Download Chapter 22 sections 2 and 3

The SpanishAmerican War
SECTION
2
What You Will Learn…
If YOU were there...
You live in New York City in 1898. Newspaper headlines are
screaming about the start of war in Cuba. You hear that Theodore
Roosevelt wants volunteers for a cavalry troop called the Rough
Riders. You know how to ride a horse, and you’ve admired
Roosevelt ever since he was New York’s police commissioner. You
know it will be dangerous, but it also sounds like a great adventure.
Would you join the Rough Riders? Why?
BUILDING BACKGROUND While the United States, Japan, and
several European powers were gaining colonies, Spain’s empire was
declining. By the late 1800s Spain’s once-extensive American empire
was reduced to two island colonies—Cuba and Puerto Rico. Eager
for independence, some Cubans revolted against Spanish rule. Many
Americans sympathized with Cuba’s fight for independence.
War with Spain
You read earlier that newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and
William Randolph Hearst were in a fierce competition for readers. In
the late 1890s their newspapers published stories from Cuba, where
Cuban rebels were fighting for independence from Spain. To attract
readers, Pulitzer and Hearst printed sensational, often exaggerated
news stories. This technique is called yellow journalism. Vivid
stories about Spanish brutality in Cuba convinced many Americans
that the U.S. military should support the Cuban rebels.
Main Ideas
1. In 1898 the United States
went to war with Spain in the
Spanish-American War.
2. The United States gained
territories in the Caribbean
and Pacific.
The Big Idea
The United States expanded into
new parts of the world as a result
of the Spanish-American War.
Key Terms and People
yellow journalism, p. 697
Teller Amendment, p. 698
Emilio Aguinaldo, p. 699
Anti-Imperialist League, p. 700
Platt Amendment, p. 701
Use the graphic organizer online
to take notes on the results of the
Spanish-American War.
Newspapers such as
this one encouraged
Americans to seek war
with Spain.
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Despite growing support for military
action in Cuba, President Grover Cleveland
was opposed to U.S. involvement. In 1896
William McKinley, a supporter of Cuban
independence, was elected president. Several
events soon led to war.
In February 1898 Hearst’s newspaper
published a letter written by the Spanish
minister to the United States, Enrique Dupuy
de Lôme. In it, de Lôme called McKinley
“weak and a bidder for the admiration of the
crowd.” Many Americans were outraged.
In January 1898, even before de Lôme’s
letter became public, the United States sent
the battleship USS Maine to Havana Harbor.
The Maine’s mission was to protect U.S.
citizens and economic interests in Cuba.
On February 15 the Maine exploded and
sank, with a loss of 266 men. Although
the cause of the explosion was unclear, the
American press immediately blamed Spain.
“Remember the Maine!” became a rallying
cry for angry Americans.
President McKinley requested $50 million
to prepare for war. Congress approved the
money. Although Cuba was not a U.S.
territory, Congress issued a resolution on
April 20 declaring Cuba independent and
demanding that Spain leave the island within
three days. Attached to the resolution was
the Teller Amendment , which stated that
the United States had no interest in taking
control of Cuba. In response to the resolution,
Spain declared war on the United States. The
next day, Congress passed, and McKinley
signed, a declaration of war against Spain.
“Remember the Maine!”
Most of the men aboard the USS Maine were
sleeping when a terrible explosion demolished the
forward third of the ship at 9:40 P.M. on February 15,
1898. The rest of the ship sank quickly. Some 266
men were killed.
Who did the United States blame for the explosion?
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War in the Philippines
CHIN A
Tropic of Cancer
FORMOSA
(TAIWAN)
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PA C I FI C
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O C EA N
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While attention was focused on Cuba, the
U.S. Navy won a quick victory nearly halfway around the world in the Philippines, a
Spanish colony in the Pacific. Filipinos, like
Cubans, were rebelling against Spanish rule.
As soon as the Spanish-American War
began, American commodore George Dewey
raced to the Philippines with four large
warships and two small gunboats. On May 1,
ignoring reports that mines beneath the water
barred his way, he sailed into Manila Bay and
destroyed the Spanish Pacific fleet stationed
there. Dewey’s forces sank or captured 10
ships. The Spanish lost 381 lives, but none of
Dewey’s men were killed.
Dewey had defeated the Spanish, but he
did not have enough troops to occupy and
secure the Philippines. Troops eventually
arrived, and on August 13, U.S. troops and
Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo (ahgee-NAHL-doh) took control of the Philippine
capital, Manila.
War in the Philippines
Final proof: 09/14/04
F2: 12/13/04 PHILIPPINE
ISLANDS
U.S. forces
U.S. victories
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200
200
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GEOGRAPHY
INTERPRETING
SKILLS
HRWMiddle
School American
History MAPS
ah06se_c20legend008aa.ai
1. Region Where did the United States achieve a victory?
Spanish-American
War Phil,
Legend
2. Movement
How
far did Dewey travel to get to Manila?
Final proof: 09/07/04
F2: 12/13/04
War in the Caribbean
In contrast to the navy, the U.S. Army was
unprepared for war. At the start of the conflict, the entire U.S. Army had only 28,000
soldiers. New volunteers quickly raised that
figure to more than 280,000. The army did
HRW Middle School
History rifles or bullets for these
notAmerican
have enough
ah06se_c20map008aa.ai
soldiers. It did not even have appropriThe Spanish-American War (War in the Philippines)
atex clothing
Map Area: 24p wide
28p6 high for the troops. Many soldiers
received warm woolen uniforms to wear in
Final proof: 9/07/04
Cuba’s tropical heat.
F2: 12/13/04
The soldiers faced harsh living conditions
in Cuba. They ate canned meat that one
general called “embalmed beef,” and many
were stricken with yellow fever and other
deadly diseases. More than 2,000 Americans
died from diseases they contracted in Cuba.
Fewer than 400 were killed in battle.
The most colorful group of soldiers was
the Rough Riders. Second in command of
this group was Lieutenant Colonel Theodore
Roosevelt. Roosevelt had organized the
Rough Riders to fight in Cuba. Volunteers
included Native Americans, college athletes,
cowboys, miners, and ranchers. Newspaper
stories of their heroism earned the Rough
Riders Americans’ admiration. Four privates
of the African American 10th Cavalry, who
served with the Rough Riders, received the
Congressional Medal of Honor.
Landing on June 22, 1898, the U.S.
troops captured the hills around the main
Spanish forces at Santiago. At the village of
El Caney on July 1, some 7,000 U.S. soldiers,
aided by Cuban rebels, overwhelmed about
600 Spanish defenders.
The main U.S. force then attacked and
captured San Juan Hill. The Rough Riders and
the African American 9th and 10th cavalries
captured nearby Kettle Hill. The many
accounts of the battle became popular with
the American public back home. A journalist
on the scene described the soldiers’ charge:
FOCUS ON
READING
How might
accounts of the
war written by
these various
soldiers have
been different?
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
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War in the Caribbean
UNITED STATES
30°N
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
The Battle of San Juan
Hill, shown in this painting, became
a symbol of
HRW Middle School American
History
American courage in the
ah06se_c20loc008da.ai
BAHAMAS
Spanish-American War.
(BR.)
Tampa
FLORIDA
Gulf of
Mexico
Caribbean World locator
USS Maine sunk,
February, 1898
Tropic of Cancer
First proof: 12/13/04
Havana
CUBA
Santiago
San Juan Hill, July, 1898
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U.S. victories
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SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS
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1. Location About how far is Havana from Tampa?
2. Place When was the victory at San Juan Hill?
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“It was a miracle of self-sacrifice, a triumph of
bulldog courage . . . The fire of the Spanish
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—Richard Harding Davis, quoted in
The American Reader, edited by Paul M. Angle
On July 3 the commander of the Spanish
fleet decided to try breaking through the
U.S. blockade. Though every Spanish ship
was destroyed in the battle, American
forces suffered only two casualties. Santiago
surrendered two weeks later. President
McKinley began peace negotiations with
Spain, which was assured of defeat. A few
days later, U.S. troops invaded Spanishheld Puerto Rico, which surrendered with
little resistance. Spain signed a cease-fire
agreement on August 12, 1898.
READING CHECK Comparing How was fighting
in the Pacific and the Caribbean similar?
700
United States Gains
Territories
The peace treaty placed Cuba, Guam, Puerto
Rico, and the Philippines under U.S. control.
In reaction, some Americans formed the AntiImperialist League, a group that opposed
the treaty and the creation of an American
colonial empire. They argued that the treaty
threatened democracy because it denied selfgovernment to the people living in the newly
acquired territories. The Senate approved
the peace treaty by a vote of 57 to 27—just
one vote more than the two-thirds majority
needed to ratify treaties.
Cuba
The Teller Amendment had declared that
the United States would not annex Cuba.
However, McKinley wanted to create stability
and increase U.S. economic activity there, so
he set up a military government. He appointed
Leonard Wood, who had commanded the
Rough Riders during the war, as governor.
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Wood quickly began building schools and a
sanitation system.
Even with the new sanitation system,
disease remained a major problem. Dr.
Walter Reed, head of the army’s Yellow Fever
Commission, was sent to Cuba in 1900 to
help fight the disease. He and his volunteers
conducted experiments, including allowing
themselves to be bitten by infected insects.
They soon proved that yellow fever was
transmitted by mosquitoes. Getting rid of
the standing water where mosquitoes lived
helped health officials to control the disease.
Governor Wood also oversaw the writing
of a Cuban constitution. The document
included the Platt Amendment, which
limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and
allowed the United States to intervene in
Cuban affairs. It also required Cuba to sell
or lease land to the United States. Cuban
LINKING TO TODAY
Puerto Ricans Today
leaders compared the Platt Amendment
to “handing over the keys to our house so
that they [the Americans] can enter it at any
time, whenever the desire seizes them.” The
Cubans reluctantly accepted the amendment,
and U.S. troops withdrew. The amendment
remained in force until 1934, and the U.S.
government stayed actively involved in
Cuban affairs until the late 1950s.
Puerto Rico
Like Cubans, Puerto Ricans had hoped
for independence after the war. Instead, the
U.S. government made the island a territory.
On April 12, 1900, the Foraker Act established a civil government in Puerto Rico. It
was headed by a governor and included a
two-house legislature.
A debate over the new territory soon
arose. People who lived in Puerto Rico were
ah07fs_c22cht015
final3
7/8/05
Today more than 4 million Puerto Ricans live on the mainland
United States. This is the second-largest Hispanic population
in the country, behind people of Mexican descent. Puerto
Ricans live throughout the United States, but about onethird live in New York State.
Puerto Rican culture is very strong in New York—
the National Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York City
is one of the largest parades for any ethnic group in
the city.
Puerto Rican Population
(in millions)
Puerto Ricans in the
Mainland United States
4
3
2
1
0
1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
ANALYSIS
SKILL ANALYZING INFORMATION
How are the people in the picture showing
support for Puerto Rican culture?
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
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considered citizens of the island but not
of the United States. In 1917 the Jones Act
gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship and
made both houses of the legislature elective.
However, another 30 years passed before
Puerto Ricans could elect their own governor.
Today the island has its own constitution
and elected officials but remains associated
with the United States as what is known as
a commonwealth.
The Philippines
Spain had surrendered the Philippines in
return for a $20 million payment from the
United States. Many Americans agreed with
President McKinley, who said that the United
States would benefit from the islands’ naval
and commercial value and that annexing
the islands would keep Europeans from
seizing them.
Filipino rebels, however, had expected to
gain independence after the war. They had
helped U.S. forces to capture Manila. When
the United States decided instead to keep
the islands, rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo
started a guerrilla war against the American
forces. More than 4,200 U.S. soldiers and
hundreds of thousands of Filipinos died
before the conflict ended in 1902.
That same year, Congress passed the
Philippine Government Act. It provided that
an appointed governor and a two-house
legislature would rule the Philippines. In 1946
the United States granted full independence
to the Philippines.
READING CHECK Summarizing What areas did
the United States control as a result of the war?
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The United
States fought a war with Spain and gained
new territories in the Pacific and Caribbean
regions. In the next section you will learn
about U.S. interests in Latin America.
Section 2 Assessment
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People
1. a. Recall What was the cause of the conflict
between Cuba and Spain?
b. Analyze How did yellow journalism affect public support for U.S. military action in Cuba?
c. Elaborate Why do you think the United States
was so successful in defeating Spain? Explain
your answer.
2. a. Identify What territories did the United States
gain as a result of the war?
b. Analyze Why did some Americans oppose the
annexation of the Philippines?
Critical Thinking
3. Categorizing Review your notes on the results
of the Spanish-American War. Then copy the
graphic organizer to the right. Use your notes to
identify arguments for and against taking control
of foreign territories.
702
ONLINE QUIZ
Arguments for
Imperialism
Arguments against
Imperialism
VS.
FOCUS ON WRITING
4. Identifying Pros and Cons of the SpanishAmerican War As you read this section, add to
your pros and cons list by identifying American
losses and gains as a result of the SpanishAmerican War. What were the costs in human
lives? What were the gains in territory? Can you
identify any other losses and gains? For example,
how did the United States handle the issues of
self-rule involved in the war?
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VIDEO
BIOGR APHY
Teddy Roosevelt
and the Spanish
American War
Theodore Roosevelt
What would you do to reform your country and
make it stronger?
When did he live?
1858–1919
Where did he live?
Theodore Roosevelt was born into a wealthy family in
New York City. He spent two years on a ranch in the Dakota Territory, where he
became an avid hunter and conservationist. His political career then took him
to Albany, New York, where he served as state governor, and Washington, D.C.,
where he served as vice president and president.
What did he do? Roosevelt became a national hero while leading the
Rough Riders in the Spanish-American War. After serving less than a year as
vice president, the 42-year-old Roosevelt became the youngest president in U.S.
history when President William McKinley was killed in 1901. As
president, Roosevelt fought for progressive reforms
and set aside millions of acres as national parks and
forests. Roosevelt’s aggressive foreign policy expanded
American power in the world.
Why is he so important?
“I believe in a strong
executive,” Roosevelt once declared. “While president,
I have been president, emphatically [forcefully]; I have
used every ounce of power there was in the office.” As
this quote suggests, Roosevelt was a strong leader who set
a precedent for a more active and powerful presidency.
Drawing Conclusions What characteristics made Theodore
Roosevelt a successful leader?
President Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
KEY EVENTS
1882
Elected to the New
York State Assembly
at age 23
1898
Becomes a hero
in the SpanishAmerican War;
elected governor
of New York
1900
Elected vice president
1901
Becomes president
when McKinley is
assassinated
1903
Gains Panama
Canal Zone for the
United States
1906
Visits Panama,
becoming the first
president to travel
outside the country
while in office
1919
Dies at home
in New York
703
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SECTION
3
What You Will Learn…
Main Ideas
1. The United States built
the Panama Canal in the
early 1900s.
2. Theodore Roosevelt changed
U.S. policy toward Latin
America.
3. Presidents Taft and Wilson
promoted U.S. interests in
Latin America.
The Big Idea
The United States expanded its
role in Latin America in the early
1900s.
Key Terms and People
Panama Canal, p. 705
Roosevelt Corollary, p. 707
dollar diplomacy, p. 708
Mexican Revolution, p. 708
John J. Pershing, p. 709
Francisco “Pancho” Villa, p. 709
The United States
and Latin America
If YOU were there...
You are an engineer, and you’ve been working on the Panama
Canal for almost eight years. Your work crews used huge steam
shovels to slice through a ridge of mountains and built a huge
artificial lake. You planned a system to move ships through
different water levels. Now your work is done. You can watch
massive ships travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Which part of the work on the canal
was the most challenging?
BUILDING BACKGROUND When the Spanish-American War began in 1898, the U.S. battleship Oregon set out from Washington State
to join the fighting in Cuba. The approximately 12,000-mile trip around
the southern tip of South America took more than two months. This
delay convinced many U.S. leaders that the United States needed to
build a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
Building the Panama Canal
Use the graphic organizer online to
take notes on U.S. policies toward
Latin America.
704
A canal across the narrow neck of Central America would link the
Atlantic and Pacific oceans and cut some 8,000 miles off the voyage
by ship from the West to the East coasts of the United States. It
would also allow the U.S. Navy to link its Atlantic and Pacific naval
fleets quickly.
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Revolution in Panama
No one was a stronger supporter of a Central
American canal than President Theodore
Roosevelt. Roosevelt knew that the best spot
for the canal was the Isthmus of Panama,
which at the time was part of the nation of
Colombia. But he was unable to convince
the Colombian senate to lease a strip of land
across Panama to the United States.
Roosevelt considered other ways to gain
control of the land. He learned that Panamanian revolutionaries were planning a revolt
against Colombia. On November 2, 1903, a
U.S. warship arrived outside Colón, Panama.
The next day the revolt began. Blocked by
the U.S. warship, Colombian forces could not
reach Panama to stop the rebellion. Panama
declared itself an independent country. The
United States then recognized the new nation.
The new government of Panama supported the idea of a canal across its land.
The United States agreed to pay Panama $10
million plus $250,000 a year for a 99-year
lease on a 10-mile-wide strip of land across
the isthmus.
Building the Canal
Canal construction began in 1904. The first
obstacle to overcome was tropical disease.
The canal route ran through 51 miles of
forests and swamps filled with mosquitoes,
many of which carried the deadly diseases
malaria and yellow fever.
Dr. William C. Gorgas, who had helped
Dr. Walter Reed stamp out yellow fever in
Cuba, organized a successful effort to rid the
canal route of disease-carrying mosquitoes. If
Gorgas had not been successful, the canal’s
construction would have taken much longer.
It also would have cost much more in terms
of both lives and money.
Even with the reduced risk of disease,
the work was very dangerous. Most of the
canal had to be blasted out of solid rock with
explosives. Workers used dozens of steam
shovels to cut a narrow, eight-mile-long
channel through the mountains of central
Panama. Sometimes workers died when their
shovels struck explosive charges. “The flesh
of men flew in the air like birds every day,”
recalled one worker from the West Indies.
Some 6,000 lives were lost during the
American construction of the Panama Canal .
It was finally opened to ships on August 15,
1914, linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
An opening ceremony was held the next year.
It had taken 10 years to complete, and the cost
was $375 million. In the end, however, the
world had its “highway between the oceans.”
READING CHECK Drawing Conclusions Why
did building the canal cost so many lives?
THE IMPACT
TODAY
Today the
Panama Canal
Zone is threatened by deforestation and erosion
because of heavy
use. Decreased
rainfall is also
hurting the canal.
The massive Gatun Locks, shown here under construction in
1914, raise ships 85 feet onto Gatun Lake, an inland waterway
on the Panama Canal.
705
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60°N
The Panama Canal
CONNECT TO ECONOMICS
Increasing Exports The Panama Canal did not
just increase trade between the East and West
coasts of the United States. By shortening the
trip from many U.S. ports to other parts of the
world, the canal also led to increased exports
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of agricultural and manufactured
goods.
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1. Place Why was Panama chosen as the site for a canal?
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through from Balboa to Colón?
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U.S. Policy Toward Latin
America
As president, Theodore Roosevelt actively
pursued progressive reforms at home. He
also believed the United States should play a
more active role in the Western Hemisphere.
In 1900 Roosevelt said, “I have always been
fond of the West African proverb: ‘Speak
softly and carry a big stick; you will go
far.’” Roosevelt wanted everyone to know
he would use a “big stick”—meaning U.S.
military force—to protect U.S. interests in
Latin America.
This was a change from the policies of
previous presidents. In the 1823 Monroe
Doctrine, President James Monroe had
warned European nations not to interfere
in the Western Hemisphere. And while the
Monroe Doctrine became a major principle
of U.S. foreign policy, the United States did
not have the military strength to enforce
it. By the time Roosevelt became president,
however, this situation was changing. The
United States was growing stronger and
expanding its influence. The United States
was becoming a world power.
How should the United States use its
new power in Latin America? This question
came up often in the early 1900s. European
banks had made loans to a number of Latin
American countries. Venezuela, for example,
fell deeply in debt to British and German
investors. Venezuela refused to repay these
debts in 1902. A similar situation arose in the
Caribbean nation of the Dominican Republic
in 1904. European powers prepared to use
military force to collect the debts.
Roosevelt insisted the countries must
repay their debts. But he did not want to allow
Europeans to intervene in Latin America.
The presence of European forces there would
violate the Monroe Doctrine and threaten
U.S. power in the region.
Roosevelt knew that U.S. officials would
have to force debtor nations to repay their
loans in order to keep European nations from
directly intervening in Latin America. In
December 1904 he announced what became
known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine. This addition warned that
in cases of “wrongdoing” by Latin American
countries, the United States might exercise
“international police power.”
The Roosevelt Corollary asserted a new
role for the United States as an “international
police power” in the Western Hemisphere.
Roosevelt actively enforced the corollary
throughout the rest of his presidency.
ACADEMIC
VOCABULARY
role
assigned
behavior
READING CHECK Finding Main Ideas Why did
Roosevelt announce the Roosevelt Corollary?
Primary Source
POLITICAL CARTOON
Roosevelt’s Imperialism
Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy is shown visually in this
cartoon. Roosevelt is the giant leading a group of ships that
represent debt collection. The U.S. president is patrolling the
Caribbean Sea and Latin American countries, trying to enforce
the payment of debts to European countries.
What do you think
this stick represents?
Why are these
vessels warships?
ANALYSIS
SKILL ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES
Analyzing How does the cartoonist portray the
parts of the Roosevelt Corollary?
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
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The United States in Latin America
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Panama Canal
The United States
turned the canal
over to Panama in
1979 but kept the
right to defend it.
Date of bombardment
1898
or occupation
Puerto Rico
The island remains
a commonwealth of
the United States.
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Route of Pershing’s U.S.
Expeditionary Force
Boundary line negotiated
by United States
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GEOGRAPHY
SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS
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1. Region What parts of this region does the United States
still control?
2. Place Which country was a U.S. protectorate for the
longest period of time?
U.S. Interests in Latin
America
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William Howard Taft, who became president
in 1909, also acted to protect U.S. interests
in Latin America. Taft used a policy called
dollar diplomacy — influencing governments
through economic, not military, intervention.
President Taft described dollar diplomacy
as “substituting dollars for bullets. It is . . .
directed to the increase of American trade.”
He wanted to encourage stability and keep
Europeans out of Latin America by expanding
U.S. business interests there.
For example, in 1911 Nicaragua failed to
repay a loan from British investors. American
bankers lent Nicaragua $1.5 billion in return
for control of the National Bank of Nicaragua
and the government-owned railway. When
local anger over this deal led to revolt in
Nicaragua, Taft sent U.S. Marines to protect
American interests.
When President Woodrow Wilson took
office in 1913, he rejected Taft’s dollar
diplomacy. He believed the United States had
a moral obligation to promote democracy in
Latin America. Like Roosevelt, Wilson was
willing to use military force to protect U.S.
interests in the region.
In 1910 many Mexicans revolted against
the harsh rule of Mexican dictator Porfirio
Díaz. This was the start of the Mexican
Revolution, a long, violent struggle for power
in Mexico. The war affected U.S. interests
CHAPTER 22
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U.S. Foreign Policy
Departing from the example set by the nation’s first president, George Washington, future
presidents increased U.S. involvement around the world, particularly in Latin America.
Washington’s
Farewell Address
The United States
will not become
involved in
European affairs.
Monroe Doctrine
The United States
will defend its interests in the Western
Hemisphere and keep
European powers out.
because Americans had invested more than
$1 billion in Mexican land, mining, oil, and
railways. American business leaders feared
they would lose their investments.
In 1914 President Wilson learned that a
German ship carrying weapons was headed
to the port of Veracruz, Mexico. To keep the
weapons from reaching the rebels, Wilson
ordered the navy to seize Veracruz. Wilson
acted again in 1916, sending General John J.
Pershing and 15,000 U.S. soldiers into Mexico.
Pershing’s mission was to catch the rebel leader
Francisco “Pancho” Villa, who had killed 17
Americans in New Mexico. Pershing failed to
capture Villa, and Wilson recalled the troops.
In 1917 a new constitution began to
bring order to Mexico. The violence caused
more than 120,000 Mexicans to flee to the
United States between 1905 and 1915.
READING CHECK Summarizing How did
Wilson respond to events in Mexico?
Roosevelt Corollary
The United States will
police wrongdoing by
nations in the Western
Hemisphere.
Taft’s Dollar
Diplomacy
The United States will
use economic means
to aid its interests in
Latin America.
Wilson and
Democracy
The United States will
promote and protect
democracy in the
Western Hemisphere.
Section 3 Assessment
ONLINE QUIZ
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People
1. a. Recall Why did the United States want to build a canal?
b. Analyze What challenges did the builders of the
Panama Canal face, and how did they overcome them?
c. Elaborate Defend or criticize the U.S. decision to support the revolution in Panama.
2. a. Describe What problem was causing conflict between
European and Latin American nations?
b. Summarize How and why did Theodore Roosevelt
change U.S. policy toward Latin America?
3. a. Recall What did Woodrow Wilson believe was the
United States’s obligation to Latin America?
b. Compare and Contrast How were the policies of Taft
and Wilson toward Latin America similar, and how were
they different?
Critical Thinking
4. Categorizing Review your notes on U.S. policies toward
Latin America. Then copy the web diagram below. Use it
to identify American policies toward Latin America.
Roosevelt
U.S. Policy
Wilson
Taft
SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The United
States and Latin America established
relationships through both conflicts and
agreements. In the next chapter, you will
learn how the United States became
involved in conflict in Europe.
FOCUS ON WRITING
5. Identifying Pros and Cons of U.S. Intervention
What were the pros and cons of the construction of the
Panama Canal and interventionist U.S. policies toward Latin
America? Take notes for your list as you read this section.
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
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History and Geography
America’s
Global
Influence
ASIA
By 1900 most of the current boundaries
of the United States had been established.
But the world had become a much smaller
place. American inventions were spreading,
changing daily life in countries around the
world. In addition, U.S. troops stationed in
China were displaying the increasing importance of the United States in global affairs.
1900
PA CI FI C
OCE AN
On July 5, 1900, William Jennings Bryan spoke
out against U.S. involvement in China, saying,
“Imperialism is the most dangerous of the evils
now menacing [threatening] our country.”
Asia
Before 1898, U.S. troops had never
been sent outside the Western Hemisphere.
But in 1900, some 5,000 troops were in
Asia, fighting alongside European troops.
710
CHAPTER 22
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Paris The Paris Exposition of 1900
showcased many U.S. inventions. One British
writer claimed the exposition displayed “the
Americanization of the world.”
London
EUROPE
Paris
UNITED
STATES
New York
AT LA NT IC
OC E AN
London In August 1900, English
farmers protested in London against
new farm equipment introduced from
the United States that they feared
would cause farmers to lose their jobs.
New York City Nearly 500,000 people immigrated
to the United States in 1900. By 1920 more than 16 million
had come. Many arrived in New York City.
AFRICA
SOUTH
AMERICA
GEOGRAPHY
SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS
1. Region By 1900, what role was the U.S. military
playing in China?
2. Movement In what ways did the U.S. influence
other countries?
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
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Social Studies Skills
Analysis
Critical Thinking
Civic
Participation
Study
Continuity and Change in History
Define the Skill
A well-known saying claims that “the more things
change, the more they stay the same.” Nowhere
does this observation apply better than to the study
of history. Any examination of the past will show
many changes—nations expanding or shrinking,
empires rising and falling, changes in leadership, or
people on the move, for example.
The reasons for change have not changed,
however. The same general forces have driven the
actions of people and nations across time. These
forces are the threads that run through history and
give it continuity, or connectedness. They are the
“sameness” in a world of continuous change.
Learn the Skill
You can find the causes of all events of the past in
one or more of these major forces or themes that
connect all history.
1 Cooperation and Conflict Throughout time,
people and groups have worked together to
achieve goals. They have also opposed others
who stood in the way of their goals.
2 Cultural Invention and Interaction The values
and ideas expressed in peoples’ art, literature,
customs, and religion have enriched the world.
But the spread of cultures and their contact with
other cultures have produced conflict as well.
3 Geography and Environment Physical environment and natural resources have shaped
how people live. Efforts to gain, protect, or make
good use of land and resources have been major
causes of cooperation and conflict in history.
712
4 Science and Technology Technology, or the
development and use of tools, has helped
humans across time make better use of their
environment. Science has changed their knowledge of the world, and changed their lives, too.
5 Economic Opportunity and Development
From hunting and gathering to herding, farming, manufacturing, and trade, people have tried
to make the most of their resources. The desire
for a better life has also been a major reason
people have moved from one place to another.
6 The Impact of Individuals Political, religious,
military, business, and other leaders have been a
major influence in history. The actions of many
ordinary people have also shaped history
7 Nationalism and Imperialism Nationalism is
the desire of a people to have their own country.
Imperialism is the desire of a nation to influence or control other nations. Both have existed
across time.
8 Political and Social Systems People have
always been part of groups—families, villages,
nations, or religious groups, for example. The
groups to which people belong shape how they
relate to others around them.
Practice the Skill
Check your understanding of continuity and change
in history by answering the following questions.
1. What forces of history are illustrated by the
events in Chapter 22? Explain with examples.
2. How do the events in this chapter show continuity with earlier periods in U.S. history?
CHAPTER 22
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History’s Impact
Chapter Review
▲
22
CHAPTER
Review the video to answer
the closing question:
How would you characterize the current policy of the
United States: isolationist or
imperialist?
Visual Summary
Use the visual summary below to help you review
the main ideas of the chapter.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Open Door Policy
Boxer Rebellion
Trade with Japan
Annexation of Hawaii
Occupation
of the Philippines
• Purchase of Alaska
Reviewing Vocabulary,
Terms, and People
1. In which of the following did the United States
declare that it had no interest in taking control
of Cuba?
a. Roosevelt Corollary
c. Open Door Policy
b. Monroe Doctrine
d. Teller Amendment
2. Which leader upset sugar planters in Hawaii by
proposing a plan to return power to the monarchy?
a. Liliuokalani
c. Millard Fillmore
b. John L. Stevens
d. Woodrow Wilson
3. Which president supported Panama’s revolt
against Colombia in 1903?
a. Woodrow Wilson
c. William Howard Taft
b. William McKinley
d. Theodore Roosevelt
4. Who led U.S. forces into Mexico after attacks
against U.S. citizens by Mexican rebels?
a. John Hay
c. John J. Pershing
b. William H. Seward
d. Theodore Roosevelt
video series
Platt Amendment
Occupation of Puerto Rico
Roosevelt Corollary
Dollar Diplomacy
• Mexican Revolution
• Panama Canal
• Spanish-American War
Comprehension and
Critical Thinking
SECTION 1 (Pages 692–696)
5. a. Identify Into what areas did the United States
expand in the late 1800s?
b. Draw Conclusions How did the United
States benefit from contact with foreign nations
and territories?
c. Elaborate Which policy would you have
supported—isolationism or imperialism?
Explain your answer.
SECTION 2 (Pages 697–702)
6. a. Describe What events led the United States
to declare war on Spain?
b. Analyze How did the United States benefit
from the Spanish-American War?
c. Predict How might foreign countries view
the actions of the United States in the SpanishAmerican War?
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
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SECTION 3 (Pages 704–709)
7. a. Identify In what ways did the United States
become involved in Latin American affairs?
10. How do the two men quoted above differ
on the issue of building a dam in the Hetch
Hetchy Valley?
b. Draw Conclusions Why did the United
States expand its role in Latin America in the
early 1900s?
Social Studies Skills
c. Elaborate Do you think the United States
should have been as actively involved in Latin
America as it was? Explain your answer.
Continuity and Change in History Use the Social
Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the
question below.
Reviewing Themes
8. Geography How did the geography of the
United States change after the end of its
policy of isolationism?
9. Politics How did the policy of imperialism
affect American politics in the late 1800s and
early 1900s?
Reading Skills
Comparing Historical Texts Use the Reading Skills
taught in this chapter to answer the question about the
reading selections below.
A. “Sad to say, this most precious and sublime
feature of the Yosemite National Park (Hetch
Hetchy Valley), one of the greatest of all our
natural resources for the uplifting joy and
peace and health of the people, is in danger
of being dammed and made into a reservoir
to help supply San Francisco with water and
light . . .”
—John Muir, The Yosemite, 1912
B. “As we all know, there is no use of water
that is higher than the domestic use. Then,
if there is, as the engineers tell us, no other
source of supply that is anything like so
reasonably available as this one; if this is the
best, and, within reasonable limits of cost,
the only means of supplying San Francisco
with water, we come straight to the question
of whether the advantage of leaving this
valley in a state of nature is greater than the
advantage of using it for the benefit of the
city of San Francisco.”
—Gifford Pinchot, address to Congress, 1913
714
11. Pick three of the themes listed on page 712.
Explain how the themes connect to the history
of the Panama Canal.
Using the Internet
12. Activity: Creating a Poster The Panama
Canal opened for business on August 15, 1914.
It took 10 years to build and cost more than
$600 million. Some 6,000 workers died during
construction. Human and geographic factors
had a huge impact on the canal project.
Through your online textbook, research the
human and geographic factors that affected the
construction of the Panama Canal. Geographic
factors to consider include landforms, climate,
and weather. Human factors to consider include
technology, reasons for undertaking the project,
and the hazards people faced. Create a poster
that highlights the most important details of
your research.
FOCUS ON WRITING
13. Writing Your List of Pros and Cons Review your
notes and choose the pros and cons to include
in your final list. Decide whether you want to
include only facts, only opinions, or some of
each. How can your analysis of history help
guide U.S. foreign policy in the future? When
you have finished your list, use it as the basis
for a paragraph recommending either that the
United States continue to involve itself in the
affairs of other nations or that it pull back from
such involvement.
CHAPTER 22
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22
Standardized Test Practice
CHAPTER
DIRECTIONS: Read each question and write the
letter of the best response. Use the map below to
answer question 1.
160°W
!
120°W
80°W
40°W
0°
40°E
80°E
120°E
160°E
80°N
40°N
Y
W
X
Z
Equator
40°S
80°S
The only area in which the United States
did not control territory in the late 1800s
and early 1900s is shown on the map by
which letter?
HRW
School American History
A Middle
W
ah06se_c20twu019aa.ai
B X
World
C Y
F2 D
proof
Z - 10/26/04
@ The practice of using U.S. businesses
and economic aid to influence foreign
governments and achieve U.S. goals in
Latin America is known as
A imperialism.
B dollar diplomacy.
C isolationism.
D the big stick.
# During the Mexican Revolution, President
Wilson sent U.S. forces to Veracruz, Mexico.
Which U.S. policy did this act best express?
A Roosevelt Corollary
B dollar diplomacy
C Teller Amendment
D isolationism
$ Which two nations did the United States
hope to trade with rather than annex in the
late 1800s?
A Hawaii and Japan
B Japan and China
C China and Cuba
D Cuba and Hawaii
% How did American newspapers respond
to the explosion of the USS Maine in
Havana Harbor?
A They refused to report the story.
B They reported that the explosion was an accident.
C They blamed the explosion on Spain.
D They blamed the explosion on Cuban rebels.
^ In his book The Influence of Sea Power upon
History, Alfred T. Mahan argued that the United
States should
A avoid foreign conflicts.
B sell its naval bases.
C build a strong navy.
D remain isolationist.
& Read the following passage from a letter
from President Fillmore and use it to answer
the question below.
“I am desirous that our two countries
should trade with each other, for the benefit
of both Japan and the United States. We
know that the ancient laws of your imperial majesty’s government do not allow of
foreign trade, except with the Chinese and
the Dutch; but as the state of the world
changes . . . it seems to be wise, from time
to time, to make new laws.
”
—Letter from U.S. President Millard
Fillmore to Japan, 1852
Document-Based Question What is President
Fillmore asking the Japanese to do?
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER
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