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G lossary 135 135 A Acid: A chemical that has a sour taste. Acids react with bases, and strong acids are corrosive. Acids have a pH less than 7. Air resistance: The friction from air when you move through it. Algae: Aquatic photosynthetic organism that differs f rom plants in not having true leaves, roots, or stems. Alkali: A chemical that dissolves in water and reacts with an acid. Alkalis have a pH greater than 7. Amplitude: The height of a vibration. A sound with large amplitude is loud. Antacids: Medicine for acid indigestion that neutralizes excess stomach acid. B Base: A chemical that reacts with an acid. Soluble bases are called alkalis. Budding: A type of asexual reproduction found in corals where a bud grows from the parent polyp. C Carbohydrates: A type of food made by plants in their leaves. Carbon dioxide: A colourless odorless atmospheric gas produced during respiration and used by plants during photosynthesis. Carbon monoxide: A colourless, odourless and poisonous gas produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon compounds. Cells: The ‘building blocks’ that all things are made of. Chlorofluoro carbon: Chemicals used in aerosol sprays that can cause the thinning of the ozone layer in our atmosphere. Chloroplast: Packets of green colour in plants leaves which trap light energy to make food. Circuit diagram A map of an electrical circuit using special symbols for all the components. 136 Compound: A substance made of two or more different kinds of atoms chemically joined together. Constipation: A condition in which a person or animal has difficulty in eliminating solid waste from the body and the feces are hard and dry. Convection: Circulatory movement in liquid or gas, resulting from regions of different temperatures and different densities rising and falling in response to gravity. Cotyledons: The first leaf, or one of the first pair of leaves, produced by the seed of a flowering plant. Coral Polyp: A marine organism that lives in colonies and has an external skeleton made of calcium carbonate. D Digestive system: The long tubes that break down your food and take it into your blood, and the organs that go with it. Dredging: To remove or recover material from under water by means of a dredge. E Electrical conductor: Materials through which electric current can pass. Electrical insulator insulator: Materials through which electric current cannot pass. Electricity: Energy created by moving charged particles. Element: A substance made of only one kind of atom. Embryo: A plant in its earliest stages of development. In see bearing plants, the embryo is contained within the seed. Endangered: A plant or animal is said to be endangered when it is in danger of becoming extinct. Energy: The ability to do work, this has many different forms, eg. Heat, sound, light. Estimat e: To make an approximate calculation of Estimate: something. Extinct: A species that has died out has become extinct. F F a t : A type of food and a store of energy in animals and plants. Fission: A type of asexual reproduction found in corals where the parent polyp splits into two new polyps. Fossil fuel: Fuel that formed over millions of years from the remains of living things Force: A push or a pull, measured in newtons (N). Freq uency: The number of vibrations in each requency: second. A sound with a high frequency has a high pitch. Friction: A force which slows down movement. G Gill: The organ that fish and some other aquatic animals use to breathe, consisting of a membrane containing many blood vessels through which oxygen passes. Global warming: The warming of the Earth due to the greenhouse effect. Glucose: A simple sugar produced in plants by photosynthesis and in animals by the conversion of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. Green house effect: The trapping of heat from the Sun in the Earth’s atmosphere by green house gases such as carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, causing global warming. H Heat conductor conductor::Materials which heat can pass through. Heat insulator: insulator:Materials which heat cannot pass through. I Indicator: A chemical that is one colour in a alkali and a different colour in an acid. J Joule: A measurement of energy. L Lever: An easy way of lifting heavy weights Litmus: An indicator that is red in acids and blue in alkalis. Lung: The paired respiratory organ situated inside the ribcage in animals that transfer oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from it. M Mass: The amount of matter in an object or an animal. Mass is measured in kilograms. Minerals: An inorganic substance that must be ingested by animals or plants in order to remain healthy. Mixture: Different types of atoms and molecules which are not joined together chemically and so can easily be separated. Multicellular organisms: An organism with more than one cell. N Neutral: A substance that is neither acidic nor alkaline is neutral. Neutralization: A chemical reaction between an acid and a base that produces a neutral solution. Non-renewable: Energy sources that are used up are non-renewable, e.g. fossil fuels. O Organ: A group of different tissues working together to carry out one or more bodily functions. E.g. stomach and heart Oxides of nitrogen: Poisonous gaseous compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen. Dissolve in rain water o form acid rain. Ozone layer: A layer of ozone gas in the atmosphere. It protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the Sun by absorbing most of it. 137 137 P S Parallel circuit: A circuit in which two or more components are wired side by side Peristalsis Peristalsis: The muscles of the gut squeeze the food along by contracting in waves pH scale: Scale of numbers from 1 (strongest acid) through 7 (neutral) to 14 (strongest alkali). Photosynthesis: The process plants use to make food. Pitch: How high or low a sound is. Pivot : The point around which a lever turns Plumule: Primary shoot of a plant embryo. Pollutants: Something that pollutes, for example, chemicals or waste products that contaminate the air, soil or water. Pollution: The act of polluting something, especially the natural environment. Posture: The way in which somebody carries his or her body, especially when standing. R Radiation: Any kind of energy that is emitted from a source in the form of rays or waves, for example, heat, light or sound. Radicle: The part of a plant embryo that forms the root of the young plant. Reflection : The process or act of reflecting something, especially light, sound or heat. Renewable: Energy sources that can be replaced are renewable, e.g. wood, solar power. Resistance: The opposition that a circuit component or substance presents to the flow of electricity. Natural Resources: A naturally occurring material such as coal or wood that can be exploited by people. Respiration: A chemical reaction that happens in your cells to release energy. The reaction uses oxygen and glucose, and produces water and carbon dioxide. Respiratory system Your lungs and the tubes connecting them to your nose and mouth. Your respiratory system is used for gas exchange. 138 Seed: Plant part containing embryo. Series circuit: A circuit in which two or more components are wired end to end. Sound energy: Energy in the form of sound. Stamina: Enduring physical or mental energy and strength that allows somebody to do something for a long time. Starch: A carbohydrate substance manufactured by plants and stored in seeds. S t o m a t a : A tiny pore in the outer layer of a plant leaf or stem that controls passing of water vapour and other gases into and out of the plant. Streamlined: Shaped to make the effect of friction less. Strength: The physical or mental power that makes somebody or something strong. T Thermometer: An instrument for measuring temperature. Threatened: Used to describe an organism or species that is in danger of becoming extinct. Tissues: Number of cells join together to form tissues. U Universal indicator: An indicator that has a range of colours showing the strength of an acid or alkali on the pH scale. V Vibrate: Make regular shaking movements, which are sometimes too small to see. Sounds are made by vibrations. Vitamins: Organic substances essential in small small quantities to the nutrition and normal metabolism of most animals. Z Zooxanthellae: A microscopic yellow-green algae that lives within the cells of corals.