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University of Alaska Fairbanks OLLI Session II SCI-11 EXPLORATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1 Logistic Information ⦿ Emma Marcucci ● [email protected] ● UAF West Ridge Research Building 108F ● 907-474-7676 ⦿ PDFs of lectures at http://www.uaf.edu/olli/ classes-and-lectures/reference-materials-for-s/ ⦿ May 1 class in the UPark Gym ● Will be spent in the traveling planetarium 2 General Schedule ⦿ April 10th (Today) ● Birth and Anatomy of the Solar System ● Outer Solar System Planets ⦿ April 17th ● 4 Geological Processes ● Planetary Geology of the Inner Solar System ⦿ April 24th ● Other Planetary Objects ● Astorbiology ⦿ May 1st ● Planetarium Day 3 FORMATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 4 Let’s describe our solar system solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets 5 Inner Planets Inner Planets -Smaller -Hard surface -Small/few moons 6 Outer Planets Inner Planets -Smaller -Hard surface -Small/few moons Outer Planets -Large -Gaseous -Moons/Rings 7 Asteroid/Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud Outer Planets -Large -Gaseous -Moons/Rings Inner Planets -Smaller -Hard surface -Small/few moons Discrete areas of debris 8 Orderly Motion Outer Planets -Large -Gaseous -Moons/Rings Inner Planets -Smaller -Hard surface -Small/few moons Discrete areas of debris Orderly Motion Free Art License: WilyD 9 Orderly Motion Outer Planets -Large -Gaseous -Moons/Rings Inner Planets -Smaller -Hard surface -Small/few moons Discrete areas of debris Creative Commons: Tfr000 Exceptions: Earth’s big moon, Venus and Neptune’s rotation Orderly Motion 10 Solar System Summary Orderly Motion Inner Planets -Smaller -Hard surface -Small/few moons Outer Planets -Large -Gaseous -Moons/Rings Discrete areas of debris Exceptions: Earth’s big moon, Venus and Neptune’s rotation 11 What formation model describes these? ⦿ The Nebular Theory Step 1. Molecular Cloud to Solar Nebula ● Recycling ● Collapse trigger HST and SST images 12 What formation model describes these? Step 2. Solar Nebula Disk ● Heating ● Spinning ● Flattening 13 HST and SST images What formation model describes these? Step 3. Planetary Accretion ● Electrostatic then Gravitational Forces ● Two kinds of planets 14 What formation model describes these? Step 4. Debris Clearing ● Strong solar radiation and wind ● Orbits settled ● Slowed sun rotation 15 Explaining the Solar System Features Why do we have two kinds of planets? What happens to the leftover material? Are there outliers with this model/how do we explain the the exceptions? 16 Why do we have two kinds of planets? ⦿ ⦿ Temperature Starting Material From the Essential Cosmic Perspective, Bennett et al. 17 Why do we have two kinds of planets? ⦿ ⦿ Temperature Starting Material From the Essential Cosmic Perspective, Bennett et al. 18 Why do we have two kinds of planets? ⦿ ⦿ Temperature Starting Material From the Essential Cosmic Perspective, Bennett et al. 19 Explaining the Solar System Features Why do we have two kinds of planets? What happens to the leftover material? Are there outliers with this model/how do we explain the the exceptions? 20 What happens to the leftover material? ⦿ Asteroids 21 What happens to the leftover material? Asteroids Kuiper Belt ⦿ Oort Cloud ⦿ ⦿ 22 Explaining the Solar System Features Why do we have two kinds of planets? What happens to the leftover material? Are there outliers with this model/how do we explain the the exceptions? 23 Are there outliers with this model/how do we explain the the exceptions? ⦿ Heavy Bombardment 24 Are there outliers with this model/how do we explain the the exceptions? ⦿ Giant Impactor 25 Fate of the Solar System ⦿ Red Giant into a White Dwarf and Planetary Nebula 26 OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM PLANETS 27 How are these planets different from the inner solar system? 28 From the Essential Cosmic Perspective, Bennett et al. How are these planets different from the inner solar system? Radius=71,492 km Radius=60,268 km Radius=25,559 km Radius=24,764 km Universally larger and less dense than inner solar system because they form differently From the Essential Cosmic Perspective, Bennett et al. 29 How are these planets different from the inner solar system? Icy-rocky planetesimals become cores to attract gas Growth stops at the same time Layers come from phase changes 30 Why is Saturn less dense than Jupiter if they have the same composition? Radius=71,492 km Radius=60,268 km Radius=25,559 km Radius=24,764 km 31 Why is Saturn less dense than Jupiter if they have the same composition? Gravity affects the gas by compressing it From the Essential Cosmic Perspective, Bennett et al. 32 What causes the colors of the gas giants? 33 What causes the color of the gas giants? 34 From the Essential Cosmic Perspective, Bennett et al. What causes the color of the gas giants? Chemistry of the clouds 35 From the Essential Cosmic Perspective, Bennett et al. What causes the color of the gas giants? Methane chemistry of clouds From the Essential Cosmic Perspective, Bennett et al. 36 Are there aurora on other planets? https://www.nasa.gov/topics/shuttle_station/features/20110917-aurora.html 37 Are there aurora on other planets? Interaction of magnetosphere and charged particles Magnetosphere ingredients 1. Electrically conducting interior 2. Convection 3. Fast rotation 38 Are there aurora on other planets? Irregular fields at Uranus and Neptune 39 Is Pluto a planet??? 40 Is Pluto a planet??? Definition of a planet (IAU) 1. Orbit the Sun 2. Large enough to be a sphere 3. Clear it’s neighborhood Other considerations 1. Orbital Inclination 2. Barycenter 3. Size (largest of area) 4. Nuclear fission 41 A few details of current and future missions New Horizons 1. Launched in 2006, arrives this summer 2. Mission to outer reaches of solar system 42 A few details of current and future missions New Horizons Science 1. Alice-UV spectrometer for atmosphere 2. Ralph-MS visible camera for maps 3. REX-‘freebie’ radio science 4. LORRI-high resolution camera 5. SWAP-solar wind 6. PEPSSI-atmosphere escape 7. Student Dust Counter Submit names! http://www.ourpluto.org 43 A few details of current and future missions Juno 1. Launched 2011 2. Will orbit Jupiter July 2016 3. Studying the formation of Jupiter 4. 20 meter solar panel span 5. Radiation mitigation 44 A few details of current and future missions Cassini (Huygens) 1. Launched 1997, orbital insertion 2004, Huygens probe 2005 2. Enceladus plumes, dynamics of rings and moons, Titan 3. Extended mission 4. New season 45