Download Chapter 10: The Endocrine System

Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
figure 10.1
1. Which letter in figure 10.1 points to the thyroid gland?
Ans: b
2. Which letter in figure 10.1 points to the pituitary gland?
Ans: a
3. Which letter in figure 10.1 points to the pancreas?
Ans: d
4. Which letter in figure 10.1 points to the adrenal gland?
Ans: c
5.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
With what portion of the brain is the pituitary associated?
cerebrum
cerebellum
thalamus
hypothalamus
D
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Which gland produces the most hormones?
posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary
thyroid
adrenal
B
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7.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Which hormone affects an endocrine gland?
TSH
ACTH
gonadotropins
all of these
D
8.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Type I diabetes mellitus
is due to lack of insulin.
results in sugar in the urine.
is less common than type II diabetes.
is described by all of these characteristics.
D
9.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
What is the target organ of thyroxine?
pancreas
ovaries
adrenal glands
no specific organs; most body cells
D
10.
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
What is the function of thyroxin?
It increases the metabolic rate.
It stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water.
It raises blood sugar.
A
11.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Simple goiter
is due to lack of iodine.
is due to high levels of thyroxin in the blood.
is an enlargement of the thymus gland.
is described by all of these characteristics.
A
12.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Which hormone is needed for thyroxin production?
ACTH
GH
ADH
TSH
D
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13.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Calcitonin
is produced by the thyroid gland.
is produced by the parathyroid gland.
lowers the metabolic rate.
is produced by the parathyroid gland and lowers the metabolic rate.
A
14.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Which are portions of the adrenal glands?
anterior and posterior
lateral and medial
cortex and medulla
dorsal and ventral
C
15.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
ACTH
is produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
stimulates the adrenal cortex.
is produced by the adrenal medulla.
is produced by the anterior pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex.
D
16.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Epinephrine is produced by the
adrenal medulla.
adrenal cortex.
thyroid gland.
thymus.
A
17. Which portion of the adrenal gland may be associated with the sympathetic nervous
system?
A) medulla
B) cortex
C) medulla and cortex
Ans: A
18.
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
Cortisol
reduces inflammation.
may be used to treat arthritis.
reduces inflammation and may be used to treat arthritis.
C
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19.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Parathyroid hormone maintains calcium blood levels at high levels by
absorbing calcium from the gut.
reabsorbing calcium by the kidneys.
stimulating calcium release from bone tissue.
all of these.
D
20.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Calcitonin
raises blood calcium.
lowers blood calcium.
stimulates parahormone secretion.
raises blood calcium and stimulates parathyroid secretion.
B
21.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Which of these best describes a negative feedback control mechanism?
High blood glucose causes pancreatic secretion of insulin.
Insulin causes the liver to store glucose as glycogen.
Low blood glucose inhibits pancreatic secretion of insulin.
When the pancreas is not secreting insulin, it is secreting glucagon.
C
22.
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
The pancreatic islets
produce insulin.
produce glucagon.
produce both insulin and glucagon.
C
23.
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
Which promotes the storage of glucose as glycogen?
glucagon
insulin
glucagon and insulin
B
24.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Insulin results in cells
taking up glucose.
not taking up glucose.
converting glycogen to glucose.
not taking up glucose and converting glycogen to glucose.
A
25.
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
Lymphocyte differentiation occurs in the
adipose tissue.
pineal gland.
thymus gland.
C
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26.
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
Leptin is associated with the
adipose tissue.
pineal gland.
thymus gland.
A
27.
A)
B)
C)
Ans:
Melatonin is associated with the
adipose tissue.
pineal gland.
thymus gland.
B
28. Explain what is meant by negative feedback in reference to hormone regulation.
Ans: Negative feedback regulates hormone production. For example, the hypothalamus
produces hormones that control other glands and their secretion of hormones, which in
return decrease the amount of hormones the hypothalamus secretes.
29. Discuss the role of the pancreas in the regulation of glucose levels in the blood.
Ans: The pancreas secretes insulin, which enables cells to use glucose, therefore lowering the
glucose level in the blood. The pancreas also secretes glucagon which stimulates the
breakdown of glycogen and raises the glucose level in the blood.
30. Explain why the anterior pituitary is sometimes referred to as the “master gland.”
Ans: Because its hormones control the secretion of hormones from other organs of the body.
31. Why would a person with Addison's disease experience low blood pressure and possible
dehydration?
Ans: Due to lack of aldosterone, the blood sodium level is low and the person will experience
low blood pressure and possible dehydration.
32. A patient is admitted to the hospital with a rapid pulse at rest, weight loss even though
appetite is good, and nervousness. Overactivity of what hormonal gland might produce
these symptoms?
Ans: Thyroid gland - an increase in the secretion of thyroxin speeds up metabolism.
33. If a person is under stress, the hypothalamus might stimulate the adrenal gland to release
what hormone? Why is this hormone helpful to an individual under stress?
Ans: Epinephrine. It raises blood pressure, heart and respiration rates, raises blood glucose
levels, and increases metabolism.
34. Describe the growth and development of a child with cretinism.
Ans: Children afflicted with cretinism are short and stocky. They are usually retarded unless
treatment is started within the first two months of life.
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35. Compare peptide and steroid hormone action.
Ans: Peptide hormones bind to receptors on plasma membranes and activate enzymes that
produce the “second messenger” molecule cAMP. cAMP activates enzymes that carry
out various cell activities. Some peptide hormones use calcium ions as second
messengers. Steroid hormones directly enter cells and bind to receptor molecules in the
cytoplasm. The hormone-receptor complex then moves into the nucleus and activates
certain genes.
36. Compare Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome with regard to cause and
symptoms.
Ans: Addison's disease results from an undersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones and is
characterized by bronzing of the skin, insufficient energy supply, and low blood
pressure. Cushing's syndrome results from an oversecretion of adrenal cortex hormones
and is characterized by tendency toward diabetes mellitus, decreased muscle protein,
increased subcutaneous fat, high blood pressure, edema of the face, and sometimes
masculinization in women.
37. Compare insulin and glucagon with regard to function.
Ans: Insulin stimulates cells to absorb and metabolize glucose, stimulates the liver to store
glucose as glycogen, and inhibits the use of fats and proteins for energy. The effects of
glucagon are opposite from those of insulin. Glucagon stimulates the liver to break
down glycogen and release glucose to the blood.
38. Describe the three tiered relationship between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
gland, and the thyroid gland.
Ans: The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland's production of thyroid
stimulating hormone via the production of a releasing hormone. The anterior pituitary
controls the thyroid gland's production of thyroxin via the production of thyroid
stimulating hormone.
39. Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland.
Ans: The hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland are produced in the
hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary within nerve cell axons.
40. Compare diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus with regard to symptoms and causes.
Ans: Both diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are characterized by copious urine
production, however, diabetes mellitus also results in the presence of sugar in the urine.
Diabetes insipidus results from an under production of antidiuretic hormone, whereas
diabetes mellitus results from either an under production of insulin or the failure of body
cells to respond to insulin.
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41. Compare type I and type II diabetes with regard to cause and treatment or control.
Ans: Type I diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce insulin and can be treated
with insulin injections. Type II diabetes occurs when the body cells do not respond to
insulin and is controlled by diet and exercise or treated with drugs that increase cellular
sensitivity to insulin or increase insulin secretion.
42.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Which are examples of antagonistic hormones?
oxytocin, prolactin
epinephrine, norepinephrine
androgens, estrogens
insulin, glucagon
D
43.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Which of the following functions to regulate a short term response to stress?
epinephrine
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
All of these choices are correct.
A
44.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Atrial natriuretic hormone
is produced by the heart.
is secreted when blood volume is too high.
inhibits aldosterone secretion.
All of these choices are correct.
D
45.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Ans:
Which growth factor stimulates the formation of capillary networks?
epidermal growth factor
granulocyte and macrophage colony-stimulating factor
platelet-derived growth factor
tumor angiogenesis factor
D
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