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The Civil War ends in April of 1865 Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to American General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. 92 Abraham Lincoln Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address stated that, “no state…can lawfully get out of the Union”, but pledged there would be no war unless the South started it. “no State upon its own mere motion can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void… I therefore consider that in view of the Constitution and the laws the Union is unbroken” 88 Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address Primarily addressed to the people of the South and was intended to succinctly state Lincoln’s intended policies and desires toward that section, where seven states had seceded from the Union. The Famous Generals of the Civil War The Confederacy (South) Ulysses S. Grant Stonewall Jackson The Union (North) William Tecumseh Sherman Robert E. Lee 86 Robert E. Lee Stonewall Jackson Anaconda Plan Battle of Antietam First major battle of the Civil War to take place on Union soil. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, setting all slaves in the Confederate states free. Yet, because in 1863 the war was still being fought, not a single slave was freed. Still, many slaves knew about the Proclamation and began to do their part to see that the Confederacy was defeated. 87 Emancipation Proclamation The Battle of Gettysburg, July1-3,1863, was the turning point in the Civil War where Lee’s army is defeated. Hey, baby. Wanna check out my severed leg? 90 Gettysburg Address Site of the Battle of Gettysburg – July, 1863 President Lincoln gives a speech to dedicate a cemetery to the men who died there and to encourage Americans to finish the war. 91 Ulysses S. Grant Battle of Gettysburg Largest number of casualties in the Civil War Battle of Vicksburg A long land and naval campaign by Union forces to capture a key strategic position during the Civil War. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address(1865) was meant to help heal and restore the country after four years of Civil War. It stated the South should be treated fairly with justice and kindness when they return to the Union. With malice [hatred] toward none, with charity for all,…let us strive on to…bind up the nation’s wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and…to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves… 89 Fort Wagner Assault The 54thh Massachusetts was one of the 1st African-American regiments organized to fight for the Union in the Civil War. William Carney 1st African American to be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his acts of bravery in the assault on Fort Wagner. Julia Ward Howe William Tecumseh Sherman General for the Union Army recognized for his harsh military strategy Philip Bazaar Born in Chile, South America he was a Navy seaman who was awarded the United States’ highest military decoration for valor in combat during the Civil War. Appomattox Court House • Civil War ended with a Union victory when Lee surrendered to Grant. Morril Act 1862- provided each state with federal land, land was to be sold to establish public colleges Homestead Act 1862- signed by Lincoln, 160 acres of government land granted to settler if land was improved with home, crops, etc. Resulted in a large number of European immigrants The Assassination of President Lincoln Jacksonian Democracy Elections (1824-1840) Year Candidates Outcome Details 1824 John Quincy Adams (R) Andrew Jackson (D-R) Henry Clay (D-R) 6th President John Q. Adams (D-R) VP: John C. Calhoun 1828 John Q. Adams (Whig) Andrew Jackson (Dem) 7th President Andrew Jackson (Dem) VP: John C. Calhoun Jackson won by a large Andrew Jackson won margin the popular vote, but Voting privileges were not the majority. open to any male 21 years House of Reps had to or older (they did not decide the winner. need to own land) Henry Clay dropped out Jackson appealed to the and backed Adams. common people John Q. Adams wins Favored state rights and names Clay his “Victory for the common Secretary of State which people” is why the election is Important Events Tariff of Abominations called the … (1828) “Corrupt Bargain” Spoils System Adams Beliefs: Kitchen Cabinet 1) Fed gov’t should Bank War support economy - AJ vetoes recharter 2) promote arts/science -vs Nicholas Biddle * Adams was an Indian Removal Act unpopular President (1830) Democrat 1832 Henry Clay (Whig) Andrew Jackson (Dem) 7th President Andrew Jackson (Dem) VP: Martin Van Buren . Whig . 1836 William H. Harrison (Whig) Martin Van Buren (Dem) 8th President Martin Van Buren (Dem) VP: Richard Johnson Van Buren wins Jackson wins easily Van Buren’s Beliefs common people supported Jackson & 1) cut back on govt spending rejected National 2) tried to establish a Bank stable banking system New Politics 3) laissez faire: hands off - caucuses economic affairs - nominating Important Events Important Events Panic of 1837: banks Spoils System couldn’t cash bonds Kitchen Cabinet from land sold in the West Worcester vs Georgia -states printed more (1832) money what was Nullification Crisis not backed by gold or (1832) SC silver National Banks - inflation occurred charter - cotton prices fell expires (1836) - banks closed ** economic depression “Pet banks” 1840 William H. Harrison (Whig) Martin Van Buren (Dem) 9th President William H. Harrison (Whig) VP: John Tyler (Whig ticket) William Harrison wins “Tippecanoe & Tyler too” Whigs Plan 1) new U.S. Bank 2) improve infrastructure ** Harrison dies of pneumonia on his 32nd day in office 10th President John Tyler (Whig ticket) Democrat beliefs Whig Congress passes bank bill - Tyler vetoes the bill Tyler’s beliefs are more aligned with Democrats - accomplishes little 89 Presidents Studies 11-16 (1845-1865) Year Candidates Outcome Details 1845-1849 1849-1850 Democratic . 1853-1857 Whig / Republican . 1857-1861 1861-1865 Henry Clay (Whig) James K. Polk (Dem) Zachary Taylor (Whig) Lewis Cass (Dem) Winfield Scott (Whig) Franklin Pierce (Dem) John C. Fremont (Republican) James Buchanan (Dem) Abraham Lincoln (Rep) John Breckinridge (Dem) Stephen A. Douglas (Dem) 11th President James K. Polk VP: George M. Dallas 12th President Zachary Taylor VP: Millard Filmore 14th President Franklin Pierce (Dem) VP: William Rufus King 15th President James Buchanan (Dem) VP: John Breckinridge 16th President Abraham Lincoln VP: Hannibal Hamlin (1st) Andrew Johnson (2nd) First “dark horse” (little known) candidate to win Expansionist President Manifest Destiny was complete under his Presidency, boundaries extend to Pacific Ocean after the MexicanAmerican War Texas Republic, 1845 Mexican-American War, 1846-1848 Oregon Territory, 1848 Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 Women’s Rights General in the U.S. Army No Formal Education Hero of the MexicanAmerican War Died in office after 16 months General in the U.S. Army during the MexicanAmerican War Gadsden Purchase, 1853 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Bleeding Kansas, 1854 Youngest President at the time, 48 years old. 13th President Millard Filmore (Whig) President credited w/ Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law, 1850 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 Wife started the Presidential Library in the White House From Buffalo, NY (Hospital named after him there) Only President never to have married “Save the Union” candidate Near the end of his term, seven states seceded, forming the Confederate States of Pierce: 48 yrs, 101 days America (CSA) T. Roosevelt: 42 yrs, 322 Dred Scott vs Sanford, d 1857 Obama: 47 yrs, 169 days Raid on Harpers Ferry, VA 1859 First Republican President Six weeks into his first term, the attack at Fort Sumter begins the Civil War Issued the Emancipation Proclamation (freeing slaves) Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at the start of his second term Tallest President, 6’4” 90 Andrew Johnson • Became President after Lincoln’s assassination. Wanted to treat the South leniently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econstruction Social Studies Success Reconstruction Act This act established direct military rule over former Confederate states until new governments could be formed. Ulysses S. Grant 18thh U.S. President His administration was characterized by weak presidential leadership and widespread corruption. Radical Republicans A Faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from before the Civil War to the end of Reconstruction. Believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights as whites. In 1865, the Freedmen’s Bureau was created by Congress to provide education and medical care to former slaves and to protect their legal rights. Freedman’s Bureau • Created to help freedmen adjust and to set up schools to educate them. They were given food, clothing and medical care. Sharecropping A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on the land. AFRICAN AMERICANS HIRAM REVELS – FIRST BLACK SENATOR • African Americans took an active role in the political process in the South • They voted in record numbers and many ran for office • Hiram Revels was the first black Senator • After the failure of Reconstruction, Black Codes often restricted African Americans right to vote 95 The years immediately after the Civil War are known as “Reconstruction”. Because much of the South was destroyed during the war, it was now time to reconstruct it. During this time, three very important amendments were added to the Constitution. The Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment (1865): Slaves received their freedom and finally ended slavery in the U.S. 14th Amedment Gave citizenship and due process to anyone born in the U.S. 15th Amendment (1870): Gave black men the right to vote (19th Amendment (1920): gave women the right to vote) 94 th 13 Amendment Abolished slavery, passed in 1865 Granted U.S. citizenship to all former slaves, provide all citizens with “due process of law.” th 15 Amendment Guaranteed voting rights to former slaves Carpetbagger Northern born white Republicans who moved south after the war Southern born white Republicans, Southerners believed these people were betraying the South. Ku Klux Klan Secret group first set up in the South after the Civil War. Members terrorized African Americans. Reconstruction Social Studies Success Dawes Act of 1887 The act provided that each Indian family be given 160 acres of land. All remaining tribal lands were opened to whites. The act nearly destroyed Native American Indian culture. Dawes Homestead Act Bill designed to break up tribes & promote assimilation into U.S. society Bessemer Process In 1855, Henry Bessemer developed a new method of making steel. Walt Whitman He became one of the nation’s greatest poets during the19th century. Wrote Leaves of Grass Mark Twain He was the first major American writer born away from the East Coast. He wrote Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn John Philip Sousa He was an early composer for brass bands. He is most famous for The Stars and Stripes Forever. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XU4A_qJ3 tps://ww p 3pM p Transcontinental Railroad The Indian Wars A series of battles from the 1840’s to the 1880’s between the U.S. military and Native Americans in an effort to clear routes to the West. Hiram Rhodes Revels 1st African American Elected to Congress ! ""#!$!% &!$!'!(#$! )! "(!( !(*! 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AAAAA="9%" . 6 AAAAA?""%"9"<" "7"9< AAAAA:%9!"" &!!"9 " Primary Sources are the original records of an event. They include eyewitness reports, records created at the time of an event, speeches, and letters by people involved in the event, photographs and artifacts. Secondary Sources are the later writings and interpretations of historians and writers. Often secondary sources, like textbooks and articles, provide 118 summaries of information found in primary sources.