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Circulatory System Test Review KEY
Vocabulary:
Levels of Organization
- Tissues (ex. muscle, nerve, epithelial (skin), connective (bone and
blood), etc.): Cells with the same structure and function grouped
together form tissues.
o Muscle Tissue: Responsible for moving parts of the body.
o Epithelial Tissue: Responsible for protecting the outside of the body
and covering internal structures and organs.
o Connective Tissue: Connects and supports different parts of the
body; solid (bone) or fluid (blood).
o Nerve Tissue: Carries signals between your brain, the rest of your
body, and the outside world.
- Organs (ex. stomach, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, etc.): Tissues with
the same structure and function grouped together form organs.
- Organ Systems (ex. circulatory, respiratory, digestive, immune, etc.):
Organs work together to form organ systems that perform different
jobs that allow the body to function as a whole, and allow us to live.
- Organism: A living being with many different organ systems that
work together to allow it to function properly.
Circulatory System
- Heart: A hollow organ made mostly of cardiac muscle that sits in the
middle of your chest cavity, and pumps to circulate blood
throughout your body.
- Atria (Collection Chambers): The two chambers found at the top of
the heart that collect blood from the body (right) and from the lungs
(left).
- Ventricles (Pumping Chambers): The two chambers found at the
bottom of the heart that are responsible for pumping blood to the
lungs (right) and to the body (left).
- Aorta: The largest artery in your body. It transports oxygenated
blood directly from your Left Ventricle to your entire body.
- Superior/Inferior Vena Cava: The two veins that transport
deoxygenated blood from your upper (Superior) and lower (Inferior)
body back to your heart.
- Pulmonary Arteries/Veins: Pulmonary Arteries transport
deoxygenated blood from your Right Ventricle to the lungs to pick
up oxygen. Once the blood has been re-oxygenated, it is
transported back to the heart into the Left Atrium via the Pulmonary
Veins.
- Septum: The large muscular wall that separates the right and left
sides of the heart.
- Valves (Tricuspid, Mitral, Aortic, Pulmonic): One-way valves that
exist between the atria and ventricles, or between the ventricles
and exiting arteries, that prevent the backflow of blood.
- Blood Vessels (Veins, Arteries, Capillaries):
o Veins are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. They
carry oxygen poor blood, except for the pulmonary veins.
o Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
They carry oxygen rich blood, except for the pulmonary arteries.
o Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that form net-like
structures around other tissues in our body. This is the site where
the exchange of materials with cells (through the process of
diffusion) takes place.
- Contracting (squeezing) vs. Relaxing: Squeezing of the atria is the
“lub” of our heartbeat, and squeezing of the ventricles is the “dub”
of our heartbeat. When atria are contracting, ventricles are relaxing
and vice versa.
- Heartbeat and Stethoscope: Heartbeat is the pumping of our heart
muscle to push blood throughout our body. This can be heard by
using a tool called a stethoscope, with two ear buds and a flat,
metal piece that lies flat on your chest to amplify the sound. The
pulse is what you feel over an artery as the pressure inside increases
following each heartbeat.
- Blood Pressure and Sphygmomanometer: Blood pressure is a
measure of the force of blood pushing against the walls of the
arteries. It is measured using a tool called a sphygmomanometer in
a unit called millimetres of mercury (mm Hg). Normal adult blood
pressure is around 120/80 mm Hg.
- Blood Components (Plasma, White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells,
Platelets):
o Plasma is the fluid part of the blood that contains water, dissolved
nutrients, sugars, and proteins. Floating in the plasma are red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. About 55% of your
blood is plasma.
o Red blood cells are made of a protein called hemoglobin, which
is made of iron. This protein does two things: it provides the red
pigment of the blood cell, and it grabs onto and carries the
oxygen molecules delivered by your blood. About 40-45% of
your blood is made of red blood cells.
o White blood cells exist in your circulatory system, but are truly
part of your immune system. They are our natural defense
system, fighting (and sometimes engulfing i.e. eating) any viral or
bacterial invaders. White blood cells make up less than 1% of
your blood, but the numbers fluctuate (go up and down)
depending on whether you are sick or healthy.
o Platelets are particles that prevent blood loss. When you cut or
scrape your skin, platelets clump together in the damaged area
and form a “plug”. Platelets also make up less than 1% of your
blood.
- Blood Types: Depending on antigens (proteins) present on the
surface of your blood cells, you will be classified into one of the four
blood groups (AB, A, B, and O). If you have the Rh protein, you are a
positive blood type (AB+, A+, B+, O+). If you don’t have the Rh
protein, you are a negative blood type (AB-, A-, B-, O-).
- Blood Transfusion and Coagulation: Blood transfusion is the process
of receiving blood or blood products into one’s circulatory system
through IV. Incompatible (non-matching) blood types CANNOT MIX
due to coagulation (clumping of blood)!!!
Concepts to Know and Understand:
- Levels of Organization:
cell à tissue à organ à organ system à organism
Ex. Cardiac Muscle Cell à Cardiac Muscle Tissue à Heart à
Circulatory System à Human
- Pathway of blood through the heart. *See Worksheet: The Pathway
of Blood Through the Heart KEY
- Characteristics of the heart muscle: Which side is bigger/thicker?
Which side is smaller? The left side of the heart is much thicker and
stronger than the right side of the heart. Why is that? The left side
must pump fresh, oxygenated blood to the entire body, which is a
far distance for the blood to go. Thus, the heart muscle must work
hard and gets stronger as a result. The right side of the heart pumps
deoxygenated blood to the lungs, which is not quite as far, so that
side of the heart does not get worked as hard.
- Characteristics of different blood vessels (ex. arteries, veins,
capillaries – what do they look like? How does their form follow their
function? How do their characteristics help their jobs in the
circulatory system?) *See above definitions of arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
o Arteries are made of several layers of tissue, and are very thick
and elastic. This is because they must withstand a LOT of pressure
– they are the blood vessels that pump blood out to the body!
o Veins are made of several layers of tissue as well, but are not as
thick or elastic. In fact, they have much thinner walls because
they do not receive high-pressure blood directly from the heart.
They do, however, have valves in order to prevent blood from
flowing backwards as it is being transported back to the heart.
o Capillaries are incredibly thin, one-cell-wall thick blood vessels
that are only large enough to let one red blood cell pass through
at a time in single file. They are so thin because they are site of
gas exchange – this is where oxygen and carbon dioxide are
transported via diffusion.
- What is blood pressure? What is it measured with? *See above
definitions.
- What is heart rate? What is it measured with? *See above definitions.
- What are the components of blood? What role does each of these
components play, what is their important job? How much of each
component exists in the blood (percentage)? *See above
definitions.
-
What are the four different blood types? *See above definitions.
Who is the universal donor? (O-)
Who is the universal recipient? (AB+)
-
What is a blood transfusion? Why can’t blood types mix? *See
above definitions.