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Plant Structure 2 Biology 2 Sunday, February 24, 2013 Reminders Exam 2: March 6, 2013 Assignment 1: March 4, 2013 Sunday, February 24, 2013 Sunday, February 24, 2013 Sunday, February 24, 2013 Plant Organs Flowers/Fruits Leaves Stem Roots Sunday, February 24, 2013 Stem • Axis to which leaves attach • Support • Growth • Transport • Storage (some) Sunday, February 24, 2013 Specialized Stems Figure 24.19 rhizome of iris tuber of potato corm of crocus Sunday, February 24, 2013 Root • plant organ that anchors plant to substrate • no leaf attachments Sunday, February 24, 2013 Root Tip Region of Maturation Root hairs Region of Elongation Root cap -protect -detect gravity Sunday, February 24, 2013 Region of Cell Division (apical meristem) Cross-Section of a Root Pericycle Epidermis Cortex Vascular cylinder Sunday, February 24, 2013 Endodermis -walls suberin -regulate water passage Vascular Cylinder Dicot vs Monocot Xylem Phloem Figure 24.8 Sunday, February 24, 2013 Xylem Pith Phloem Figure 24.10 Formation of Branch Roots Figure 24.9 Sunday, February 24, 2013 Mycorrhizae • Fungus + root • Mutualism - both benefit Sunday, February 24, 2013 Root Nodules • occur in legumes • contain blue-green bacteria • nitrogen fixation • convert N2 gas to NH3 in soil Sunday, February 24, 2013 Other Modified Roots Figure 24.11 Sunday, February 24, 2013 Leaves • Principal organ of photosynthesis • Waste storage • Water movement Sunday, February 24, 2013 Basic Leaf Structure Blade Axillary Bud Petiole stem Sunday, February 24, 2013 Leaf Leaf Position on Stem Alternate 1/node Sunday, February 24, 2013 Opposite 2/node Whorled ≥3/node Basal Simple vs Compound • Undivided Blade • Divided Blade petiole Axillary bud Sunday, February 24, 2013 leaflets Opposite or Alternate? Sunday, February 24, 2013 Monocot vs Dicot Parallel Veins Monocot Sunday, February 24, 2013 Netted Veins Dicot Internal Anatomy Epidermis Mesophyll Epidermis General Cells Guard cells Sunday, February 24, 2013 Veins sclerenchyma xylem phloem vein Sunday, February 24, 2013 Bracts Colorful leaves near flowers Pointsetta Sunday, February 24, 2013 Dogwood Other Specialized Leaves Figure 24.22 Cactus Spines Onion Bulb Insect-Trapping - Venus Fly-Trap and Pitcher Plant Sunday, February 24, 2013 Flower Reproductive Organ Pistil Stamens Petals Sepals Sunday, February 24, 2013 Male Gametophyte Development Pollen is male gametophyte Anther Pollen Sac Sunday, February 24, 2013 Mitosis Meiosis Microspore Mother Cell 2N Microspores Pollen N N Female Gametophyte Development Ovary Meiosis Mitosis 3x Ovule Megaspore Mother Cell 2N Sunday, February 24, 2013 Megaspore N Female Gametophyte Gametophyte in Ovule Central Cell (Polar Nuclei) Micropyle Egg Sunday, February 24, 2013 Pollination/Development Generative Nucleus Pollen tube Fruit Ovule Endosperm 3N Seed 2 sperm Nuclei Gametophyte Sunday, February 24, 2013 Zygote 2N Embryo Bean - Typical Dicot Seed Seed Coat Hilum Micropyle Sunday, February 24, 2013 Typical Dicot Seed Hypocotyl Plummules Embryo Radicle Cotyledon Cotyledon Endosperm is absorbed by cotyledons Sunday, February 24, 2013 Germination 1st true leaves Cotyledons Hypocotyl Imbibation Sunday, February 24, 2013 Root Sunday, February 24, 2013 Typical Monocot Seed Pericarp Endosperm Embryo Plummule Cotyledon Radicle Sunday, February 24, 2013 Monocot Development 1st leaf Imbibation Sunday, February 24, 2013 Root Prop Roots branch roots Fruit • Flowering Plant Organ containing seed(s) Endocarp Seed Mesocarp Pericarp Exocarp Sunday, February 24, 2013 Simple Fruit • Derived from a single ovary • Fleshy Fruits – moist at maturity • Dry fruits – dry at maturity Sunday, February 24, 2013 Simple Fleshy Fruits e.g. peach Drupe - stony endocarp e.g. walnut Sunday, February 24, 2013 Berries -soft endocarp Dry Fruits Legume Sunday, February 24, 2013 Nut Compound Fruits • Derived from a many ovaries Aggregate many ovaries in one flower e.g. raspberry Multiple many ovaries from multiple flowers e.g. osage orange Figure 27.9 Sunday, February 24, 2013 Fruits carry seed from parnet eat berries then release seeds in feces e.g raspberry Wind Animals fruits have barbs to stick to fur e.g. beggar’s ticks Sunday, February 24, 2013
