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UNIT 8 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM SUBOBJECTIVES 8.1 I can compare and contrast the function of the endocrine system with the nervous system 8.2 I can explain how steroid and nonsteroid hormones act on target cells 8.3 I can describe the 3 ways endocrine glands are regulated via negative feedback inhibition 8.4 I can explain how the hypothalamus regulates the pituitary gland and name the hormones the pituitary gland produces 8.5 I can state the actions of the hormones of the pituitary gland 8.6 I can describe the function of the thyroid gland and explain the effects of a malfunctioning thyroid gland 8.7 I can describe how the thyroid and parathyroid glands regulate blood calcium homeostasis 8.8 I can name and describe the functions of the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla 8.9 I can name and describe the functions of the hormones of the adrenal cortex 8.10 I can describe the structure of the pancreas 8.11 I can explain how blood glucose homeostasis is maintained 8.12 I can describe the symptoms, causes, and treatment of diabetes Evolution Connection 8.13 I can explain how pheromones are used to communicate Linking lust to cranial nerve and humans' sense of smell May 15, 2007|By Carmen Russell, Columbia News Service NEW YORK — Ted James and Lysa Grant hit it off immediately when they met at a study group for a psychology class. The two students at New York University knew something was special, and four years later they are now engaged. James, 24, vividly remembers the first thing he noticed about Grant. "I just loved her smile," he said. For Grant, the connection was more cerebral. "I could see he was really smart," she said. "That was a turn-on." But says R. Douglas Fields, neither intelligence nor charm had much to do with their mutual attraction. Rather, a little-known cranial nerve brought them together, he believes. Few neuroscientists are even aware that this "nerve zero" exists, but Fields, an adjunct professor of neuroscience at the University of Maryland, believes it may be the key to lust. His theory is that nerve zero transmits sex pheromones to the brain. Pheromones are chemicals that one member of a species emits that trigger an innate behavioral response in another member of the same species. They are generally detected by the sense of smell. The notion that smell is important to the sexual drive of animals is well-established, but nerve zero may be the "missing link" that confirms human beings rely on pheromones, Fields said. Data exists "Human behaviors are much more complex than other animals', but there are several studies showing that the sense of smell does affect sexual behavior in people," Fields said. "And here is a nerve that connects the nose to the part of the brain involved in sexual reproduction, which helps prove it." Pheromones were discovered in insects in 1959, and later studies suggested that they also induced sexual reactions in people. In 1995, for example, Claus Wedekind, a researcher at the University of Bern in Switzerland, asked a group of women to smell Tshirts worn by men they did not know. The women preferred the smell of men who had different immune systems from their own, which would enhance the likelihood that they would have healthy children. Such theories are controversial in part because they lack hard scientific evidence. Besides the debate over whether sex pheromones even exist, few people in the field know about nerve zero, which was discovered in the human brain in 1913, well after the other 12 cranial nerves. Researchers called it nerve zero rather than rename the others. Being so thin, this obscure nerve usually is overlooked in medical research as it is often stripped away when the brain is exposed for dissection. For this reason, nerve zero doesn't appear in most neuroscience textbooks or medical brain maps. For those who know about nerve zero, its function has long been debated. Some scientists believe that it is a branch of the olfactory nerves or that it has lost its purpose over time, much like the appendix. For that reason, the jury is still out on Fields' theory, said Michael Meredith, co-director of the neuroscience program at Florida State University. "I don't know that there is good evidence of that," he said. "There are a lot of if's, and's and but's. It's prevalent in all vertebrates, which suggests that it does have a function, but we don't know that it has an adult function." A conduit But Fields insists evidence is stacking up that the sense of smell affects one's choice of sexual partner and that nerve zero is the conduit. He points to a 1987 study on hamsters by Celeste Wirsig, then a postdoctoral fellow at Baylor University. The rodents failed to mate after their nerve zeros were severed. Because the nerve systems of hamsters and humans are similar, it stands to reason, Fields said, that nerve zero has the same purpose. Fields has supporters, among them James Kohl, co-author of "The Scent of Eros," a book on pheromones. "He's right on," Kohl said. "We have known there is some physical link, but [nerve zero] really helps to define it. Maybe a lot of neuroscientists don't know about it, but people who study the olfactory system and pheromones see that and say that's really important." The thought that they might be together because they "smell right" makes James and Grant a little uncomfortable, although they accept that it's possible. Even if scent is what got them started, James believes love is much more complicated than a pleasing aroma. "She's my soul mate," he said about his fiance. "No whiff of sweat is going to make me feel the way I feel about her." READINGS 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 468-first paragraph of 470 472-Figure 13.7 on page 476 Control of Hormonal Secretions on page 477-Figure 13.13 on page 480 Table 13.6 on page 485 (Hormones and Actions only) 485-Clinical Application (Diabetes Mellitus) on page 499 MORPHEMES http://quizlet.com/_et856 1) 2) 3) Cortbark, rind –crin to secrete Diuretto pass urine 4) Endowithin 5) Exooutside 6) Hormimpetus, impulse 7) Hyperabove 8) Hypobelow 9) LactMilk 10) Medmiddle 11) Parabeside 12) Tocbirth 13) –tropic influencing 14) VasVessel STRUCTURES TO MEMORIZE http://quizlet.com/_ju729 Figure 13.3 on page 469 all structures except pineal gland Figure 13.7 on page 476 all structures Figure 13.24 on page 489 all structures Figure 13.5 on page 473 all structures Figure 13.12 on page 480 anterior lobe of pituitary gland, posterior lobe of pituitary gland, and hypothalamus Figure 13.28 on page 491 adrenal gland, kidney, adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla Figure 13.34 on page 497 all structures OTHER VOCABULARY http://quizlet.com/_ju7hp 8.1 1) Endocrine gland a gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood stream 2) Hormone a molecule produced by cells, endocrine glands, and tissues that regulates body systems through cellular change 3) Interstitial fluid fluid that fills the spaces between cells and tissues 4) Target cell a cell with a receptor molecule that binds to a particular hormone 5) Exocrine gland 6) a gland that releases its product through a duct onto a surface or into a cavity Receptor molecule 7) Neurotransmitter a chemical signal used to transmit a signal from one neuron to another across the synaptic cleft 8) Glycoprotein a protein with a short chain of carbohydrates often involved in cell signaling and recognition 9) Metabolism all of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell (both anabolic and catabolic) 10) Electrolyte a compound that forms ions in water 8.2 11) Binding site the portion of a molecule that docks with molecules that include chemical messengers 12) Steroid hormone a lipid based hormone that typically causes cellular change by turning genes on 13) Soluble a property of a chemical that allows it to dissolve in a solvent forming a solution 14) Lipid a diverse group of molecules with diverse functions characterized by being insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes, sterols, and the fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) 15) Hormone-receptor complex a hormone bound to a target molecule 16) Gene a portion of a DNA molecule that is a code for 17) mRNA a copy of the information for making a protein from a gene. It is "read" by ribosomes. 18) Cytoplasm everything within the cell except for the nucleus 19) Enzyme a protein catalyst that speeds up reactions 20) G protein a class of peripheral proteins involved in signal transduction that activate other molecules by phosphorylating them 21) Adenylate cyclase the enzyme that removes 2 phosphate molecules from ATP forming cAMP, which is a secondary messenger that directs a cellular 22) Cyclic AMP (cAMP) a secondary messenger activated by adenylate cyclase in response to chemical signals 23) Protein kinase a class of enzymes that modify the function of substrates by phosphorylating them 24) Phosphodiesterase a class of enzymes that break a type of bond found in the secondary messenger cAMP, which deactivates the molecule 8.3 25) Negative feedback a mechanism for maintaining homeostasis were the product inhibits its own production 26) Hypothalamus an organ of the brain with many functions including regulation of body temperature, thirst, hunger, and the pituitary gland 27) Tropic hormone a hormone that regulates the hormone production of another endocrine gland 8.4 28) Anterior pituitary the lobe of the pituitary gland that produces adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and others 29) Posterior pituitary the lobe of the pituitary gland that regulates blood volume and social attachment by producing antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin 30) Growth hormone (GH) a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that has a variety of functions including muscle, and organ development 31) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) a hormone of the anterior pituitary that regulates the hormones thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin production 32) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that primarily causes the adrenal glands to produce corticosteroids 33) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that causes the maturation of eggs in females and the development of sperm in males. It also helps regulate maturation and reproductive processes. 34) Luteinizing hormone (LH) a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that causes ovulation in females and production of testosterone in males. It works synergistically with FSH to produce secondary sexual characteristics. 35) Prolactin (PRL) a nonsteriod hormone of the anterior pituitary with many functions including immune system regulation and milk production 36) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) A hormone produced by the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary. It causes water retention and constricts 37) Oxytocin (OT) a nonsteroid hormone produced by the posterior pituitary that cause uterine contraction and milk secretion in women. It causes social attachment and trust in both males and females. 8.6 38) Thyroid gland a gland that regulates metabolism by secreting thyroxin and triiodothyronine, and blood calcium by secreting calcitonin 39) Thyroxine a hormone that regulates metabolism, increases body temperature, and increases long bone growth synergistically with growth hormone 40) Triiodothyrodine a hormone that regulates metabolism, increases body temperature, and increases, and increases long bone growth synergistically with growth 41) Calcitonin a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclast activity and increasing retention of calcium by the kidneys 42) Basal metabolic rate the amount of energy required for an organism at rest 43) Osteoclast a cell that increases blood calcium by breaking down bone 8.7 44) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) the nonsteroid hormone produced by the parathyroid that causes osteoclasts to reabsorb bone thus increasing blood calcium levels 45) Osteoblast a cell that produces osteocytes causing bone growth 46) Vitamin D a fat soluble vitamin derived from cholesterol that is necessary for calcium absorption 8.8 47) Adrenal medulla The interior of the _____ gland that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine 48) Epinephrine a neurotransmitter and nonsteroid hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that regulates heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and metabolic shifts. It is released during times of acute stress (fight or flight response). 49) Norepinephrine a neurotransmitter and nonsteroid hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that is necessary for concentration and is involved in the fight or flight response 8.9 50) Adrenal cortex the portion of an endocrine gland that produces the hormones aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens 51) Corticosteroid a class of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal glands that regulate stress, the immune system, inflammation, and metabolism 52) Aldosterone a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that regulates blood pressure primarily by causing the retention of ions and therefore water by osmosis 53) Cortisol a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stress and low blood glucose levels that increases glucose formation, suppresses the immune system, and decreases 54) Adrenal androgens masculinizing hormones such as testosterone produced by the adrenal glands 8.10 55) Pancreas an organ with both endocrine and exocrine functions. It regulates blood glucose levels by producing the nonsteroid hormones insulin and glucagon, and it secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine that break down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and chyme 56) Islets of Langerhans the hormone secreting cells of the pancreas 57) Alpha cells glucagon producing cells of the pancreas 58) Glucagon a hormone produced by alpha cells of the pancreas that causes an increase in blood glucose levels 59) Beta cells cells of the pancreas that produce insulin 60) Insulin a hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas that decreases blood glucose levels 8.11 61) Glycogen A polymer of glucose molecules used by animals to store excess glucose in the liver and muscle cells 62) Hypoglycemia unusually low blood glucose levels 63) Hyperglycemia unusually high blood glucose 8.12 64) Type I diabetes inability to regulate blood glucose levels because of a deficiency in insulin production 65) Adipose cell a cell specialized for the storage of fat 66) Metabolic acidosis over production of acids or failure of the kidneys to remove acids from the blood. One of the effects of type I diabetes. Insulin prevents the breakdown of lipids and amino acids. The result of lipid and amino acid break down is ketoacids. 67) Type II diabetes inability to regulate blood glucose levels because of failure of cells to respond to insulin