Constantinople
The Division of the
Roman Empire
In 284 AD Diocletian became
Roman emperor. He decided
that the huge Roman empire
could only be ruled effectively
by splitting it into two parts.
Constantine
In 330 Diocletian’s
successor, Constantine
In 330 Diocletian’s
successor, Constantine,
rebuilt the old Greek port of
Byzantium, at the entrance
to the Black Sea.
He renamed it
Constantinople and
made the city the capital of
the Eastern Roman Empire.
A New Roman Capital
Constantinople
The Fall of the Western
Roman Empire
By 395 AD, the Roman Empire was
formally divided into two empires:
East and West.
With the invasion of Germanic tribes
from the north, the Western Roman
Empire was conquered and further
divided.
This left the eastern part of the
Roman empire to carry on the
Greco-Roman tradition.
THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
Byzantine Empire
At first, this Empire
controlled only a
small area around
the eastern
Mediterranean, but
during the reign of
Justinian (527565), it started to
recover much of the
territory of the old
Roman empire.
What was happening then?
The Byzantine Empire Under
Justinian
This map depicts the
Empire at the death
of Justinian I, who
had reigned from
527 to 565 as sole
Emperor,
sometimes in
concert, and
sometimes in
conflict, with his
powerful wife
Theodora.
The New Rome
The Byzantine Empire
was wealthy and
produced: gold, silk,
grain, olives and
wine. It traded these
for spices, ivory and
precious stones from
countries as far away
as China and India
along the Silk Road
trade routes.
THE SILK ROAD
Justinian and Theodora
●
●
Justinian ruled as
an autocrat with the
help of Theodora.
Created a huge
Christian empire
Empire reached its
greatest size
Autocrat – ruler who has
complete authority
Justinian and Theodora
Built Hagia Sophia
Rebuilt the
Hippodrome
●
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjrnvDn2tcA
Hagia Sophia - “Holy Wisdom”
Hagia Sophia - today
Hagia Sophia – gold plated ceiling
Hagia Sophia – gold plated ceiling
Same as the Roman Coliseum
●
Rebuilt the Hippodrome
●
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjrnvDn2tcA
Hippodrome
The Nika Riots….Turning Point in Justinian’s rule
These riots in 532 A.D. were called the Nika Riots
("Nika"= "Victory!"),
and grew from political unrest
over the government's new tax measures.
Rival gangs of Blues and Greens
(admirers of rival chariot-racing teams)
fought in the streets.
Justinian wanted to leave the city during the riots,
but two of his generals and his wife Theodora,
persuaded him to stay.
Theodora took it upon herself to raise a personal
army, an army that eventually killed 35,000 people in
a single day.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Art & Architecture
Bigger Buildings than Rome
Art is more complicated
Everything is just “richer”
●
Mosaics - A picture or pattern produced by
arranging together small colored pieces of hard
material, such as stone, tile, or glass
Mosiac
Ideas/Intellectual
Education
Schools for everyone: parochial, private & public
● Use of classical Greek & Roman literature
● Preserved Greco-Roman ideas – math, science &
philosophy
●
Cyrillic Alphabet
Cyril & Methodius were
Christian missionaries to Slavic
peoples in Eastern Europe.
●The Slavs had no written
language. They created a
written language that is the
basis for many Eastern
European languages.
●
Cyrillic Alphabet
Russian words
Hi - Privet
Hello – zdravstvujjte
Good morning - Dobroe utro
Good afternoon - Dobriy den'
Good evening - Dobry vecher
Nice to see you - Rad tebya videt
Good bye - Dasvidaniya
Bye - Poka
Excuse me – Izvinite
Please – pozhalujjsta
Can you tell me please - skazhite
pozhalujjsta
Thank you – spasibo
Do you speak Russian? - vy govorite po
russki ?
I don't speak Russian - ja ne govorju po
russki
Justinian's Code of Laws
Organized all the laws of
ancient Rome.
●Laws were fairer to women. They
could own property and raise their
own children after their husbands
died.
●Children allowed to choose their own
marriage partners.
●Slavery was legal and slaves must
obey their masters.
Contributions to Western Law
●Punishments were detailed and fit the
crime
●His work inspired the modern concept
and, indeed, the very spelling of
"justice".
Religious
Division of Christian Church
●
Eastern Roman Empire establishes their own pope called a
“Patriarch” in 451 C.E.
Iconoclastic Controversy – 726 C.E. Church split over the
use of icons.
● Great Schism – 1054 C.E. - East & West Church formally
split
● West: Roman Catholic Church
● East: Eastern Orthodox Church
ISSUE
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Clergy
No marriage for priests
Priests are allowed to marry
Icons
Allowed
Not Allowed
Leadership
Pope was supreme
Rejected authority of Pope
Language
Latin
Greek
Holy Day
Christmas (Dec. 25th)
Easter (Mar. 22 – April 25th)
Crusades
Struggle over control of the Holy Lands
Jerusalem, Antioch, Palestine
Orthodox C. asks for help from RCC to wage war
against Muslims controlling the Holy Land
st
●1 Crusade - successful in reconquering
land
nd
●2
& 3rd Crusade - unsuccessful
th
●4 Crusade – Catholics plunder
Constantinople
The Crusades were the beginning of the
end for Byzantine E.
P
Justinian’s Empire
P
Post Justinian
P
Reconquest of Slavic & Ottoman
P
Pre – 1st Crusade
P
Post – 1st Crusade
P
Just before the fall
Decline
Internal Struggles
●Rich vs. poor
poor farmers had their land taken by the
powerful nobles, who turned them into
serfs
●
Emperor vs. Nobles
●
Power Struggles result in civil wars
●
External Struggles
●
Ottoman Turks conquer territory
●B.E. does not have large enough army to
defend its territory
●
The End of the Byzantine
Empire
The Byzantine empire
drew to a close in 1453
when forces from the
Muslim Ottoman
Empire surrounded and
conquered Constantinople.
The ancient Christian city
was renamed Istanbul and
became the capital of the
Ottoman Empire.
●
http://www.youtube.
com/watch?
v=3PszVWZNWVA
●
Byzantine influence on European Architecture
St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy
Byzantine influence on European Architecture
St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy
Byzantine influence on Eastern European
Architecture
St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy
St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy
St. Marks Basilica (Roman Catholic) – Venice, Italy