Download Chapter 15 Toward the Civil War (1840-1861)

Chapter 15 Toward the Civil
War (1840-1861)
Section 1 Slavery and the West
n
Did the compromises that Congress
made effectively address slavery and
sectionalism?
Missouri
• 1819- Missouri applied
for statehood
• Slavery was legal in
Missouri
• This sparked an angry
debate in Congress
• There were 22 states in
the Union
• 11 slave states/ 11 free
states
• Each state got two votes
(Senate)
• Adding another state
would tip the balance
between slave states
and free states
North and South
• The North and South
had different economies
and were competing for
new land in the West
• At the same time, many
Northerners wanted to
restrict or ban slavery
• Southerners opposed
these antislavery efforts
(even those that
disliked slavery)
• Southerners resented
the interference by
outsiders in
Southerners’ affairs
• This grew into
sectionalism between
the North and South
What to do with Missouri
• Senate suggested allowing
Missouri join as a slave state
and Maine join as a free state
• The Senate wanted to settle
the issue of slavery in the
territories for good
• Senate proposed banning
slavery in the rest of the
Louisiana Purchase north of
36°30' N latitude
• Speaker of the House Henry
Clay guided the bill through
the House of Representatives
(passed by a close vote)
• Maine was the 23rd state and
Missouri was 24th
• The Missouri Compromise
preserved the balance
between slave and free states
• This was a temporary
solution in the debate over
slavery
Who drafted the Missouri
Compromise?
A. Henry Clay
B. James Monroe
C. James Polk
D. Thomas Jefferson
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
Which of the following was a
proposal to ban slavery in any lands
acquired from Mexico?
A. The Compromise of 1850
B. The Wilmot Proviso
C. The Missouri Compromise
D. The Freeport Doctrine
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
Post Mexican American War
• There were three position on the issue of
slavery in the new territories acquired from
Mexico.
• Wilmot Proviso 1846 – No slavery in new
lands, congress as the right to decide this.
• Calhoun Resolution 1847 – Slavery must
be allowed the constitution allows it.
• Popular Sovereignty 1848 – Let settlers in
the new territories decide on slavery.
Southerners’ Response
• Southerners’ protested the
Wilmot Proviso
• Southerners’ felt this
endangered slavery
everywhere
• They wanted New Mexico and
California open to slavery
• John C. Calhoun (SC)
countered with another
proposal
• It said that neither Congress
nor any territory had the
authority to ban slavery from a
territory or regulate it
• Neither proposal passed, but
caused bitter debate
• By the next election, the US
gained New Mexico and
California, but took no action on
slavery
Election of 1848
• 1848- The Whigs
selected Zachary
Taylor as their
candidate
• Taylor was a
Southerner and a hero
of the Mexican War
• The Democrats chose
Senator Lewis Cass of
Michigan
• Both candidates
ignored the issue of
slavery
• The failure to take a
stand angered voters
Election of 1848 Continued
• Many opponents of
slavery left their parties
and formed the Free-Soil
Party
• “Free Soil, Free Speech,
Free Labor, and Free
Men”
• The Free-Soil Party chose
former president Van
Buren as their candidate
• Taylor won, but the FreeSoil Party gained several
seats in Congress
Issues in the US
• California applied for
statehood in 1849
(After the Gold Rush)
• Meanwhile,
antislavery forces
wanted to ban slavery
in Washington, D.C.
• Southerners also
wanted a national law
that required states to
return fugitive
enslaved people
• The key issue was the
balance of power in
the Senate (30 states
15/15)
• Southerners talked
about seceding from
the Union
Compromising
• 1850- Senator Henry Clay
proposed that California enter as a
free state
• The rest of the new territories would
have no limits on slavery
• The slave trade (Not slavery itself)
would be banned in Washington
D.C.
• Clay also pushed for a stronger
fugitive slave law
• Senator John C. Calhoun opposed
the plan
• Calhoun felt that the Union could be
saved only by protecting slavery
• Senator Webster supported the
plan
• Webster said that slavery had little
chance in the new territories
because the land was not suited for
plantations
The Compromise of 1850
• President Taylor was an
opponent of Clay’s plan
• But Taylor died
unexpectedly and Millard
Fillmore took over as
president
• Fillmore favored the
compromise
• To end the crisis, Illinois
Senator Stephen A.
Douglas divided Clay’s plan
into 4 parts Each part
would be voted on
separately
• Fillmore had several Whigs
abstain on parts they
opposed
• The 5 parts passed and
became known as the
Compromise of 1850
The Parts of the Compromise of 1850
1. California would be
admitted as a free
state.
2. The new Mexico
territory would have
no restrictions on
slavery.
3. The new MexicoTexas border dispute
would be settled in
favor of new Mexico.
4. The slave trade but
not slavery it self
would be abolished in
the district of
Colombia.
5. Stronger fugitive
state law.
n
Did the compromises that Congress made
effectively address slavery and sectionalism?
-Compromises dealt primarily with immediate
issues
-Admittance of new states
-Maintaining balance in Congress
-The compromises did not address slavery at the
national level
Chapter 15 Section 1 Quiz
By admitting a free state and Missouri, a
slaveholding state, to the Union at the same
time, the Senate could remain balanced.
A. True
B. False
The Wilmot Proviso allowed California
to enter the Union as a free state.
A. True
B. False
John C. Calhoun countered
David Wilmot's proposal.
A. True
B. False
Zachary Taylor adopted a proslavery
platform for the 1848 presidential election.
A. True
B. False
President Fillmore was in favor
of the Compromise of 1850.
A. True
B. False
An exaggerated loyalty to a particular
region of the country is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
abolitionism.
fugitive slave law.
Free-Soil Party.
sectionalism.
The plan that preserved the balance
between slave and free states in the Senate
was the
A. North-South
Compromise.
B. Missouri
Compromise.
C. Maine Compromise.
D. Slavery
Compromise.
The main issue in the presidential
election of 1844 was the
A. annexation of Texas.
B. annexation of Maine.
C. annexation of New
Mexico.
D. annexation of
Missouri.
Who proposed that neither Congress nor
local governments had the authority to ban
slavery from a territory?
A. Daniel Webster
B. John C. Calhoun
C. Henry Clay
D. Zachary Taylor
President Millard Fillmore persuaded several
Whig representatives to not cast votes, or to
A.
B.
C.
D.
secede.
become a fugitive.
abstain.
increase
sectionalism.
The Fugitive Slave Act
• As part of the Compromise of
1850, Senator Henry Clay
convinced Congress to pass the
Fugitive Slave Law
• This was to pacify slaveholders
• This required all citizens to help
catch runaway slaves
• Anyone who aided a fugitive
could be fined or imprisoned
• Southerners believed the law
would force Northerners to
recognize the rights of
Southerners
• Instead, the enforcement of the
law convinced more people of
the evils of slavery
What resulted from the Fugitive Slave Act?
A. Passage of the law quieted
widespread violence in
Kansas and Nebraska.
B. Most Northerners believed
Southern slaveholders’
rights should be upheld.
C.
D.
A. A
Abolitionists were jailed
B. B
in the North.
C. C
The law angered the North, convincing many
of the evils of slavery.
D. D
The Fugitive Slave Act Continued
• After the passage,
slaveholders stepped up
their efforts to catch
runaways
• Even tried to catch
runaways who lived in
freedom in the North for
years
• Sometimes they forced
African Americans who
were not trying to escape
into slavery
• Some Northerners refused
to cooperate with the law
• They justified it on moral
grounds
• 1849 Henry David Thoreau
wrote “Civil Disobedience”
• If the law “requires you to be
the agent of injustice to
another, then I say, break
the law”
Helping Runaway Slaves
• The Underground Railroad- A
network of free African
Americans and whites helped
runaways to freedom
• Antislavery groups tried to
rescue African Americans being
chased and tried to free those
that were captured
• In Boston, an antislavery group
shouted “Slave hunters- there
go the slave hunters”
• People put their money
together to buy slaves’ freedom
• Northern juries refused to
convict those accused of
violating the Fugitive Slave Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
• President Franklin Pierce intended to
enforce the Fugitive Slave Act
• 1854- Illinois senator Stephan A.
Douglas introduced a bill in Congress
• Douglas proposed organizing the
region west of Missouri and Iowa as
the territories of Kansas and Nebraska
• Because of their location, they both
seemed likely to be Free states
• Both were north of 36°30' north
(Missouri Compromise)
• Douglas knew the South would object
because it would give the free states
more votes in the Senate
• Douglas called for eliminating the
Missouri Compromise and for popular
sovereignty (allow the people to
decide)
Passage of the Act
• Northerners protested
• This plan would allow
slavery into areas that
had been free for more
than 30 years
• Southerners supported
the bill
• Southerners expected
Kansas to be settled
mostly by slaveholders
from Missouri who would
vote to keep slavery legal
• Congress passed the
Kansas-Nebraska Act in
1854
Conflict in Kansas
• When the law passed, proslavery and antislavery groups
rushed into Kansas
• When elections took place, a 7000
6000
pro-slavery legislature was
elected
5000
• Only 1,500 voters lived in
4000
Kansas at the time
3000
• But there were more than
2000
6,000 ballots cast
1000
• 1,000s of pro-slavery
0
supporters from Missouri
crossed the border just to vote
in the election
• These Missourians traveled in
armed groups and became
known as border ruffians
Voters
Votes
Conflict in Kansas Continued
• The new Kansas
legislature passed laws
supporting slavery
• One law even restricted
political office to proslavery candidates
• The antislavery people
refused to accept these
laws
• They armed themselves,
held their own elections,
and adopted their own
constitution that banned
slavery
• By 1856- Rival
governments existed in
Kansas
• One for slavery and one
against slavery
The city of Topeka, shown here on a
panoramic map from 1869, housed the Free
Soil Kansas legislature.
Pro-slavery Attacks
• Both sides were armed
and violence was
inevitable
• May 1856- 800 slavery
supporters attacked
Lawrence, a stronghold of
antislavery settlers
• The attackers burned the
Free State Hotel and
destroyed two newspaper
offices and many homes
• Anti Slavery force
retaliated
Antislavery Attacks
• Abolitionist John
Brown (from Hudson,
Ohio) believed God
chose him to end
slavery
• Brown heard of the
attack on Lawrence and
vowed to “strike terror
in the hearts of the proslavery people”
• Brown led a group and
killed 5 supporters of
slavery
• Armed bands soon
roamed the territory
“Bleeding Kansas”
• Newspapers referred to
“Bleeding Kansas” and “the
Civil War in Kansas”
• In October 1856, the
territorial governor sent
federal troops to stop the
bloodshed
• Violence also broke out in
Congress
• Massachusetts senator
Charles Sumner lashed out
against pro-slavery forces in
Kansas, such as Andrew P.
Butler from South Carolina
• 2 days later, Butler’s cousin,
Representative Preston
Brooks, walked into the
Senate and hit Sumner with
a cane
• Sumner fell unconscious
and bleeding
n
2
What was the main cause of the Civil War in
Kansas?
A. Dual governments set up
by pro- and antislavery groups
B. Passage of the Fugitive
Slave Act
A.
B.
C. John Brown’s attack on
Pottawatomie Creek
C.
D. Invasion of Kansas by border ruffians
D.
A
B
C
D
n
How did popular sovereignty lead to
violence in Kansas?
-Outsiders corrupted the election, and
fighting broke out over the results
Enforcement of the Fugitive Act
led to
A. compromise.
B. more anger in the
North.
C. recognition of
Southerners' rights.
D. an end to the
struggle.
Stephen A. Douglas proposed letting the
people decide about slavery through
A. popular
sovereignty.
B. states' choice.
C. free choice.
D. people's choice.
Missourians who traveled in armed groups
to cross the border and vote in elections
became known as
A. border ruffians.
B. border voters.
C. border patrol.
D. Missouri voters.
The law that required all citizens to help
catch runaway enslaved people was the
A. Removal Act.
B. Fugitive Slave
Act.
C. Runaway Act.
D. Slave Owners
Act.
What did Senator Stephen A. Douglas
propose should be replaced by popular
sovereignty?
A. Missouri–Maine
Act
B. Texas–Maine Act
C. Kansas–Nebraska
Act
D. Missouri
Compromise
According to the __________, a person
could be fined or imprisoned for aiding
fugitives.
A. Southern Slave
Act
B. Owners-Right Act
C. Fugitive Slave Act
D. Runaway Slave
Act
A war between citizens of the
same country is called
A. a cold war.
B. an undeclared
war.
C. a civil war.
D. a country war.
Who vowed to “strike terror in the
hearts of pro-slavery people”?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Andrew P. Butler
Preston Brooks
Charles Sumner
John Brown
Rival proslavery and antislavery
governments existed in
A.
B.
C.
D.
Missouri.
California.
Texas.
Kansas.
What was the first territory to shed
blood in a civil war over slavery?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Texas
Kansas
Missouri
South Carolina