Download Meteorology / Hydrosphere

Earth Science – Oceanography, Geology, Astronomy, Meteorology
Science – Physical Sci., Life Sci.,
Earth Sci.
Hydrosphere
Meteorology is the study of the weather
and forces and processes that cause it. In
order to understand how the weather works,
meteorologists must understand how energy,
air, and water move between the hydrosphere,
atmosphere and lithosphere. - the water cycle
Meteorologists – good at math and physics, visual problem solvers, good at seeing
patterns/solving puzzles; making connections, seeing relationships, what stuff has in common
– understanding how stuff fits together.
 Scientists have given names to the living,
solid, liquid, and gas parts of the earth. The
four spheres of Earth Science are: sphere = round, ball shaped
(1)
Biosphere – living (biologist)
(2)
Lithosphere – rocky, ground, solid (geologist)
(3)
Hydrosphere - water, liquid (oceanographer)
(4)
Atmosphere – air, gas (meteorologist)
Cryosphere – ice (glaciologist)
 The living part of the Earth is called the
Biosphere. The term is used to refer to the
whole earth. Ecologists,
Environmentalists, and other
types of Life Scientists study
the Biosphere.
tectonic plate 60-100 miles thick
Hydrosphere - 2
 The lithosphere is the solid part of the earth. It is
made up of rocks, minerals, and soil. The ground you
walk on is part of the lithosphere. Mountains are part
of the lithosphere. The lithosphere extends under the
ocean and makes up the continents. It includes the
earth’s crust and the top part of the upper mantle.
Various types of geologists study the lithosphere.
Useable Freshwater: 1mi3 = a cube 10,000 gal by 10,000 gal by 10,000 gal
 The hydrosphere is the liquid part of earth
that is near or around the surface. About
71% of the earth’s surface is covered by
water. The amount of water on earth is
immense, an estimated 326 million cubic miles.
A cubic mile of water equals more than one
trillion gallons. However, 99.7% of all water
States Geological Survey
on earth is unusable by humans. United
(USGS); NOAA
0.3% = 0.003 times 326 = 0.978
x/326 = 0.3/100
Useable Freshwater: 326,000,000 mi3 times 0.3% = 0.978 or about
1,000,000 mi3 or about 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 gallons or about
1quintillion gallons = 1 trillion million gallons of usable freshwater
We use 0.4 trillion gal per day in the US.
How deep are the world’s oceans, deepest lakes and rivers?
This picture shows the size of a sphere that would contain all of Earth's water in
comparison to the size of the Earth. The blue sphere sitting on the United States,
reaching from about Salt Lake City, Utah to Topeka, Kansas, has a diameter of about
860 miles (about 1,385 kilometers) , with a volume of about 332,500,000 cubic miles
(1,386,000,000 cubic kilometers). The sphere includes all the water in the oceans,
seas, ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as groundwater, atmospheric water, and even
the water in you, your dog, and your tomato plant.
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/2010/gallery/global-water-volume.html
Hydrosphere -3
Salt Water
97.2349% of all water on earth is salt water
and is unusable by living organisms.
round to 97%
oceans = 97.2269% - round to 97%
salt lakes (inland seas) = 0.008%
Remember 97% to 3%
Remember 85% of freshwater is unusable
because it is locked in ice.
Fresh water = 2.7651% - round to 3%
Only 15% of the Earth’s freshwater can be used
by living things.
ice sheets and glaciers = 2.14% - not usable by
living organisms
ground water = 0.61%
fresh water lakes = 0.009%
rivers and streams = 0.0001%
soil moisture (above the aquifer) = 0.005%
atmosphere = 0.001%
Remember most of earth’s usable freshwater comes from the ground!
These numbers are good approximations, but they
change constantly because of the water cycle!
Remember 97% to 3% and 99.7% to 0.3%
Hydrosphere - 4
 Humans use an enormous amount of water.
Each person uses about 80-100 gallons per
day. In the year 2005, the United States
used about 410 billion gallons per day
(410,000 Mgal/d) of fresh water with a
population of 281,421,906 people.
At this rate of use(2005), the US would use up the entire world’s supply of
useable fresh water in 6570.84 years.
Current population = U.S. 321,987,388; World 7,280,161,938
Oct 19, 2015 16:13 UTC (+4)
http://www.census.gov/
 Water usage is broken down into eight
major categories. The following is what water
was used for in the Unites States in 2005:
thermoelectric power (hydroelectric) = 49% -thermal pollution
irrigation (farming) = 31%
public supply = 11% - you, me, city water
industry = 4%
Honda of America in Marysville, OH – why here?
aquaculture (fish farms) = 2%
domestic (self-supplied wells) 1%
mining = 1%
livestock = <1%
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Buffer Zone- protective strip of vegetation
around a body of water that slows runoff
Health of an ecosystem?
Pollution + Biodiversity
How much stuff
is in the water?
water hardness?
mercury and lead?
Hydrosphere - 5
Water pollution contains minerals, chemicals, or
organisms that can disrupt life processes and cause
disease or death. The largest source of water pollution
is sediment - loose clay, mud, or minerals that have
been eroded. There are two types of pollution.
Ocean water 35-38
Point Source – known source, small area parts per thousand
Non Point Source – source unknown, large area
Freshwater versus polluted water – defined and classified
storm drain pipe?
Classified by the amount of pollutants: freshwater = 0 – 1000 ppm [parts per
million or 1000 mg/l (milligrams per liter)]; 0-499 = drinkable; 500-999 potable
Polluted water = greater than1000 ppm
RED TIDE – toxic algae
Polluted water area with excessive plant growth, dead animals, and lots
bloom in the ocean
of bacteria
Algae actually adds oxygen, the bacteria use the
oxygen when they decompose the dead algae
Algae Blooms: definition and 4-5 steps
(1) pollution, fertilizers/run off enters lake, streams, rivers (2) algae populations
grows out of control because of the fertilizers. As the algae dies, the bacteria
population grows out of control (3) the bacteria consume all the oxygen in the
water (4) all the animals die because of the lack of oxygen
N–P-K

Acid rain is a type of both water and air pollution.
Polluted water = greater than1000 ppm
Pollutants
such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) or nitrogen oxide
(NOx) enter the air from a source such as a power plant or
volcano. The wind blows the pollutions far from the source.
The pollutant lowers the pH (raises the acidity) of the water
in the air. Pure water has a pH of 7.0. Normal rain is slightly
acidic because carbon dioxide dissolves into it, so it has a pH
of about 5.5. As of the year 2000, the most acidic
rain falling in the US has a pH of about 4.3, which is
3 ways
thatharmful
water quality to
is plant and animal life.
very
measured
Water Quality
Piatt Castles
erosion
a measure of the suitability of water for a
particular use based upon selected
characteristics.
chemical: pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrates, phosphates, salts,
hardness, iron, carcinogens, solvents, sediments
physical: temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity/
suspended particulates (muddiness)
biological: bacteria - fecal coliform, protozoa, pathogens
Non Point Source Pollution:
pollution enters from a large
area; the exact source is
unknown.
Point Source Pollution:
pollution enters from a
small area; the specific
location is known.
Hydrosphere - 6
Physical Property
 Although the percentage of fresh water available on
earth is small, the earth never runs out because water
is a renewable resource. This means its actual amount
is not limited and it can be easily replenished. This
happens because water can readily change from one
state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) to another at the
temperatures and pressures that occur around Earth’s
surface.
 Water is constantly moving between
each of the four spheres of Earth
Science. This unending circulation of
earth’s water supply is called the water
cycle or the hydrologic cycle. It has
several main steps:
water storage
How did the ocean get salty to begin with?
evaporation / transpiration
Water is renewable
because it can exist and condensation
change from a solid to a
liquid to a gas on or near
precipitation
recharge of water storage
Hydrosphere - 7
Even though water is renewable, it must be conserved because (1) there is a limited amount; humans can use it up due
to pollution and (2) humans can also use it faster than nature can replenish it.
ocean = largest water storage area
solid or liquid water
water storage
 Water storage supplies are stored in lakes,
streams, oceans, and snow fields. Man-made
water supplies are called reservoirs.
ground water = largest useable freshwater storage area
glaciers – largest freshwater storage area
water towers?
NOT water storage!
evaporation / transpiration
 Evaporation is the process where liquid
water is
and becomes a gas called
water vapor. Usually the sun heats the water
supply and vaporizes it at its surface. Boiling temperature
Transpiration is the process by which water is
evaporated into the air through plants (leaf
pores). The sun drives the water cycle!
gas – heated rises
Adding heat turns liquid water into a gas
Lots of spaces between molecules
Temperature: speed or motion of particles; everything has a temp!
Heated water vapor rises into the air because it is lighter.
Hot light things rise!!!! Cold Heavy things sink!!!
condense
gas rise – cool,
contract
FROZEN – SOLID
NO SPACE BETWEEN MOLECULES
evaporateWhat are the two main differences between solids, liquids, and gases?
add heat
space between
the molecules
and temperature
liquid
– cool
expand
some space between
Hydrosphere
-molecules
8
condensation
 Condensation is the process of changing water
vapor (gas) held in the air into a liquid by removing
heat - cooling. Water drops on the outside of a
does the water come from?
cold glass are condensed water. Where
What is boiling temperature?
condensation point = dew point = temperature that gas changes
How does dew form? Temperature at night gets colder so any
into a liquid
water vapor condenses and turns into a liquid.
 The temperature at which water vapor changes
from a gas to a liquid is called the dew point or
saturation point. When the dew point is close
(within 5°F) to the air temperature, rain is very
likely. Dew forms when moist air (water vapor)
near the earth’s surface cools. If the surface
temperature falls below freezing, then the dew
turns into frost.
Dew point is determined by pressure – weight of the air
It is the temperature at which liquid water or dew evaporates at the same rate at which it
condenses.
less weight (lower pressure) = easier to condense = lower dew point; HP = high dew point
 Humidity is moisture or water in the
atmosphere. The amount of humidity is
determined by temperature. Higher temperatures
mean higher humidity. Lower temperatures mean
How full the air is with water compered to the actual
lower humidity.
amount of water in the air
Hydrosphere - 9
Condensation
 Relative humidity is a measure of how
much water air holds at a certain temperature
compared to the total amount of moisture that it
can hold. It is measured in percent. When air is
totally dry, the relative humidity is 0. When air
holds half the water that it is able, the relative
humidity is 50%. When air is completely full of
water the relative humidity is 100%. When air
reaches the point of 100% humidity, the air is
saturated and water vapor will change from a gas
to a liquid and it will rain.
Specific Humidity: measures the actual quantity of water vapor in a given mass
of air. It is measured in g/kg (parts per thousand) or g/m3 (parts per million)
[1g=1cc=1ml water, 1m3=1000L].
Fog/clouds are liquid, not a gas!
 Fog is a mass of tiny liquid droplets of water
that have condensed around dust particles (cloud
seeds). The droplets are too tiny to fall and are
held in place by air currents. Fogs/clouds need:
(1) water vapor - gas
(2) cooling agent
(3) something to stick to
Why do you see your breath when it is cold?
What are dirty clouds? Why are clouds dark?
cloud seeding – artificial clouds
contrails? condensed trail: cloud made by an airplane
How do you see tornados if they are just wind?
3 types of fog – advection,
Hydrosphere
radiation, and upslope
- 10
condensation
 Fog forms on the ground when a layer of air is
cooled to its dew point by contact with the colder
surface. Clouds are very similar to fogs only they form
at much higher altitudes. They are formed when a
layer of moist air is cooled by another layer of air.
Clouds are not water vapor; they are
water
droplets too tiny to fall to Earth as precipitation.
CLOUD
temperature drops with
height above the ground
dew point temp
cool air
cooled from air above
warm air
FOG
cooled from ground below
warm air
water gas
cool ground
Precipitation
 Precipitation is water that falls to earth from clouds
in the atmosphere. When water droplets cool and
condense, they get larger to the point that gravity pulls
them back to the earth.
There are five kinds based on their
size:
hail
snow
rain
1- largest
5- smallest
s
l
e
e
t
d
r
i
zzle
Hydrosphere - 11
precipitation
1/1000th inch, 14 μm
 The size of water vapor droplets is very small.
Drizzle droplets are much smaller than rain
droplets, but are much larger than water vapor
droplets.
 When water droplets freeze on their way to
the earth, sleet, snow, and hail form. Sometimes
strong updrafts blow the droplets back up into the
clouds where they gain another layer of water
which refreezes. This process is how hail is
formed.
The largest hailstone ever recovered in the United States
(South Dakota), a seven-inch (17.8-centimeter) wide chunk
of ice almost as large as a soccer ball. 2 pounds; July, 2010
Removing heat (cooling) turns
water vapor back into a liquid.
Liquid water sinks or falls to
the ground because it is
heavy. Cool heavy things
sink!!!!
2 types:
above ground - runoff
Hydrosphere - 12
below ground – filling the
recharge of water storage aquifer/ground water
What is the shape of a raindrop?
 The recharge of water storage happens after
precipitation hits the ground. The water follows
surface contour lines as it flows as runoff into lakes,
rivers, and the ocean.
Gravity is the energy source! Water runs downhill!
Nile River?
 Much of the water that hits the ground does not
runoff. It percolates or moves downward through the
pores and spaces in the soil until it hits the
- a place where the soil is saturated or completely
filled with water. This zone of saturation is an
underground water storage area called an
.
Why does the ground feel solid if it
is full of air? shock absorbers, tires
 If it rains so much that the water table moves to
the surface, there will be a flood. If it rains so hard
and fast that most of the rain runs off above the
ground and does not go into the ground,
do some rivers/lakes run
then flash flooding occurs. Why
dry in the summer?
What is a flood plain?
an area where the water table is always near the surface
 The rate of movement of ground
water depends on the porosity and permeability of the
ground. Porosity is the amount of void space or
opening in a rock or other earth material like a sand
deposit. It is how much water a material can
Larger grain material will have higher
thandrought?
Waterporosity
table and
hold.
smaller grain material – more open space.
Hydrosphere - 13
recharge of water storage
 Porosity represents the storage capacity of the
ground material. It is measured in percent of open
space. The more tightly packed the grains are, the
lower the porosity. If the sizes of the ground particles
are both large and small, the smaller grains tend to fill
the spaces between the larger grains, resulting in lower
example sand: 100ml of sand in a jar, how much water till it floods? 50ml of water poured into 100ml sand;
porosity. porosity
add volume of sand to volume of water added; divide volume of water by total volume to get porosity;
100+50=150ml
50/150 = 0.33 = 33% porosity
You figure out the porosity of a given sample!
porosity example gravel:
200+75=275 ml
75/275 = 0.27 = 27% porosity
 Permeability refers to how well water flows through
a material. It is controlled by how large the pores are,
and how well connected they are. Materials such as
clay and shale may have a high porosity because of lots
of microscopic openings, but they have low permeability
because the openings are not connected. So, water
cannot pass through. Materials such as clay and solid
rock that block water are called confining units.
Well yields? Champaign Co/Logan Co
How close is the bedrock to the surface?
West of Hwy 68: 500 to 1000 gal/min; East of Hwy 68?
East of 68: 3-8 to 100 gal/min
Teayes River Valley?
Cedar Bog/Fen
 The water in the aquifer moves due to gravity and
eventually recharges or refills wells, reservoirs, lakes,
rivers, and the ocean.
This is how we get our water!
condensation
river or pond
precipitation
effluent stream:
fed by the water table
evaporation
storage
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html
storage