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The Human Body By ____________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents The Skeletal System …………………………. 1 The Muscular System …………………………. 3 The Circulatory System …………………………. 5 The Respiratory System …………………………. 9 The Digestive System …………………………. 13 The Excretory System …………………………. 17 The Nervous System …………………………. 19 The Endocrine System …………………………. 23 The Reproductive System …………………………. 25 The Immune System …………………………. 27 The Integumentary System …………………………. 31 The Skeletal System Function: Organs: Supports and protects the body. Allows the body to move. Produces red blood cells. Stores minerals. bones cartilage ligaments joints 1 Red marrow produces red blood cells. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body. Infant or baby -305 bones Adult -206 bones Bones grow Bones have growth plates while you are growing. Bone is alive - full of blood vessels, Contains nerves (pain if broken) Bone grows and changes all the time. ligaments - tough, flexible strand of connective tissue that holds bones together. cartilage – strong, flexible connective tissue found at the ends of bones that cushions joints. joints – the place where two or more bones connect. moveable joints allow movement fixed joints limit movement Which cell part is like the skeletal system? cytoskeleton and cell wall 2 The Muscular System skeletal muscle: voluntary muscle that is attached to bones and helps you move. Skeletal muscle can become tired. They work in pairs. cardiac muscle: involuntary muscle that makes up the heart. Cardiac muscle cells have a lot of mitochondria and do not tire. smooth muscle: involuntary muscle found in internal organs and blood vessels and helps move things around the body. blood vessels digestive system Function: Organs: • pumps blood through your body. • moves food through your digestive system • allows you to breathe. • allows you to move. skeletal muscle cardiac muscle smooth muscle tendons 3 The Muscular System muscle – the tissue that contracts and relaxes, making movement possible. voluntary muscles - muscles under conscious control – smiling, walking, running, typing etc… involuntary muscles - muscles not under conscious control – You don’t have to think about them breathing, digesting, sneezing, heart beating tendon – tough strand of tissues that connects a muscle to a bone. Skeletal muscle movements are results of pairs of muscles working together. – One muscle contracts while the other muscle relaxes. – Muscles always pull; they never push. When muscles contract: This produces thermal energy, and it uses chemical energy. Thermal energy produces heat that helps keep body temperature constant. Chemical energy is from glucose. (When glucose is used up, muscles are tired and need to rest.) 4 The Circulatory System cardiovascular organs: lymphatic organs: heart blood blood vessels lymph nodes lymph vessels lymph spleen bone marrow tonsils thymus Function: Carries nutrients, gases, hormones and waste around the body. o carbon dioxide and waste away o oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to Helps your body maintain a balanced temperature. Function: • Carries white blood cells. • Helps remove waste from the blood. • Helps us heal and fight disease. 5 The Circulatory System Cardiovascular System heart – hollow muscular organ that pumps blood around the body. Blood only travels in one direction, it cannot flow backwards – When you are exercising, excited, scared etc…, your heart beats faster. – When you are relaxed, calm, asleep etc…, your heart beats slower. blood – the tissue that carries gases, hormones, nutrients and wastes through the body. FACT: blood is NEVER blue!!!! blood vessels – the tubes that your blood travels in. • arteries - carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart. • capillaries - tiny blood vessels where material is exchanged between the blood and the body’s cells. • veins - carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart. artery capillary Blood moves in circuits inside blood vessels. When we are hot, blood vessels enlarge to allow more blood close to the surface of our skin where it can be cooled. When we are cold, blood vessels constrict to keep as much blood close to the chest as possible to keep us warm. 6 The Circulatory System Lymphatic System lymph – clear to white fluid found in blood that contains white blood cells. lymph nodes – small, bean shaped organs that remove dead cells and pathogens. These two systems work together to form the circulatory system. • Blood stays in the blood vessels (closed loop). • Lymph can travel in and out of lymph vessels and into and out of blood vessels (open loop). 7 8 The Respiratory System Function: Organs: • The respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into the body. nose pharynx larynx trachea bronchi lungs bronchioles alveoli • It also removes carbon dioxide and water from the body. 9 The Respiratory System respiration – the transport of oxygen from outside the body to cells and tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and to the environment. cellular respiration - (break down of glucose for energy) requires oxygen as a reactant. The air you breathe comes from the atmosphere 21% oxygen 78% nitrogen 1% other gases As air moves the organs, it is warmed, moistened, and bacteria and other small particles are removed. pharynx - (throat) is a long hollow tube that connects the nose to the trachea. larynx – part of the throat where the vocal cords are located. trachea - connects the pharynx to the bronchi. It is lined with mucus and small hairs that trap particles. bronchi - passages that direct air into the lungs. lungs - the main organs of the respiratory system that provide oxygen to the body. bronchioles - smaller branches that come off of the bronchi. alveoli - smallest structure in the lungs where gas exchange takes place between the lungs and the blood. diaphragm – dome-shaped muscle below the lungs that causes us to inhale and exhale. The Respiratory System 10 11 12 The Digestive System mouth: mechanical digestion- teeth chemical digestion - saliva liver: produces bile and breaks down chemicals . gall bladder: stores bile that breaks up fat. pancreas: produces insulin that carries glucose and enzymes that break down food. rectum/anus: eliminates the solid waste from the body. salivary gland: produces enzymes that chemically digest food. esophagus: muscular tube that moves food to the stomach. stomach: muscular pouch where mechanical and chemical digestion takes place. small intestine: most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption. Villi increase surface area. large intestine: vitamin B and K produced water removed from waste material. Functions: Organs: • Digests food into molecules the body can use (physical or chemical change). mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus pancreas gall bladder liver • Absorbs nutrient molecules and carries them around the body (physical change). • Eliminates waste material from unused nutrients. 13 The Digestive System mechanical digestion - food is physically broken down into smaller pieces by breaking, crushing and mashing. chemical digestion - chemicals (enzymes)produced by the body break foods into their smaller nutrients. absorption - process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive system into your blood. elimination – removal of waste material left over after food is digested to prevent illness. salivary gland – gland that produces enzymes that help to break down food chemically. esophagus - muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach. stomach – a muscular bag that crushed food and contains acids and enzymes for breaking down food. small intestine – muscular tube where most of the chemical digestion takes place and most nutrients are absorbed. liver – large organ that produces bile and breaks down medicines and other chemicals. pancreas - secretes insulin to carry glucose around the body and makes enzymes that help digest food. large intestine – muscular tube where vitamins B and K are made and water is removed from food waste. The mitochondria, cell membrane and lysosomes perform similar functions in a cell that the digestive system performs in our body. The Digestive System 14 15 16 The Excretory System kidneys: filters blood and eliminates cellular waste. Returns salt, ions and glucose to the blood. sweat gland: excess salt is released when you sweat. ureters: two narrow tubes that urine flows through to get to the bladder. bladder: sac-like muscular organ that stores urine. lungs: carbon dioxide and water vapor are exhaled. urethra: tube that urine travels to leave the body. Function: Organs: • Rids blood of wastes like urea, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. • Controls blood volume by removing extra water produced by cells. • Balances salts and water so cells can function properly. kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra lungs skin 17 The Excretory System As cells perform the chemical activities that keep you alive, waste products such as carbon dioxide and ammonia are formed. To maintain homeostasis and keep you healthy, they must be removed. 1. both wastes and needed materials are filtered out of the blood 2. the needed material is returned to the blood 3. the waste is eliminated in the urine • circulatory system to carry waste to the kidneys. • respiratory system to remove carbon dioxide. integumentary system to remove salt. Lysosomes and golgi bodies in the cell perform the same function for the cell as the excretory system does for our body. 18 The Nervous System Function: Organs: Your nervous system controls the actions and reactions of the body in response to stimuli. receives information responds to stimuli maintains homeostasis – – – – – brain spinal cord nerves neurons sense organs 19 The Nervous System The nervous system maintains homeostasis by directing the body to respond correctly to the information it receives. central nervous system – composed of the brain and spinal cord. peripheral nervous system - network of nerves that connects your rain to the rest of your body. brain – receives and processes information from inside and outside your body. cerebrum – largest part of the brain that controls thinking, problem solving, the senses and memories. cerebellum - second largest part of your brain that coordinates your muscles and controls your balance. brain stem – connects your brain to your spinal cord and controls involuntary actions like breathing, digesting and heartbeat. spinal cord – a bundle of nerves that links your brain and peripheral nervous system. Your nervous system works by receiving information from inside or outside the body and turning that info into an electrical signal. neuron - a cell that moves messages in the form of fast-moving electrical energy called impulses. dendrite – carries impulses to the cell body. A neuron can have lots of dendrites. axon – carries impulses away from the cell body. A neuron only has one axon The nerve impulse begins in the dendrite, moves to the cell body then moves down the axon. 20 sensory neuron – gathers information from the internal or external environment and converts each stimulus into a nerve impulse motor neuron – moves nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. synapse - tiny space between a the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next. reflex - is an automatic response that occurs very rapidly and without conscious control. • The senses gather information for the nervous system. – sight – touch – hearing – taste – smell The nucleus of the cell acts like our nervous system. 21 22 The End oc rine Syste m pituitary and hypothalamus: Produces hormones that help control growth and the release of hormones from other glands. “control center” pineal: Produces hormones that help control sleep, aging, reproduction and body temperature. thyroid: Produces hormones that help control your metabolism (how fast your body uses energy) thymus: Immune system cells develop here pancreas: Produces insulin that helps control glucose movement to the cells. adrenals: Produces adrenaline that helps control your heart beat and breathing rate. ovaries: Produces female reproductive hormones like estrogen. testes: Produces male reproductive hormones like testosterone. Function: Controls body functions and helps maintain homeostasis by using hormones. Organs: hormones glands • pituitary • hypothalamus • pineal • thyroid • pancreas • adrenal • ovaries • testes 23 The Endocrine System hormone – chemical messenger made in one cell or tissue that causes a change in another cell or tissue elsewhere in the body. gland – a group of cells that make special chemicals for your body. Hormones travel through the bloodstream. They travel from the gland that makes them to every cell in the body. But, only certain cells can respond to certain hormones. target cell – the cell a certain hormone can affect. The endocrine glands help keep the body in homeostasis by maintaining the right level of hormones. negative feedback – effects of a hormone in the body cause the release of that hormone to be turned down. positive feedback – effects of a hormone in the body cause the release of more of that hormone. 24 The Reproductive System male reproductive system female reproductive system fallopian tube vas deferens uterus ovary penis epididymis testes Function: To produce sperm and testosterone. Deliver sperm to the female reproductive system. vagina Function: To produce eggs and estrogen. Provides a place for a new human to develop. 25 The Reproductive System sperm - male reproductive cell that has 23 chromosomes (haploid). testes – produce testosterone, sperm and control male growth traits. egg - female reproductive cell that has 23 chromosomes (haploid) ovaries – produce estrogen, progesterone, house eggs and control female growth traits. menstrual cycle – the monthly release of an egg and preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. menstruation – if the egg is not fertilized, the thick uterine lining sheds once a month. fertilization – the joining of egg and sperm. This is why the egg and sperm cell only have 23 chromosomes. Once they join, the 23 chromosomes combine to make the 46 chromosomes we have in the rest of our bodies. The ovaries and testes are controlled by the endocrine system. They are part of two different systems. The centriole in an animal cell is similar to the reproductive system 23 23 46 26 The Immune System Engulfs and digests pathogens Helper T cells look for Pathogens, killer T cells attack Function: To keep out or to fight pathogens that enter your body. To recognize and attack foreign substances in the body. Attack pathogens and make antibodies Organs: skin white blood cells macrophage T cell B cell 27 The Immune System pathogen – something that causes illness. Pathogens can be a virus, bacteria, protein, fungi or protist. Your body’s first line of defense against pathogens is to create a barrier. – skin – breathing passages - mouth - stomach If a pathogen makes it past the external defenses, the internal defenses begin; • Inflammation – happens with cuts and injuries • Fever – body raises your temperature to try and kill the pathogens. • Immune response – white blood cells are produced. white blood cells – cells that travel though the bloodstream and body searching out pathogens. The three types are macrophages, T cells and B cells. • A pathogen enters the body – A macrophage finds it, engulfs and destroys it. – A helper T cell finds it • activates a killer T cell destroys the pathogen finds a B cell to release antibodies to destroy the pathogen immunity – the ability to resist or recover from an infectious disease. You are born with some immunities, develop some from being exposed to pathogens and can be vaccinated for others. vaccine – a substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to provide immunity. allergy - disorder in which the immune system is overly sensitive to a foreign substance. cancer - disease in which cells multiply uncontrollably, destroying healthy tissue. immune deficiency – some disease cause the immune system to become weak. 28 auto-immune disease – a disease in which the immune system attacks itself. 29 30 The Integumentary System Function: Covers the body and prevents water loss Protects the body from injury and infection Regulates body temperature Eliminates wastes (sweat) Produces vitamin D Gathers information about the environment Stores fat for fuel and insulation Organs: skin hair nails 31 The Integumentary System Helps to keep the body temperature normal Has blood vessels that tell the body when it is hot or cold Hot – blood vessels get larger and sweating occurs Cold – blood vessels constrict to keep blood in the body’s core Skin consists of three main layers epidermis dermis subcutaneous layer epidermis – the upper layer of skin where nails grow and where melanin in located. dermis - middle layer of skin that contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands and hair follicles. subcutaneous layer – acts as a fat storage to provide warmth and to absorb shock. Body systems that work with the integumentary system; respiratory system to get oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. circulatory system to deliver oxygen. excretory system to eliminate waste. The integumentary system is similar to the cell membrane in a cell. 32