Download Biological Diversity Lab #1 : Domains Eubacteria and Archaea and

Biological Diversity Lab #1 : Domains Eubacteria and Archaea and Protista
Refer to the AP Biology book, Helms Labs 22 and be sure to site other resources used complete this lab in your lab
journal. Be sure to go in order and to number each question in your journal. Hunting for answers will cost you points.
Microscope drawings must be neat, in colored pencil and labeled. Be brief and concise! In addition to hand drawn
specimens, feel free to take pictures with your camera and include alongside your hand drawn illustrations.
Why does the domain system work netter than the Kingdom system?
1.
What determines if an organism belongs to Domain Eubacteria, Archaea or Eukarya?
2. List and briefly describe at least 4 ways prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes.
3. What structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success?
4. Draw and describe the mechanism for motility utilized by bacteria.
5. Draw diagrams with brief discussions on at least 4 mechanisms that contribute to genetic diversity. Extra
credit for examples not found in the book. Cite your source!!
6. Explain the evolutionary significance of alpha proteobacteria. Include a diagram.
7. How do bacteria maintain concentration gradients? When would diffusion, osmosis and active transport be
used?
Part I:
Draw the 3 bacterial slides. These will look like periods at the end of a sentence under 400X. In your drawing label
the specimen name; type of morphology; gram + or -; single celled, chains or cluster arrangements.
http://www.desktopclass.com/education/fafsc/structure-of-bacteria-part-1-f-sc-biology-chapter-6.html
8. Strep throat is caused by streptococcal bacteria. What shape would you expect these bacteria to have?
9. How would you expect streptococcal bacteria to be arranged? Latin prefix:
10. Streptococcal bacteria are gram positive. Physicians use Gram Stain to identify specific bacteria. What
color would gram stained streptococcus be? Why? Would penicillin be an effective way to treat strep
throat?
11. Under what circumstances might a doctor prescribe a narrow spectrum antiobiotic? A broad spectrum
antibiotic?
12. Do antibiotics work against eubacteria and archaea? Why?
PartII: Draw a diagram of Rhizobium on the root nodules of legumes.
http://www.scoop.it/t/mpmi/p/926329177/pnas-legume-pectate-lyase-required-for-root-infection-by-rhizobia
13. Explain how this relationship is symbiotic. Observe the slide of Rhizobium.
14. Morphologically how would you classify this bacterium?
15. Describe the crucial role this bacterium plays in the biosphere.
Part III: Diversity and Structure of Cyanobacteria. Draw the specimens: Nostoc; Oscillatoria; Anabena
describing morphology, distinctive features. Remember structure – function, there is a reason for the diversity in
structures.
Nostoc
Oscillatoria
16. What are the basic cyanobacterial cell shapes? How are these individual cells combined to form colonies
and filaments?
17. What does the presence of specialized cell types like heterocysts and akinetes indicate about the
environment of these organisms?
18. Cyanobacteria grow prolifically in streams and lakes with low oxygen levels and high nutrient
concentrations. How might the presence or absence of cyanobacteria be used as an index of pollution in
lakes?
19. How can you determine, from your microscope observations, whether cyanobacteria are prokaryotes or
eukaryotes? Name three differences between prok vs euk.
20. Cyanobacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Explain whether you would expect them to be sensitive to
antibiotics or not.
21. Did any of the cyanobacteria you observed have chloroplasts? Chlorophyll?
22. Describe the evolutionary significance of cyanobacteria.
Part IV: Protozoans
g. 28-02-2
Fig. 28-03a
Parabasalids
Dinoflagellates
Red alga
Apicomplexan
s
Ciliates
Diatoms
Stramenopiles
Plastid
Golden algae
Brown algae
Oomycetes
Chlorarachniophytes
Euglenids
Forams
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Radiolarians
Green alga
Red algae
Green
algae
Chlorophytes
Charophyceans
Land plants
Archaeplastida
Chlorarachniophytes
Rhizaria
eterotrophic
ukaryote
Over the course
of evolution,
this membrane
was lost.
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Stramenopiles
Primary
endosymbiosis
Chromalveolata
Cyanobacterium
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Alveolate
s
Secondary
endosymbiosis
Euglenozoans
Excavata
Diplomonads
Plastid
Gymnamoebas
Entamoebas
Opisthokonts
Nucleariids
Fungi
Choanoflagellates
Animals
Unikonta
Amoebozoans
Slime molds
Draw the specimens: Amoeba and Paramecium describing morphology, distinctive features, mechanism of
locomotion, and method of reproduction.. Remember structure = function, there is a reason for the diversity in
structures. Describe how these organisms move.
Amoeba proteus
Paramecium
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk
(lunch)
23. Describe a protist flagellum and how it is different form a bacterial one.
24. Describe the life cycle of Trypanosoma gambiense and Plasmodium vivax.
Part V: Diversity and Structure of Algae. Draw the specimens: Euglena; diatoms, spirogyra; volvox focus or
laminaria. (Be familiar with Fucus, Laminaria, Ulva, Dinoflagellates)
Volvox
Spirogyra
Focus Laminaria : brown algae or kelp
Describing morphology, distinctive features. Remember structure = function, there is a reason for the diversity in
structures.
Post lab questions:
25. Which group of algae is thought to be the ancestor of land plants. List and briefly describe several
evolutionary trends that are obvious in this group of algae.
26. Are algae unicellular? Explain using evidence.