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Institute of physicochemical and biological problems in soil science of RAS; 142290 Pushchino, Moscow region, RUSSIA [email protected] as_ [email protected] Elena Zubkova, Alexander Komarov REALIZED ECOLOGICAL NICHES COMPOSITION ALONG PLANT SUCCESSION The idea that plant communities change their composition as a result of altering their edaphic environment to enhance their fitness was proposed by Clements (1916) and named as an endogenic (primary) succession. The quantitative estimation of interrelations between environmental factors and plant populations is a problem of great importance, which is still unsolved for a great variety of plant species composing vegetation in a local site. Modeling of the forest ground vegetation dynamics is also a great problem. Niche theory could be taken as a background in description of resource sharing of competing plant species. There is a well-known assumption that early successional species have been suggested to have broader ecological niches (Odum, 1969), and dominant species greater niche widths (McNauhghton and Wolf 1970). Direct procedure of the checking this hypothesis have been not proposed. We shall demonstrate a method of direct evaluation of the niches width and structure of niches composition along plant succession. It is based on ecological indicators values have been developed for West (Ellenberg, 1974; Landolt, 1974) and East (Ramensky et al., 1956; Tsyganov, 1983) European plant species. It should be noted that Russian ecological indicators values arranged as interval scales. It means that for each plant species we can define the range of its existence in relation to concrete factor, for instance, soil richness, moisture etc. It could be evaluated in conventional units (ranks) covering the total factor longitude from minimum up to maximum in relation to concrete species. The background of building of interval indicator values and examples are at figures below. An example of ecological indicator values for different species (more than 2,300 plant species) from (Tsyganov, 1983) (Ramensky et al., 1956) Location of Pechoro-Ilychskii Nature Reserve (Ramensky et al., 1956) An example of ecological indicator values for different species (more than 1,400 plant species) from (Ramensky et al., 1956). For some species and/or factors boundary are not defined 2. Pineta hylocomioso-cladinosa→ Earlier a new method for estimating of probability of plant species occurrence in certain environmental conditions have been suggested (Zhukova, 2004). L.A.Zhukova (2004) introduced potential (PEV) and realized (REV) ecological valences. PEV is a measure of suitability of a certain species to a change of single ecological factor and can be measured as a portion of corresponding factor scale gradations observed for all species to the total scale longitude. REV could be measured as a portion of factor scale gradations observed for the certain species in certain site. Such portions could be evaluated by processing of standard geobotanical descriptions and considered as approximate estimators of ecological niches. If PEV ≤ 0.34 then species is a stenobiont one, if PEV > 0.67 then species could be considered as eurybiont ones. Rest species belong to mesobionts. Acknowlegements: Authors are grateful to Prof. L.A.Zhukova for discussions of the work, Tatiana Grokhlina for providing the ECOSCALE software, Lar is a Khanina and Elena Glukhova for providing data from FORUS database. Work of EZ was supported by Russian Foundation of Basic Researches, project 07-04-00952. 3. Piceeta obovatae fruticuloso-hylocomiosa→ 70 60 50 percents (%) 1. Piceeta cladinosa → In accordance with well-known successional sequence of forest types in North taiga (Zaugol’nova, Morozova, 2006) we processed geobotanical descriptions obtained by A.A.Korchagin (1940) in Pechoro-Ilychskii Nature Reserve and some other authors in relation to Tsyganov’s ecological indicators values. 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 forest types Percent of stenobiont species along primary succession in North taiga 4. Piceeta obovatae parviherboso-hylocomiosa→ 5. Piceeta obovatae magnoherboso-hylocomiosa Some ecological scales are not sensitive being expressed in narrow scale, some of them showed good results. For example, at Figure we present the dynamics of stenobiont species along the succession. It is clear that number of species with narrow range of existence increases in correspondence with classic assumptions. It should be noted that difference in absolute moisture values between initial and final stages of the succession sequence is small and observable changes are result more of competition than of ecological changes. Number of species increases from 25 at the first stage to 41 at final stage in average. More comprehensive analysis of other ecological factors presents similar but sometimes more complicated dynamics of species composition in relation to REVs, and requires more detailed study with biggest set of data. Predictive habitat models are based on hypothesis on realized niches i.e., species responses on environmental gradients including soil factors, light conditions etc. Generalized additive models (GAMs) usually are in use for those purposes. We suppose to incorporate these results into the ecosystem models (e.g. Komarov et al. 2003), which make them good tools for vegetation analyses. References: Clements F.E. 1916. Plant succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation.Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington. 512 p. Ellenberg, H. 1974. Zeigerwerte der Gefasspflanzen Mitteleuropas. Göttingen, 97 s. Landolt, E. 1977. Okologische Zeigerwerts zur Sweizer Flora. Veroff. Geobot. In st. ETH. Zurich. H.64. s. 1-208. Komarov, A.S., Chertov, O.G., Zudin, S.L., Nadporozhskaya, M.A., Mikhailov, A.V., Bykhovets, S.S., Zudina, E.V., Zoubkova, E.V. 2003. EFIMOD 2 - a model of growth and elements cycling of boreal forest ecosystems. Ecological Modelling,170: P.373-392. Korchagin, A.A. 1940. Vegetation of the North half of Pechora-Ilych nature reserve. Transactions of Pechora-Ilych nature reserve. Iss. 2. 416 p.(In Russian). McNauhghton, S. J., L. L. Wolf. 1970. Dominance and the niche in ecological systems. Science 167:131–139. Odum, E. P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164:262–270. Ramensky, L.G., Tsatsenkin, I.A., Chizhikov, O.N., Antipin, N.A., 1956. Ecological assessment of forage lands on the base of vegetation cover. Selkhozgiz. Moscow.(In Russian). Tsyganov, D.N., 1983. Phytoindication of ecological regimes in the coniferous-broadleaf subarea. Nauka, Moscow.(In Russian). Zaugol’nova LB.,, Morozova,O.V. 2006. Typology and classification of forests of European Russia: methodic approaches and realization. Lesovedenie (Russ. Forest Science, Moscow), №1, (In Russian). Zhukova, L.A. 2004. Evaluation of ecological valency of species of main ecological-coenotical groups. In: O.V.Smirnova, (editor), East-European forests: history in Holocene and the Present. Nauka. Moscow, 256-270. (In Russian).