Download Biol 1406 Ch 2

Review Sheet for Exam I Chemical Basis of Life What are the four elements that are the most important to humans? How much of the human body is composed of each of these four elements? What are some examples of trace elements? What are the three subatomic particles? Which primarily contribute to the mass of atoms? What does the atomic number of an element tell you? Atoms that lose or gain electrons are called what? Atoms that lose or gain neutrons are called what? Know how potential energy differs according to electron shell. Be comfortable with knowing the definition and difference between the following terms: Electron shell, Valence shell, Orbital. How many electrons can be housed in each shell? How many can be housed in one orbital? Know the different types of chemical bonds along with the relative energy stored in each. How can you identify the different bonds based upon their structural formulas on paper? Know how to determine what type of bond will occur between two elements based upon a difference in electronegativity. Know how to determine if an atom involved in an ionic bond will become a cation or an anion. Water Know the four properties of water along with what chemical characteristic of water contributes to these properties. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? Know how to determine how many calories are required to change the temperature of a certain amount of water. Be comfortable using the terms solute, solvent and solution. How does water act as a universal solvent in the presence of charged atoms or molecules? Be able to determine if a molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic based upon its charge. Be able to identify compounds that act as acids or bases based upon their effect on the chemical equation that represents the dissociation of water molecules. Additionally, be able to determine if a substance is an acid or a base based upon relative H concentration. Know how to determine pH if given H concentration. What is a buffer? How do you identify something that is a greater buffer than something else if given data/a graph? Carbon Know how to identify a carbon molecule as either tetrahedral in shape or “flat” based upon the bonds found within it. Know the different ways in which carbon-­‐containing chains/molecules can orient themselves. Know what a hydrocarbon is as well as its likelihood to interact with a molecule of water. Know how to identify the different types of isomers What are the different functional groups? What are unique properties exclusive to each? Where/how are they used? What is their relative affinity for water? Macromolecules
i)
Know
the
definitions
of
the
following
words:
Monomer
Polymer
ii)
What
are
the
four
different
classes
of
macromolecules?
iii)
Know
the
difference
between
hydrolysis
and
condensation
reactions,
as
well
as
when
each
is
used
in
the
cell.
iv)
Know
the
monomers
of
each
class
of
macromolecule.
v)
Know
how
to
identify
macromolecules
based
upon
their
structure,
name,
linkages
between
their
monomers
or
their
function.
vi)
In
the
instance
of
Carbohydrates,
know
the
difference
of
function
between
a
monomer
and
a
polymer.
Additionally,
know
the
difference
in
function
and
structure
between
different
types
of
polymers.
vii)
Know
the
differences
structurally,
and
functionally,
of
lipids.
Are
there
also
similarities?
viii)
What
is
the
chemical/structural
difference
between
an
unsaturated
and
a
saturated
fat?
What
is
the
observable
physical
difference
between
them?
ix)
Where
in
the
cell
and
body
are
different
types
of
lipids
used?
x)
Know
about
commonalities
in
amino
acid
structure.
Where
will
each
amino
acid
differ?
xi)
Know
the
differences
between
the
structural
levels
of
proteins
as
well
as
key
structures
that
can
be
identified
certain
levels.
xii)
What
is
the
process
called
wherein
a
protein
is
unfolded?
What
effect
does
this
have
on
the
protein?
xiii)
Know
the
three
components
that
make
up
a
nucleic
acid
xiv)
Understand
the
difference,
structurally,
between
purines
and
pyrimidines.
xv)
What
purine
pairs
up
with
what
pyrimidine?
What
kind
of
bond
do
they
form?
xvi)
Be
able
to
identify
DNA
or
RNA
based
upon
the
sugar
found
in
the
molecule.