* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download APS Science Curriculum Unit Planner
Survey
Document related concepts
Spherical Earth wikipedia , lookup
History of geomagnetism wikipedia , lookup
Post-glacial rebound wikipedia , lookup
Schiehallion experiment wikipedia , lookup
Geochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Geomorphology wikipedia , lookup
Oceanic trench wikipedia , lookup
History of Earth wikipedia , lookup
Age of the Earth wikipedia , lookup
History of geology wikipedia , lookup
Mantle plume wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
APS Science 2011 APS Science Curriculum Unit Planner Grade Level/Subject High School Earth Science Stage 1: Desired Results Enduring Understanding The flow of energy from Earth’s interior is one of the many factors responsible for shaping the Earth’s surface and can be measured quantitatively. Correlations Unifying Understanding VA SOL ES.7 The student will investigate and understand geologic processes including plate tectonics. Key concepts include a) geologic processes and their resulting features; and b) tectonic processes. ES.10 The student will investigate and understand that oceans are complex, interactive physical, chemical, and biological systems and are subject to longand short-term variations. Key concepts include d) features of the sea floor as reflections of tectonic processes; NSES (grade level) UCP 1-4, ES 1b, ES 3c, ST 1, SPSP 5, HNS 3 AAAS Atlas Essential Questions What causes plate tectonics? What are the effets of interactions of the plates at their boundaries? What evidence supports plate tectonic theory? How can geologic activity be measured? What are the distinguishing features of the five Virginia geological provinces? Knowledge and Skills Students should know: Convection currents in the mantle cause movement of the Earth’s plates How to explain direction of plate movement with respect to one another Why particular descriptive features are associated with specific plate boundaries The structure and layers of the Earth The location of the five physiographic provinces in Virginia and be able to explain their characteristics, and their geological past. Students should be able to: Use maps to demonstrate plate boundaries and support evidence of plate tectonics Demonstrate ability to interpret seismograms in order to calculate magnitude of earthquakes Create a model of the sea floor demonstrating features of divergence and subduction Stage 2: Assessment Evidence Prior Knowledge and Skills Able to compare and contrast using graphic organizers 1 APS Science 2011 Understand various uses and kinds of computer technology Scientific method Concept of density and heat transfer Earth’s systems Know the Virginia Provinces Identify the names of the different plate boundaries Read a map and a diagram Features of the sea floor Definition of convection currents Evidence of plate tectonics 2 APS Science 2011 Formative Assessment Labs Worksheets Quizzes Summative Assessment Notebook Tests Projects Stage 3: Learning Plan References to Adopted Materials Holt Ch 10 – Plate tectonics Holt Ch 11 – Deformation of Earth’s crust Holt Ch 12, Sect 1,2 – Earthquakes Holt Ch 13 – Volcanoes Prentice Hall, Pg. 216-333 (Unit 3, Forces Within) o Pg. 216-245 (Earthquakes) o Pg. 246-278 (Plate tectonics) o Pg. 278-305 (Volcanoes) o Pg. 306-333 (Mountain Building) Prentice Hall, Pg. 396-405 (Ocean Floor) Suggested Investigations Model plate tectonic movement using heated water and wax Google Earth Lab investigating mountain ranges Sea floor sediments, p242 (Holt, Teacher’s Edition) Sea floor spreading model, p266 (Holt) Jigsaw puzzle with continents, p247 (Holt, Teacher’s Edition) USGS earthquake locating lab Eggshell tectonic lab, Chapter Resource file Modeling rifting, p255(Holt, Teacher’s Edition) Map skills activity, mapping earthquakes, p268(Holt) Modeling stress strain relationships, p274(Holt) Continental Collisions, p290(Holt) Model S and P waves using Slinkies or springs Advanced Volcano model, repeated eruptions (baking soda, vinegar, plate sim.) Volcanoes on other planets, p328(Holt, Teacher’s Edition) Internet Activity on Virginia Geological Provinces Edible Plate Tectonics (Graham crackers & frosting) Reading a seismogram Determining an epicenter using seismograms Determine the magnitude of the earthquake using seismogram Research the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, the Sumatra Earthquake 2004, and the Sendai, Japan Earthquake of 2011 Compare/Contrast earthquakes in California versus another part of the world Create a scale model of the Earth detailing the inside features Create a clay model of the seafloor and label the different features 3 APS Science 2011 Debate the reasons that support plate tectonics before/after the 1960s Create a map showing support that the continents used to be connected showing the 7 continents, the fossils, mountain ranges, etc. Create a paper model detailing the different type of boundaries and their features Discuss why Virginia has earthquakes Outdoor Education Applications Have students bring in pictures of road cutaways for class Resources Web Sites Internet Paleomap Project www.usgs.gov Earthquake WebQuest finding epicenter (http://www.sciencecourseware.org/eec/Earthquake/ ) http://www.agiweb.org/earthcomm/geosphere/index.html?State=VA www.vast.org http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/plates1.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/geology/tectonics.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/tectonics/ http://www.moorlandschool.co.uk/earth/tectonic.htm http://www.earthquakenews.com/ http://www.galaxynet.com/~corvid/ear/earu_eq.htm http://www.galaxynet.com/~corvid/ear/earu_pt.htm http://www.learner.org/interactives/volcanoes/entry.html http://www.odsn.de/odsn/services/paleomap/paleomap.html http://nemo.sciencecourseware.org/VirtualEarthquake/VQuakeExecute.html http://www.wm.edu/geology/virginia Videos Hawai’i video Glass blowing video Boiling water in space video Tsunami: NOVA Video Bill Nye: Earthquakes Bill Nye: Earth’s Crust Ring of Fire Bill Nye: Volcanoes Ring of Fire Great Quakes National Geographic Video: Natural Disasters Online clips Glass, like granitic magma,Discovery Streaming Geological Processes,Discovery Streaming http://www.disastervideo.net/earthquake-video.php Field Trips Fall Zone in Richmond, VA 4 APS Science 2011 Other Virginia Geology and Teacher’s Manuals: CD Roms Virginia Geology Maps *Italics denote additional suggestions for Intensified. Intensified may include suggestions from Regular. Textbook Correlations to Essential Questions and Enduring Understandings What causes plate tectonics? Energy generated by Earth’s core and radioactivity Holt: Ch 10.2 within the mantle heat mantle material altering density Prentice Hall Ch 9.3, .4 which causes the material to flow in currents. Mantle convection moves tectonic plates in patterns of Holt: Ch 10.2 ridge push and slab pull. Prentice Hall Ch 9.3, .4 Mantle convection and hot spots have varied over Holt: Ch 10.3 geologic history in supercontinent cycles. Prentice Hall Ch 9.3, .4 What are the effects of interactions of the plates at their boundaries? Mantle convection and resulting plate movements Holt: Ch 10.1, .2, .3 shape the crust in patterns recognized as divergent, Prentice Hall Ch 9.2, .3 convergent and transform boundaries (on the surface and under the ocean) Plate tectonics serve as the major driver of the rock cycle. It drivesthe evolution of the Earth’s surface features and materials by fractionating material by chemical, mineralogic, and physical properties Tectonic forces shape the crust with movement felt as Holt: Ch 11, 12, 13 earthquakes that result in the formation of faults, Prentice Hall Ch 8, 9, 10, 11 mountains and volcanoes whose characteristics are determined by the rock material of the interacting lithospheric plates. What evidence supports plate tectonic theory? Fossil, rock and climate evidence supported Holt: Ch 10.1 Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift. Prentice Hall Ch 9.1 Paleomagnetism provides evidence of the age of the Holt: Ch 10.1 seafloor and the mechanism of seafloor spreading. Prentice Hall Ch 9.2 How can geologic activity be measured? Seismometers measure movement. Holt: Ch 12.2 Prentice Hall Ch 8 Magnetometers measure variations in magnetic field. Holt: Ch 10.1 Prentice Hall Ch 9.2 Gravimeters measure differences in gravitational field Holt: Chapter 11 Chapter which result in variations in gravitational force based Enrichment, TE on the density of rock material. Deformation in volcano shape can be used to Holt: Ch 13.1, .2 determined likelihood of eruption along with measures Prentice Hall Ch 10 5 APS Science 2011 of gas emissions and patterns of seismic activity due to rising magma. 6 APS Science 2011 Tectonics and Volcanoes The earth formed 4.6 billions years ago along with the entire solar system from the solar nebula. The earth grew hot from the energy of impact, gravitational contraction and radioactivity. Radioactivity continues today as the source of heat that drives tectonic processes. The earth grew hot enough to become a molten ball of rock material. The denser materials sank to the core and the least dense material rose to the surface. The earth is layered by density. The layers from the most to the least dense are: inner core, outer core, mantle, ocean crust, continental crust. The earth is layered by temperature from the most hot to the least: inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. The thinnest layer of the earth is ocean crust. The thickest layer of the earth is the mantle. Ocean crust has a density of 3 g/cm3 and is mostly basalt. Continental crust has a density of 2.7 g/cm3 and is made of silicate rocks and granite. Alfred Wegener proposed the theory of continental drift in which he proposed that the continents are floating and drifting across the surface of the earth. He cited 4 pieces of data: 1) shape that fits 2) fossil distribution 3) rock correlation and 4) climatic patterns. Sonar is technology that uses sound waves to map the ocean floor. Magnetometers measure small magnetic changes in the ocean floor. The earth’s outer layer is broken into a series of large slabs of rock material called tectonic plates. These plates comprise the lithosphere, the outer most rigid layer of the earth. The lithosphere includes all of the crust, the moho and the uppermost part of the mantle. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. This layer of the mantle is partially molten and slowly flows, creating convection currents that move tectonic plates. Convection currents are currents of heated material that the result from the continuing energy release of radioactive decay. As the material of the mantle heats up it expands and becomes less dense and floats up to push on the rigid lithospheric plates. At the surface this material cools, becomes denser and sinks back into the asthenosphere. 7 APS Science 2011 Rising convection currents fracture the crust and force plates apart at ridges in the process known as ridge push. These locations are known as divergent boundaries, places where the plates are moving apart. New crust is created at ridges and rises where magma flows out of cracks in the crust at divergent boundaries on the ocean floor called spreading centers. Divergent boundaries are also found on land where a long narrow rift valley forms with volcanic ridges on either side. As currents cool and sink they pull lithosphere plates together at convergent subduction boundaries in the process known as slab pull. Here the denser ocean plate in the convergent boundary is pulled downward into a trench in the process known as subduction. The subducting plate comes into contact with the hot material of the mantle. This plate is carrying sediment that melts and becomes less dense and rises to the surface to interact with the overlying rock to form volcanoes. If the over riding plate is an ocean plate the volcanoes form an island arc. If the over riding plate is a continental plate the volcanoes form in conjunction with a young mountain chain. If the two colliding plates are carrying continental crust, neither will subduct and a mountain chain is created as the horizontal sheets of rock are pushed upward. At transform boundaries, plates slide horizontally past each other. There is no source of magma and thus no volcanoes. There are three types of boundaries: 1) divergent – moving apart; 2) convergent – moving together; 3) transform – horizontal movement. Volcanoes are found in three locations on earth: 1) divergent boundaries; 2) convergent subduction boundaries; 3) hot spots – Hawaii. Divergent boundary eruptions are usually basaltic magma that flows smoothly without explosiveness. Convergent subduction boundaries are the most explosive as the magma contains high silica and gases from crustal melting of the subducting plate. Hot spot volcanoes are found on the islands of Hawaii. The hot mantle plume remains fixed as the plate slowly moves over it creating a chain of volcanic islands. Three factors influence magma formation: 1) temperature; 2) pressure; 3) presence/absence of water. 8 APS Science 2011 85% if volcanoes are found in the ring of fire surrounding the Pacific Ocean. Another 15% are found in the Asia Mediterranean Belt. A vent is the opening in the crust through which the lava flows. A crater is the depression surrounding the vent. A caldera is a large crater. Virginia Geology: Virginia has a billion-year-long tectonic and geological history Virginia have five physiographic provinces which each has a unique physical characteristic resulting from its geological past The Coastal Plain is a flat area composed of young, unconsolidated sediments underlain by older crystalline basement rocks. These layers of sediment were produced by erosion of the Appalachian Mountains and Piedmont and then deposited on the Coastal Plain when sea levels were higher in the past. The Fall Line falls seperates the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont The Piedmont is an area of rolling hills underlain by mostly ancient igneous and metamorphic rocks. The igneous rocks are the roots of volcanoes formed during an ancient episode of subduction that occurred before the formation of the Appalachian Mountains. The Blue Ridge is a high ridge separating the Piedmont from the Valley and Ridge Province. The billion-year-old igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Blue Ridge are the oldest in the state. The Valley and Ridge province is an area with long parallel ridges and valleys underlain by ancient folded and faulted sedimentary rocks. The folding and faulting of the sedimentary rocks occurred during a collision between Africa and North America. The collision, which occurred in the late Paleozoic era, produced the Appalachian Mountains. This is where the karst topography occurs in Virginia such as Luray Caverns. The Appalachian Plateau has rugged, irregular topography and is underlain by ancient, flat-lying sedimentary rocks. The area is actually a series of plateaus separated by faults and erosional down-cut valleys. Most of Virginia’s coal resources are found in the plateau province. This is where a majority of the coal in the state of Virginia is located. 9