Download The Human Body

The Human Body
By ____________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
The Skeletal System
………………………….
1
The Muscular System
………………………….
3
The Circulatory System
………………………….
5
The Respiratory System
………………………….
9
The Digestive System
………………………….
13
The Excretory System
………………………….
17
The Nervous System
………………………….
19
The Endocrine System
………………………….
23
The Reproductive System
………………………….
25
The Immune System
………………………….
27
The Integumentary
System
………………………….
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The Skeletal System
Function:
Organs:
Supports and protects the body.
Allows the body to move.
Produces red blood cells.
Stores minerals.
bones
cartilage
ligaments
joints
1
Red marrow produces red blood cells. Red blood cells carry
oxygen around the body.
Infant or baby -305 bones
Adult -206 bones
Bones grow Bones have growth plates while you are growing.
Bone is alive - full of blood vessels, Contains nerves (pain if broken)
Bone grows and changes all the time.
ligaments - tough, flexible strand of connective tissue that holds bones
together.
cartilage – strong, flexible connective tissue found at the ends of bones that
cushions joints.
joints – the place where two or more bones connect.
moveable joints allow movement
fixed joints limit movement
Which cell part is like the skeletal system?
cytoskeleton and cell wall
2
The Muscular System
skeletal muscle:
voluntary muscle that is attached to bones
and helps you move. Skeletal muscle can
become tired. They work in pairs.
cardiac muscle:
involuntary muscle that makes up the
heart. Cardiac muscle cells have a lot of
mitochondria and do not tire.
smooth muscle:
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
and blood vessels and helps move things
around the body.
blood vessels
digestive system
Function:
Organs:
• pumps blood through your body.
• moves food through your digestive
system
• allows you to breathe.
• allows you to move.
skeletal muscle
cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
tendons
3
The Muscular System
muscle – the tissue that contracts and relaxes, making movement possible.
voluntary muscles - muscles under conscious control
–
smiling, walking, running, typing etc…
involuntary muscles - muscles not under conscious control
–
You don’t have to think about them
breathing, digesting, sneezing, heart beating
tendon – tough strand of tissues that connects a muscle to a bone.
Skeletal muscle movements are results of pairs of muscles working together.
–
One muscle contracts while the other muscle relaxes.
–
Muscles always pull; they never push.
When muscles contract:
This produces thermal energy, and it uses chemical energy.
Thermal energy produces heat that helps keep body temperature constant.
Chemical energy is from glucose. (When glucose is used up, muscles are tired and
need to rest.)
4
The Circulatory System
cardiovascular organs:
lymphatic organs:
heart
blood
blood vessels
lymph nodes
lymph vessels
lymph
spleen
bone marrow
tonsils
thymus
Function:
 Carries nutrients, gases, hormones
and waste around the body.
o carbon dioxide and waste away
o oxygen, nutrients, and
hormones to
 Helps your body maintain a balanced
temperature.
Function:
• Carries white blood cells.
• Helps remove waste from the
blood.
• Helps us heal and fight disease.
5
The Circulatory System
Cardiovascular System
heart – hollow muscular organ that pumps blood around the body.
Blood only travels in one direction, it cannot flow backwards
–
When you are exercising, excited, scared etc…, your heart beats faster.
–
When you are relaxed, calm, asleep etc…, your heart beats slower.
blood – the tissue that carries gases, hormones, nutrients and wastes through the body.
FACT: blood is NEVER blue!!!!
blood vessels – the tubes that your blood travels in.
•
arteries - carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart.
•
capillaries - tiny blood vessels where material is exchanged between the blood and
the body’s cells.
•
veins - carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart.
artery
capillary
Blood moves in circuits inside blood vessels.
When we are hot, blood vessels enlarge to allow
more blood close to the surface of our skin where
it can be cooled.
When we are cold, blood vessels constrict to keep as
much blood close to the chest as possible to keep us
warm.
6
The Circulatory System
Lymphatic System
lymph – clear to white fluid found in blood that contains white blood cells.
lymph nodes – small, bean shaped organs that remove dead cells and pathogens.
These two systems work together to form the circulatory system.
•
Blood stays in the blood vessels (closed loop).
•
Lymph can travel in and out of lymph vessels and into and out of blood
vessels (open loop).
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8
The Respiratory System
Function:
Organs:
• The respiratory system moves oxygen
from the outside environment into the
body.
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
bronchioles
alveoli
• It also removes carbon dioxide and
water from the body.
9
The Respiratory System
respiration – the transport of oxygen from outside the body to cells and tissues, and the
transport of carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and to the environment.
cellular respiration - (break down of glucose for energy) requires oxygen as a reactant.
The air you breathe comes from the atmosphere
21% oxygen
78% nitrogen
1% other gases
As air moves the organs, it is warmed, moistened, and
bacteria and other small particles are removed.
pharynx - (throat) is a long hollow tube that connects the nose to the trachea.
larynx – part of the throat where the vocal cords are located.
trachea - connects the pharynx to the bronchi. It is lined with mucus and small hairs that
trap particles.
bronchi - passages that direct air into the lungs.
lungs - the main organs of the respiratory system that provide oxygen to the body.
bronchioles - smaller branches that come off of the bronchi.
alveoli - smallest structure in the lungs where gas exchange takes place between the lungs
and the blood.
diaphragm – dome-shaped muscle below the lungs that causes us to inhale and exhale.
The Respiratory System
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11
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The Digestive System
mouth:
mechanical digestion- teeth
chemical digestion - saliva
liver:
produces bile and breaks down
chemicals .
gall bladder:
stores bile that breaks up
fat.
pancreas:
produces insulin that carries
glucose and enzymes that
break down food.
rectum/anus:
eliminates the solid waste from
the body.
salivary gland:
produces enzymes that chemically digest
food.
esophagus:
muscular tube that moves food to the
stomach.
stomach:
muscular pouch where mechanical
and chemical digestion takes place.
small intestine:
most chemical digestion and nutrient
absorption.
Villi increase surface area.
large intestine:
vitamin B and K produced
water removed from waste
material.
Functions:
Organs:
• Digests food into molecules the body
can use (physical or chemical change).
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
pancreas
gall bladder
liver
• Absorbs nutrient molecules and carries
them around the body (physical
change).
• Eliminates waste material from unused
nutrients.
13
The Digestive System
mechanical digestion - food is physically broken down into smaller pieces by breaking,
crushing and mashing.
chemical digestion - chemicals (enzymes)produced by the body break foods into their
smaller nutrients.
absorption - process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of your digestive
system into your blood.
elimination – removal of waste material left over after food is digested to prevent illness.
salivary gland – gland that produces enzymes that help to break down food chemically.
esophagus - muscular tube that connects your mouth to your stomach.
stomach – a muscular bag that crushed food and contains acids and enzymes for breaking
down food.
small intestine – muscular tube where most of the chemical digestion takes place and most
nutrients are absorbed.
liver – large organ that produces bile and breaks down medicines and other chemicals.
pancreas - secretes insulin to carry glucose around the body and makes enzymes that help
digest food.
large intestine – muscular tube where vitamins B and K are made and water is removed
from food waste.
The mitochondria, cell membrane and lysosomes perform similar functions in a cell that
the digestive system performs in our body.
The Digestive System
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The Excretory System
kidneys:
filters blood and
eliminates cellular
waste. Returns salt,
ions and glucose to the
blood.
sweat gland:
excess salt is
released when you
sweat.
ureters:
two narrow tubes that
urine flows through to
get to the bladder.
bladder:
sac-like muscular
organ that stores
urine.
lungs:
carbon dioxide and
water vapor are
exhaled.
urethra:
tube that urine travels
to leave the body.
Function:
Organs:
• Rids blood of wastes like urea,
ammonia, and carbon dioxide.
• Controls blood volume by removing
extra water produced by cells.
• Balances salts and water so cells can
function properly.
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
lungs
skin
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The Excretory System
As cells perform the chemical activities that keep you alive, waste products such as carbon
dioxide and ammonia are formed.
To maintain homeostasis and keep you healthy, they must be removed.
1. both wastes and needed materials are filtered out of the blood
2. the needed material is returned to the blood
3. the waste is eliminated in the urine
•
circulatory system to carry waste to the kidneys.
•
respiratory system to remove carbon dioxide.

integumentary system to remove salt.
Lysosomes and golgi bodies in the cell perform the same function for the cell as the
excretory system does for our body.
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The Nervous System
Function:
Organs:
Your nervous system controls the actions
and reactions of the body in response to
stimuli.
receives information
responds to stimuli
maintains homeostasis
–
–
–
–
–
brain
spinal cord
nerves
neurons
sense organs
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The Nervous System
The nervous system maintains homeostasis by directing the body to respond correctly to
the information it receives.
central nervous system – composed of the brain and spinal cord.
peripheral nervous system - network of nerves that connects your rain to the rest of your
body.
brain – receives and processes information from inside and outside your body.
cerebrum – largest part of the brain that controls thinking, problem solving, the senses
and memories.
cerebellum - second largest part of your brain that coordinates your muscles and controls
your balance.
brain stem – connects your brain to your spinal cord and controls involuntary actions like
breathing, digesting and heartbeat.
spinal cord – a bundle of nerves that links your brain and peripheral nervous system.
Your nervous system works by receiving information from inside or outside the body and
turning that info into an electrical signal.
neuron - a cell that moves messages in the form of fast-moving electrical energy called
impulses.
dendrite – carries impulses to the cell body. A neuron can have lots of dendrites.
axon – carries impulses away from the cell body. A neuron only has one axon
The nerve impulse begins in the dendrite, moves to the cell body then moves down the
axon.
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sensory neuron – gathers information from the internal or external environment and
converts each stimulus into a nerve impulse
motor neuron – moves nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the
body.
synapse - tiny space between a the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the next.
reflex - is an automatic response that occurs very rapidly and without conscious control.
•
The senses gather information for the nervous system.
–
sight
–
touch
–
hearing
–
taste
–
smell
The nucleus of the cell acts like our nervous system.
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The End oc rine Syste m
pituitary and hypothalamus:
Produces hormones that help
control growth and the release
of hormones from other glands.
“control center”
pineal:
Produces hormones that
help control sleep, aging,
reproduction and body
temperature.
thyroid:
Produces hormones that
help control your
metabolism (how fast your
body uses energy)
thymus:
Immune system cells
develop here
pancreas:
Produces insulin that helps
control glucose movement to
the cells.
adrenals:
Produces adrenaline that
helps control your heart beat
and breathing rate.
ovaries:
Produces female
reproductive hormones like
estrogen.
testes:
Produces male reproductive
hormones like testosterone.
Function:
Controls body functions and helps
maintain homeostasis by using hormones.
Organs:
hormones
glands
• pituitary
• hypothalamus
• pineal
• thyroid
• pancreas
• adrenal
• ovaries
• testes
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The Endocrine System
hormone – chemical messenger made in one cell or tissue that causes a change in another
cell or tissue elsewhere in the body.
gland – a group of cells that make special chemicals for your body.
Hormones travel through the bloodstream.
They travel from the gland that makes them to every cell in the body.
But, only certain cells can respond to certain hormones.
target cell – the cell a certain hormone can affect.
The endocrine glands help keep the body in homeostasis by maintaining the right level of
hormones.
negative feedback – effects of a hormone in the body cause the release of that hormone to
be turned down.
positive feedback – effects of a hormone in the body cause the release of more of that
hormone.
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The Reproductive System
male reproductive system
female reproductive system
fallopian tube
vas deferens
uterus
ovary
penis
epididymis
testes
Function:
To produce sperm and
testosterone.
Deliver sperm to the female
reproductive system.
vagina
Function:
To produce eggs and estrogen.
Provides a place for a new
human to develop.
25
The Reproductive System
sperm - male reproductive cell that has 23 chromosomes (haploid).
testes – produce testosterone, sperm and control male growth traits.
egg - female reproductive cell that has 23 chromosomes (haploid)
ovaries – produce estrogen, progesterone, house eggs and control female growth traits.
menstrual cycle – the monthly release of an egg and preparation of the uterus for
pregnancy.
menstruation – if the egg is not fertilized, the thick uterine lining sheds once a month.
fertilization – the joining of egg and sperm.
This is why the egg and sperm cell only have 23 chromosomes.
Once they join, the 23 chromosomes combine to make the 46 chromosomes we have in the
rest of our bodies.
The ovaries and testes are controlled by the endocrine system. They are part of two
different systems.
The centriole in an animal cell is similar to the reproductive system
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46
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The Immune System
Engulfs and digests
pathogens
Helper T cells look for
Pathogens, killer T cells attack
Function:
To keep out or to fight pathogens that
enter your body.
To recognize and attack foreign
substances in the body.
Attack pathogens and
make antibodies
Organs:
skin
white blood cells
macrophage
T cell
B cell
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The Immune System
pathogen – something that causes illness. Pathogens can be a virus, bacteria, protein, fungi
or protist.
Your body’s first line of defense against pathogens is to create a barrier.
–
skin
–
breathing passages
-
mouth
-
stomach
If a pathogen makes it past the external defenses, the internal defenses begin;
•
Inflammation – happens with cuts and injuries
•
Fever – body raises your temperature to try and kill the pathogens.
•
Immune response – white blood cells are produced.
white blood cells – cells that travel though the bloodstream and body searching out
pathogens. The three types are macrophages, T cells and B cells.
•
A pathogen enters the body
–
A macrophage finds it, engulfs and destroys it.
–
A helper T cell finds it
•
activates a killer T cell destroys the pathogen
finds a B cell to release antibodies to destroy the pathogen
immunity – the ability to resist or recover from an infectious disease. You are born with
some immunities, develop some from being exposed to pathogens and can be vaccinated for
others.
vaccine – a substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens that is introduced into
the body to provide immunity.
allergy - disorder in which the immune system is overly sensitive to a foreign substance.
cancer - disease in which cells multiply uncontrollably, destroying healthy tissue.
immune deficiency – some disease cause the immune system to become weak.
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auto-immune disease – a disease in which the immune system attacks itself.
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The Integumentary System
Function:







Covers the body and prevents water loss
Protects the body from injury and infection
Regulates body temperature
Eliminates wastes (sweat)
Produces vitamin D
Gathers information about the environment
Stores fat for fuel and insulation
Organs:
 skin
 hair
 nails
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The Integumentary System

Helps to keep the body temperature normal

Has blood vessels that tell the body when it is hot or cold
 Hot – blood vessels get larger and sweating occurs
 Cold – blood vessels constrict to keep blood in the body’s core

Skin consists of three main layers
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous layer
epidermis – the upper layer of skin where nails grow and where melanin in located.
dermis - middle layer of skin that contains nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, oil glands
and hair follicles.
subcutaneous layer – acts as a fat storage to provide warmth and to absorb shock.
Body systems that work with the integumentary system;
respiratory system to get oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
circulatory system to deliver oxygen.
excretory system to eliminate waste.
The integumentary system is similar to the cell membrane in a cell.
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