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My Project is to Review for the Final Exam Environmental Science Name: ______________________________________________________ Period: _____ Date: _______ Essential Question: How do I prepare for the final exam? Since our Earth is not completely rigid, as it rotates on its axis, centrifugal force causes the equator to bulge. This is the same force that causes you to fling to the side of a giant spinning wheel in a theme park. The non-uniform gravitational force of the Sun and the Moon will pull on this bulge and causes the Earth to wobble as it spin around it axis, just like a spinning top that is almost falling off. Technically, this wobble is called precession. Precession of Earth’s rotational axis takes approximately 26,000 years to make one complete revolution. Through each 26,000-year cycle, the direction in the sky to which the Earth’s axis points goes around a big circle. In other words, precession changes the “North Star” as seen from Earth. 1. What causes Earth’s precession or earth’s wobbling? _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ 2. What causes Earth’s North Star to change? ______________________________________ ______________________________________ 3. How many years does it take for a complete Earth precession to take place? ______________________________________ http://mydarksky.org/2008/10/14/the-earths-wobble-precession/ The Earth revolves around the sun but it is tilted. The angle of the tilt does not change just the position of the planet. The summer is when that part of the globe is tilted towards the sun. If the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun the southern hemisphere would be tilted away. The part tilted towards the sun gets more sunlight and is warmer. The part tilted away wouldn't get as much light and would be colder. ) The tilt of the Earth’s axis and its revolution around the sun produces seasons. 4. Why are the seasons in the Southern Hemisphere opposite to those in the Northern Hemisphere? _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ 5. What causes the seasons on Earth? Is it Earth’s distance from the Sun or Earth’s 23.5 degree tilt on its axis? _________________________________________ _________________________________________ 6. If the season in North America, located in the Northern hemisphere, is winter. What is the season in Australia, located in the Southern hemisphere? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. Which two factors are responsible for the seasons on Earth? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Sun Power (Solar energy) gives us heat and light energy. The sun makes energy from nuclear fusion. Billions of times each second, four hydrogen atoms collide with each other and produce energy and Helium. Every second 4.7 million tons of hydrogen become energy. Solar energy is used by plant to produce food through the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Even if you do not like vegetables, You cannot survive without plants and plants cannot survive without the Sun’s energy. 8. What process powers our Sun? _______________________________________________ 9. What atoms collide to produce Helium ( He) and huge amount of energy in the Sun? _______________________________________________ 10. Why is Solar Energy essential to plants? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ 11. Why are plants essential to us? Think! _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ http://www.fplsafetyworld.com/?ver=kkblue&utilid=fplforkids&id=16167 Seafloor Spreading Divergent boundaries in the middle of the oceans cause seafloor spreading. As the oceanic plates move apart they produce cracks in the ocean floor. Magma rises up from the mantle and oozes out from the cracks like a long, thin undersea volcano. This magma cools to form a new crust of igneous rock (Basalt). Overtime the cooling magma piles up to form a raised ridge called a mid-ocean ridge. The rate of seafloor spreading depends on the mid-oceanic ridge and can vary from 1 to 20 centimeters per year. The Atlantic ocean is becoming wider each year because of sea floor spreading. 12. What kind of tectonic boundary causes sea floor spreading? ________________________________________________ 13. What fills up the gap in Seafloor Spreading? Think! ________________________________________________ 14. What kind of igneous rock forms the new ocean crust? ________________________________________________ 15. What ocean is getting wider because of Sea Floor Spreading? ________________________________________________ 16. Using arrows, draw the direction of movement ia divergent boundary. 17. What causes the tectonic plate to move? Review and think! ____________________________________ http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/divergent-boundaries.html Rift Valleys: Continental and continental plate divergence results in the formations of rifts. A rift is a dropped zone at the point where the plates are moving apart. As the plates move apart the crust widens and thins, valley and volcanoes begin to form in and around the area. At the start of the rift formation streams and rivers flow into the low valley and long lakes can be created. Eventually, the widening crust along boundary may become so thin that a piece of continent can break off to form a new tectonic plate. When this happens water from an ocean can rush in to form a new sea or ocean basin in the rift zone. An example of this can be seen in East Africa where the Arabian plate is moving away from the African plate. This has resulted in Saudi Arabia being torn away from the rest of Africa and the formation of the Red Sea. http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/GCSE/physics/divergent-boundaries.html 18. What is a rift valley? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 19. What happens in a rift valley as the plates move apart? ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 20. What happens at the start of the rift formation? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 21. What will eventually happen when the crust along the boundary becomes so thin? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 22. How did Saudi Arabia get torn away from Africa? Where is the Red Sea? Use a World Map. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Oceanic Subduction Zone: The deep ocean trench occurs where the oceanic plate bends downward for its descent into the mantle. Benioff Zones: Shallow focus earthquakes near the deep ocean trenches and in the overriding plate are principally produced by motions on thrust faults, indicating compression (converging plates). The Pacific Ocean is surrounded with subduction zones. Along the subduction zones are the volcanoes, altogether referred to as “The Ring of Fire”. http://myweb.cwpost.liu.edu/vdivener/notes/subd_zone.htm 23. What kind of boundary results to a subduction zone? ( convergent or divergent) _____________________________________________________________________________ 24. What are Benioff Zones? _____________________________________________________________________________ 25. What do the X and 0 mean in the chart? _____________________________________________________________________________ 26. What causes the formation of volcanoes in the ocean subduction zones? _____________________________________________________________________________ 27. What do you call the volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean? _____________________________________________________________________________ 28. Why is the oceanic plate subducting ( sinking into the mantle) and not the continental plate? Remember the oceanic plate is made up of heavy basalt rock while the continental plate is made up of lighter granite rock. Think!___________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Plate boundaries are found at the edge of the lithospheric plates and are either convergent or divergent. Rift valleys, volcanoes and trenches form along plate boundaries. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are frequent in areas along plate boundaries because of the continuous motion of the plates. http://i272.photobucket.com/albums/jj187/mrleesite/Geography/Unit%202A/plateboundaries.png 29. Where are plate boundaries found? ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 30. What forms along plate boundaries? ______________________________________________________________________________ 31. What is so frequent along plate boundaries? Why? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 32. Why are earthquakes frequent in California and not in North Carolina? Study the chart and Think! ________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ The epicenter is the point on the earth's surface vertically above the focus or hypocenter or focus, point in the crust where a seismic rupture begins. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=epicenter http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Measuring_and_Predicting_Earthquakes 33. What is epicenter? ______________________________________________________________________________ 34. What is focus or hypocenter? ______________________________________________________________________________ 35. The epicenter of the earthquake was in San Francisco, California, was it felt in NC? ______________________________________________________________________________ 36. Which state experienced a stronger earthquake Oregon or Washington? Explain ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 37. What do you notice about layer B? Observe the thickness. Think! ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 38. Approximately when did the fault occur? ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ http://plate-tectonic.narod.ru/tectonics7photoalbum.html Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks and soils through direct contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice and pressure . Chemical weathering, involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals or biologically produced chemicals, like acids in the breakdown of rocks, soils and minerals. Breaking rocks into smaller pieces increases the rocks’ surface area thus increasing the rate of weathering. It just like when you are trying air dry your clothes, your clothes dry faster on a hangar than when it is squeezed and left in laundry basket. http://joeyliu.com/ShowMeProofs/physical-and-chemical-weathering-ofrocks 39. What are the two types of weathering? ______________________________________________________________________________ 40. What causes mechanical weathering? ______________________________________________________________________________ 41. What causes chemical weathering? ______________________________________________________________________________ 42. How can the amount of surface area affect the rate of weathering? Think! ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 43. Erosion is the movement of sediments from one area to another. Why are wind, water, and gravity major agents of erosion rather than weathering? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Concrete and asphalt on large land prevents the soil from infiltrating and percolating in the ground. This results on increasing run-off and flooding in low lying areas. Increased run-off causes greater soil erosion depriving farm lands with precious top soil. The topsoil is the most fertile part of soil. Plants love the topsoil because it has plenty of nutrients and humus. 44. How does covering large land areas with concrete and asphalt affect the land? Think!___________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 45. What are the effects of large runoffs? Think!______________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 46. Why is top soil important? _______________________________ Study the different types of soil below and answer the following questions. 47. What are the three types of soil? ______________________________________ 48. In which type of soil would infiltration and percolation happen fastest? Why? _______________________________________ _______________________________________ 49. Permeable means it allows water or liquids and gases to pass through. The bigger the spaces between the particles, the more permeable the material becomes. Sand is the most permeable between the three types of soil on the left. Why is clay not as permeable as sand? _______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________________________ Deep Percolation: Deep percolation is when water moves down through the soil profile below the root zone and cannot be utilized by plants. http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/GLOSSARY/deepperc.htm 50. What do you think will happen to groundwater water wells in areas where land is covered with concrete and asphalt? Remember: Groundwater is the water underground and it is also where we get water from wells. The groundwater is recharged by water infiltration and percolation. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 51.What would happen if there are so many groundwater well in a land area? Think! Recharge-adding water to the groundwater; discharge-removing water from groundwater. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Local people often oppose mining in environmentally sensitive ecosystems such as mountain forests and rivers, where impacts on water quality and biodiversity can be serious. 52. Why do local people oppose mining in their areas? Think! ______________________________________ ______________________________________ _____53.Why does mining of coal and other natural resources often result in environment pollution? a. Mining pollutes the air near streams. b. Mining produces acid precipitation near streams. c. Mining creates waste material which can flow into streams. d. Mining strips the surface of the land near streams http://www.flickr.com/photos/zoienvironment/7751738474/ Throwing biodegradable materials like human waste and left over food in the lake causes algae and bacteria to flourish. More bacteria in the lake means more oxygen used by them when decomposing biodegradable human wastes. This deprives the fish in the lake with dissolved oxygen that is why they die. Fish in the lake actually drown because they cannot get oxygen form water. Remember that fish don’t have lungs like us so they cannot breathe air from the atmosphere. What they have are gills that make them breathe the oxygen dissolved in the water. 51. Most of the fish died in the lake when a sewer pipe ( contains human wastes) breaks on a stream connected to the lake. Explain what happened to the fish in lake. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Salinity refers to how salty the water is. Salinity affects the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water. The saltier the water, the lower the oxygen levels will be. It also creates a problem with waters ability to “mix”. http://teacheratsea.wordpress.com/tag/dissolved-oxygen/ 54. How is the amount of dissolved oxygen affected by salinity?_________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ 55. Which is denser freshwater or saltwater? Explain. __________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ There are two types of pollution that affect our everyday life, point source pollution and nonpoint source pollution. Point source pollution comes from a specific, identifiable source, such as pipe, tank, pit, ditch or channel to a body of water. The bulk of point source pollution comes from wastewater discharge from power plants or large industrial plants. Nonpoint source pollution comes from a diffuse source rather than one specific source. Usually nonpoint source pollution comes from storm water run offs from large land areas which may contaminate the surface and ground water over a large area. http://students.umf.maine.edu/brannen.mcgraw/public.www/index5.html 56. What are the two types of pollution? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 57. What is point source pollution? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 58. What is non-point pollution? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 59. How is non-point pollution different from point pollution? Think! ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ There are three major gases in the atmosphere. There’s nitrogen (the most abundant of them all), oxygen, and argon. Weather changes occurs in the troposphere and wind in this layer flows in all directions. In the stratosphere, the wind is flowing horizontally that is why big airplanes fly in this layer. The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and it protects us from the harmful radiation ( U.V. rays ) of the Sun. The atmosphere protects us from objects from space by burning them out, just like what happens to meteors or shooting stars. 60. What are the three major gases that makes up the atmosphere? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 61. Why do big airplanes fly in the stratosphere? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ 62. How are we protected by the atmosphere? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ 63. Which layer of the atmosphere has the most air? ____________________________________________ Fronts: A weather front is defined as the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures and densities. When two air masses meet, the warmer air rises above the cooler denser air. The transition region between the two air masses is known as a front. A cold front occurs when colder air advances toward warm air. The cold air wedges under the warm air like a plow. As the warm air is lifted, it cool and water vapor condenses, forming clouds. When the temperature difference between the cold and warm air is large, thunderstorms and even tornadoes may form. The symbol for cold front is http://www.climateandweather.net/world_weather/weather_fronts.htm 64. What is a front? ______________________________________________________________________________ 65. What is a cold front? _________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 66. Cumulonimbus clouds form thunderstorms. When can thunderstorms form? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 67. What kind of weather would you expect from a cold front? ______________________________________________________________________________ 68. Draw the symbol for cold front. Warm fronts occur when a warm air mass approaches a colder one. The warmer air lifts up and over the colder air. Warm fronts generally move more slowly than cold fronts, gently settling over the cold air and moving it out of the way. Rain associated with warm fronts is less heavy but more extensive (300 to 400 km) than rain generated at cold fronts. http://www.atmosphere.mpg.de/enid/3sg.html 69. What is a warm front? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 70. Which moves faster cold front or warm front? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 71. What weather is associated with warm front? ____________________________________________________________________________________ 72. Draw the symbol for warm front? A station model is a symbolic illustration showing the weather occurring at a given reporting station. Meteorologists created the station model to plot a number of weather elements in a small space on weather maps. Maps filled with dense stationmodel plots can be difficult to read, but they allow meteorologists, pilots, and mariners to see important weather patterns. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_model http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/html/stationplot_printer.html Study the station model above and answer the following questions. Think! 73. What is a station model? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ North 74. What is the temperature based on the station model on the left? ____________________________________________________________ 75. What is the sea level pressure based on the station model on the left? ____________________________________________________________ 76. How much of the sky is covered with clouds based on the station model on the left? _____________________________________________ 77. What is the direction of the wind based on the station model on the left? ________________________________________________________ What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate? The difference between weather and climate is a measure of time. Weather is what conditions of the atmosphere are over a short period of time, and climate is how the atmosphere "behaves" over relatively long periods of time. Changing Pressure The change in the pressure, and how fast it is changing, is more indicative of the weather than the pressure itself. Rapidly falling pressure almost always means an approaching storm system. Slow, sustained pressure drop predicts a sustained period of poor weather conditions. Rapidly rising pressure almost always means clearing and cooler weather is ahead, however it will not last as long as pressure that rises more gradually. ______78. What is the major difference between weather and climate? a. air temperature b. air pressure c. humidity d. time ______ 79. Which of the following is an example of climate? a. the current temperature in Pinehurst, NC c. the average current temperature in a region b. the relative humidity in Raleigh, NC d. the average temperature in Raleigh, NC over the past 30 years ______ 80. On an August afternoon in North Carolina, the barometric pressure is 29.92 inches and falling. What weather condition is likely to happen? a. clearing skies and cooler temperatures c. an imminent storm b. continued fair weather d. conditions will slowly improve Biomes of the World Environmental Science Name: _________________________________________ Period: ____________ Date: ____________ ____1. How do animals obtain most of their nutrients and energy? A) by drinking water C) by absorbing sunlight B) by breathing in the air D) by eating plants or other animals ____2. Which area most likely has the warmest climate? A) an area around the equator C) an area 45° north of the equator B) an area 60° south of the equator D) an area 90° south of the equator ____3. Which biome is characterized by short summers, low-lying plants such as mosses, and a lack of trees? A) desert B) tundra C) grassland D) deciduous forest ____4. Evergreen trees must hold onto as much water as possible because water is often unavailable during the winter months. Which characteristic helps conifers reduce water loss? A) pine scent B) flexible branches C) cone-shaped seeds D) waxy coated needles ____5. Which biome is characterized by a great diversity of life and several distinct layers of vegetation? A) marine B) vent community C) coniferous forest D) tropical rain forest ____6. The jumping cholla is a type of plant with a shallow root system. The root system allows the plant to collect water quickly during rainfall because water is in short supply. The jumping cholla is best adapted to live in which biome? A) desert B) freshwater C) deciduous forest D) tropical rain forest ____7. Most of the grasslands in the United States are now used for growing crops. A) true B) false ____8. Which biome is the most widespread, covering about 71 percent of Earth’s surface? A) desert B) marine C) freshwater D) temperate rain forest ____9. Photosynthetic plants cannot survive in vent communities because there is no_____. A) sand B) warmth C) sunlight D) fresh water ____10. Coal-burning factories may negatively affect biomes by producing_____. A) bacteria B) nutrients C) acid rain D) water vapor ____11. The four basic requirements of life are: A) carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium B) sun, water, plants and nutrients C) nutrients, energy, water and a range of temperature D) soil, energy, water and solvents ____12. Climate is the measure of a region’s: A) humidity B) wind speed C) temperature and precipitation D) all of the above ____13. The distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees, is known as: A) elevation B) longitude C) latitude D) none of the above ____14. There are _______________ major types of biomes on the Earth. A) seven B) ten C) four D) twelve ____15. Much of the animal life in a tropical rainforest is arboreal, referring to animals that: A) are most active at night B) live in trees C) live near water D) live underground ____16. Since most desert animals are nocturnal, they spend the daytime hours: A) resting in underground burrows B) hunting C) laying in the sun D) looking for trees to climb ____17. Which of the following is a food source in open ocean marine biomes? A) phytoplankton B) kelp C) zooplankton D) answers a and c ____18. Grasslands cannot support the growth of trees because: A) too much rainfall causes them to flood C) constant snowfall freezes growing plants B) the climate is too warm D) there is not enough rainfall ____19. Freshwater that is poorly fed based on nutrient content is: A) oligotrophic B) murky C) eutrophic D) oxygen-poor ____20. What are the major types of marine biomes? A) aquatic, stream-fed, coastal and temperate B) coral reef, freshwater and open ocean C) eutrophic, tide pool and coral reef D) coastal waters, coral reefs, open ocean and vent communities VOCABULARY The following vocabulary words are from Biologically Speaking: Biomes Of The World. Fill in the letter of each term next to its closest definition, then on a separate piece of paper use each term in a sentence. a. biome e. desert i. marine b. climate f. freshwater j. temperate rainforest c. coniferous forest g. grassland k. tropical rainforest d. deciduous forest h. latitude l. tundra ________ 1. hot regions near the equator with extremely wet weather and abundant plant and animal life ________ 2. distance north or south or the equator, measured in degrees. ________ 3. area populated by broadleaf trees, with fairly mild winters. ________ 4. the combination of average temperature, precipitation, and other weather factors in an area ________ 5. hot, dry region with little plant life. ________ 6. an aquatic biome, salt water, such as coastal waters, coral reefs, and open oceans. ________ 7 . area populated by evergreen trees, with fairly cold winters. ________ 8. region with abundant plant life, but few trees. ________ 9. area with heavy rainfall and lots of trees, mostly coniferous. ________ 10. large area populated by characteristic plant and animal life. ________ 11. aquatic regions such as ponds, lakes, and rivers. ________ 12. vast, treeless arctic or alpine plain. Biomes Of The World can be found in the maze below. The letters of the words may be arranged horizontally, vertically, diagonally or backwards. X B L M R C V Z T M W K C L I M A T E Q R Y G P G F L O S W X B O D R H J R A F M P R D P Z A K T E T P J E W D I C S M F S I U W R V G C Z S D E H T M N P W Q A S L R NW U P F D G H L RA D I A D P F O R E S T NM R T E W X N P A S Y D V A E R Q P D F G J L M H MR Y W J K T R E S E D http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/ WORD BANK biome climate desert forest freshwater grassland latitude marine tropical tundra Biomes of the World Key Environmental Science 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. VOCABULARY KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. K H D B E I C G J A F L D A B D D A A B C C B D C A B A D D A D