Download A summary of the flow of genetic information in protein synthesis is

A summary of the flow of genetic information in protein synthesis is useful
as an overview:` Identify the indicated parts of the illustration on the next page by filling in the blanks with the names
of the appropriate structures or functions. Choose from the following: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, polypep
tide, rRNA subunits, intron, exon,
mature mRNA transcript, new mRNA transcript, anticodon, amino acids, ribosom
e-mRNA complex. Complete the exercise by matchirig`and entering-t -a letter-of-thedescription in the parenth
eses following each label.
•-=af
(ia-i) [pp236-237]
W
18.
19 r i = ctf 3) [gp.236-237]
(process)
20.
O
21. ETAn
(()
22.
M
- r°'f
23. -
[pp.236-237]
[pp.236-237]
[pp.236-237]
"'i T ^-L- j
_
fl (C„) [pp.236-237]
24. ["
() [pp.236-237]
25.
{) [pp.236 -237]
26. ~t
() [pp.236-2371
`
27 Z)M I
28. - N
i
O [pp 236-237]
(IF) [FF.236-237]
29. r
) [pp.236-237]
30.1 (
[pp.236-237]
A. Coding portion of mRNA that will translate into
proteins
B. Carries a modified form of the genetic code from DNA
in the nucleus to- the cytoplasm
C. Transports amino acids to the ribosome and mRNA
D. The building blocks of polypeptides
E. Noncoding portions of newly transcribed mRNA
F. tRNA after delivering its amino acid to the ribosome
mPLNA complex
G. Join when translation is initiated
H. Holds the genetic code for protein production
1. Place where translation occurs
J. DNA template creates new RNA transcript
K. A sequence of three bases that can pair with a specific
mRNA codon
L. Snipping out of introns, only exons remaining
M. May serve as a functional protein (enzyme) or a
structural protein
Complete the Table
-b. Three types of RNA are transcribed from DNA in the nucleus (from genes that code only for RNA)_ Complete the following table, which summarizes information about these molecules.
RNA Molecule
[p.228] a. Ribosomal RNA
Abbreviation
Descrip €ioiz/Functi m
-'t
[p.228] b. Messenger RNA
8 c. Transfer RNA
Short Answer
17. List three ways in which a molecule of RNA differs struc-tura]ly from a mo'ecule of DNA. [p.2?5j
18. Cite two similarities in DNA replication and transcription. [p ^2.^a
19. What are the three key ways in which transcription differs from DNA replication? [p.228]
Sequence
Arrange the steps of transcription in correct chronological sequence. Write the letter of the first step next to 20,
the letter of the second step next to 21, and so on.
20.4
A. The RNA strand grows along exposed bases until RNA polyrnerase meets a DNA base
sequence that signals "stop." [p.230]
B. RNA polymerase binds with the DNA promoter region to open up a local region of the DNA
double helix. [p.229]
22,
C. An RNA polymerase enzyme locates the DNA bases of the promoter region of one DNA
strand by recognizing DNA-associated proteins near a promoter. [p.229]
23.
D. RNA is released from the DNA template as a free, single -stranded transcript. [p.229]
24.
E. RNA polymerase moves stepwise along exposed nucleotides of one DNA strand; as it moves,
the DNA double helix keeps unwinding. [p.229]
p.228]
uracil
Fill-in-the-Blanks
The pattern of which base follows the next in a strand of DNA is referred to as the base (1)
tt
[p.225]. A region of DNA that calls for the assembly of specific amino acids into a polypeptide chain is a(n)
(2)
L, C
[p.225]. The two steps from genes to proteins are called (3)
(4)A-t [p225]. In (5)
[p.225] and
[p.225], single-stranded molecules of RNA are assembled on DNA
templates in the nucleus. In (6)
`(2
[p.2251, the RNA molecules are shipped from the nucleus into
the cytoplasm, where they are used as templates for assembling (7)
[p.225] chains. Following
translation, one or more chains become (8):,C [p.225] into the three-dimensional shape of protein
.
molecules. Proteins have (9)
p.225]- and (10)x'
[p.225] roles in cells, including control
of DNA. Garrod hypothesized that an enzyme that operated at the next step of a (1
pathway was (12)
[p.226] and could explain why
accumulating in excess amounts in the body flu- is
mold, Beadle and Tatum founder
(14)
of a particular substance were
a fected individuals. Experimenting with red bread
ach inherited (13)
[p.226] corresponded to a defective
A more precise hypothesis regarding the relationship of genes with proteins
emerged from Ingram's work with hemoglobin: the amino acids of polypeptide chains-the structural units
of proteins-are encoded in (15)
[p.227].
Boldfaced, Page-Referenced Terms
[p.230] codons
Completion
10. Given the following DNA sequence, deduce the compo ition of tiie .RNA transcript: [p.230]
TAC AAG ATA ACA TTA TTT CCT ACC GTC ATC
lL_?_ C
(mRNA transcript)
11. Deduce the composition of the tRNA anticodons that would pair with the specific mRcNA-codons;-frcni
question 10, as these tRNAs deliver the amino acids (identified below) to the P and A binding sites of the
small ribosomal subunit. [p.2301
(tRNA anticodons)
12. From the naRNA transcript in question 10, use Figure 14.11 of the text to deduce the composition of the
amino acids of the polypeptide sequence. [p.2301
(amino acids)
Fill-in-the-Blanks
The order of (13) c tYuf
[p.230] in a protein is specified by a sequence of nucleotide bases.
i r ;''
The genetic code is read in units of (14)
(15)
a
3
[p.2301 nucleotides; each unit of three codes for
[p.230] amino acid(s). In the table that showed which triplet specified a particular amino
acid, the triplet code was incorporated in (16)
to as a(n) (17) C
[p.230]. (18) tYY1
012
[p.230] molecules. Each of these triplets is referred
[p.230] alone carries the instructions for assembling a
particular sequence of amino acids from the DNA to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where (19)
[p.231] of the polypeptide occurs. (20)
brings its particular (21))ptl^'>
into the growing (22) '`;
[pp.230-231] RNA acts as a shuttle molecule as each type
'i
[pp.230-231] to the ribosome where it is to be incorporated
" \ ' l [p.231]. A(n) (23) C ^ [p.230] is a triplet on mRNA that forms
hydrogen bonds with a(n) (24)ai'1^} -C [p.2301, which is a triplet on tRNA. During the stage of
translation called (25) V('
transcript
p.232], a particular tRNA that can start transcription and an mRNA
are both loaded onto a ribosome. In the (26)€0'
[p.232] stage of translation, a polypeptide
chain is assembled as the mRNA passes between two ribosomal subunits, like a thread being moved
i
through the eye of a needle. During the last stage of translation, (27)
[p.232], a STOP codon in
the mRNA moves onto the platform, and no tRNA has a corresponding anticodon. Now proteins called
(28)(\x
[p.232] factors bind to the ribosome. They trigger (29) L t
detaches the mRNA and the chain from the ribosome.
[p .232] activity that
t3
Labeling
molecule resulting from the replition refers to the fact that each new DNA
replica
vative
onser
se,nic
term
The
1.
ired in the
ing illustration, complete the replication requ
cation process is "half old, half new." In the follow
. Recall that
letters representing the missing nucleotide bases
middle of the molecule by adding the required
ss. [p.220]
proce
this
lete
comp
to
order
actually required in
ATP energy and the appropriate enzymes are
--A
C1._ -C
-T
C -G
T- r
G- C
A- --Ccc
old new
G
new old
True-Fr Ise
of the under. LF false, & r - in why Gy changing one or more
if a statement below is true, write T in the blank
lined words.
,_t } is an example of complem m ::; ase nay
2. The hydrogen bonding of adenine to g
-i^tl'
[p.22r]
F S fl ^4
t`
cule is
a con -'T•vative process because each new mole
'_.._____3. The replication of DNA is considered
really half new and half old. [pp.220-2 21;
replication, and a new companion strand is
4. Each parent strand remains ir_tact duri np
01
assembled on each of those parent stran'is. f,)-22
es on a parent strand. [p.221]
5. DNA hga govern the assembly of nuc!zotid
enzymes also en ;age in DNA replication.
6. DNA polymerases, DNA ligases, and other
[p.221]
s
Bol aced, Page-Referenced Term
[p.254]
ne therapy
[p256] _' restrictionxen
fl2L A
C
IUiA 'at-
l t`
_
Fill-in-the-Blanks
A bacterio
age is a kind of (2)
the (2) take over e
[p.216] that can infect (3)
h of the host cell's metabolic processes tc make substances that are necessary to
construct new (4)
.2161. Some of these substances are (5)
with a radioisotope of sulfur, S.
[p.217] that can be labeled
enetic material of the bacteriophage used in the experiments by
Hershey and Chase was labeled with the radl '
W,%Then (7)
[p-2161 cells. Enzymes from
tope of phosphorus known as (6)
[p.2171 particles were allowed to
ct Escherichia coli cells, the (S)
radioisotope remained outside the bacterial cells; the (9)
[p.217] injected into the
strong evidence that (11)
[p.2171.
[p.2171
217] became part of the (10),
cterial cells. Through many en
expz t s, researchers accuumulatc,
[p.2171, not (12)
[p.217], serves as me, molecule of
inheritance in all livinz cells.
3.2. DNA STRUCTURE z:,p.21 2191
3.3. Focus on Bioethics: ROSALIND'S STORY [p 220]
Selected Words: E. Chargaff [p_2181, R. Franklin and M. Wilkins [p.218], DNA double helix [p.219], x-ray
crys tall ography [p.220]
Boldfaced, Page-Referenced Terris
[p.218] nucleotide
[p.218] adenine, A
[p.218] guanine, C1
p
[p.218] thymi.ne, T
[p.218] cytosine, C __ 14 Nm1
coon images
Short Answer
1. List the three parts of a nucleotide. [p.218]{`,
beling
Four nucleotides are illustrat-o
base correctly as guanine, thy
e from text p.218.] In the blank, label each nitrogen-containing
e, or adenine. In the parentheses following each blank, indicate
or a pyrimidine (py). (See next section for definitions.)
Labeling and Matching
Identify each indicated part of the following DNA illustration.
Choose from ese answers: phosphate group, double-ring nitro2en base, sin,, -ring nitrogen base, nucleotide, and deoxyribose. Complete e exercise by matching and entering the
letter of the proper stru
re description in the parentheses following each label.
The following memory de 'ces
be helpful: use pyrCUT
to remember that the single-ring •acleotides (pi rimidines) are
cytosine, uracil (in RNA), and thyrru . Use purr G to remember
that the double -ring nucleotides (purin ) are adenine and guani: -e; to help recall the number of hydreg a bonds betw een the
DNA bases, remember that AT = 2 and CC 6. 3' 1(( )
[p.2191
7.f( ) [p-2191
S.
-ring nitrogen base ( ) [p2191
9.
-ring nitrogen base ( ) [p.219 I
10.
-ring nitrogen base ( ) [p_219 It
11.
-ring nitrogen base
) [p.21
A. The single ring nitrogen base is thyme, by'cau. it has
two hydrogen bonds.
B. A five-carbon sugar joined to two pi
ihate groups in
the upright portion of the DNA lad
C. The double-ring nitrogen base is
nine, because it has three hydrogen bonds.
D. The single-ring nitrogen base
ine, because it has three hydrogen bonds.
F. The double-ring nitrogen ba
adenine, because it has two hydrogen bonds.
Composed of three small
olecules: a phosphate group, five-carbon deoxyribose sugar;
nitrogenous base (in thi
se, a single-ring nitrogen base).
G. A chemical group tha
ins two sugars in the upright portion of the DNA ladder.
Ma tching
Choose the most appropriate answer for each
1.
codon [p.230]
three bases at a time [p.230]
sixty-one [p.230]
the genetic code [p.230]
5. ^c molecular "hook" [p.230]
6.
Composed of two subunits, the small subunit with P and A
amino acid binding sites as well as a binding site for mRNA
B. Reading frame of the nucleotide bases in mRNFA
C. on tRNA, an attachment site for an amino acid
D_ UAA, UAG, UGA
vith a specific
E. A sequence of three nucleotide bases, that can p
m^vti A codon
F. Name for each base triplet in mRNNA
G. The number of codons that actually specify amino acids
H. Term for how the nucleotide sequences of DNA and then mRNA
correspond to the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide c' .aim
A.
ribosome [p.231]
anticodon [p.230]
"stop" codons [p.230]
Completion :-
25. Suppose the following line represents the DNA strand that will act as a template for the production of
the sequence of
.RNA through the process of transcription. Fill in the blanks below the DNA strand with
ribosome in the
the
to
mRNA
by
DNA
from
carried
message
complementary bases that will represent the
_. cytoplasm [see text Figure 14.8 on pp.228-2291.
)PDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDPDP
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A
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A
G
A
A
C
T A
v W^I
U AwNtIOA (lei Rua 6C
u 1 0 C)
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T
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T
T
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T
T
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T T T T T T T
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a
HdHdHdadadHdHdHdadHdddUdadadudHdHdHdadHdUdtidHarldUdFidbdadad
(transcribed single-strand mRNA)
Boldfaced, Page- .Referenced Terms
[p.225] base sequence
[p.225] transcription
[p.225] translation
-^
nuj
-
t
UJ-CIf--IUj
__L
E
4C\
U
k
[p.225] ribonucleic acid, RNA
[p. 26] gel electrophor
it