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Unit 3B: The Brain The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined Introduction Lesion tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue. Recording the Brain’s Electrical Activity Electroencephalogram (EEG) Amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface. Measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. CT (Computed Tomography) scan Series of X-ray photographs Taken from different angles Combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. CAT scan http://video.about.com/orthopedics/CAT-Scans.htm PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan Visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computergenerated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy. fMRI (Functional MRI) Technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function. Brain Module 8: The Brain 4 Lower-Level Brain Structures: #1: Brainstem Oldest part of the brain Shared in common w/ other mammals Earliest parts to evolve Spinal cord and brain meet Automatic survival functions Medulla Base of brainstem Controls life-supporting functions Heartbeat, breathing Damage = Death Reticular Formation Nerve network up and down spinal cord to the thalamus. Controls level of alertness; arousal Damage = Coma Cat #2: Thalamus Sits atop the brainstem Brain’s sensory switchboard Receives information from all senses except smell passes them to higher brain regions #3: Cerebellum “Little brain” Controls balance, muscle coordination and memories on how to use your body. Walking Playing guitar Damage = Loss of fine coordination skills; jerky movements Alcohol… #4: Limbic System Doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives. Amygdala Controls emotional responses such as fear, aggression, rage, anger. Hypothalamus Regulates hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual behavior and the fight or flight reaction to stress. Hippocampus Processes new memories for permanent storage. Damaged: Amnesia The Amazing Human Brain!!! Film Time…. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/in dex.cfm?guidAssetId=9BE0695B-36654189-84C8-A747E4E5FE8C The Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Control and information processing center Contains 30 billion nerve cells Divided into 4 lobes 85% of brains weight Brain weighs 2.5-3.5 lbs. Longitudinal, Central, Lateral Fissures Divides brain into hemispheres Called lobes Structure of the Cortex Glial 4 cells (“glue cells”) cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. Lobes Frontal Lobes Making plans and judgments Speaking and muscle movements Parietal Lobes Processing and mathematical reasoning Receives sensory input for touch and body position Occipital Lobe Interprets visual information Located in the back of the head Temporal Lobes Auditory areas Receiving information primarily from the opposite ear. Functions of the Cortex Motor Functions Motor Cortex Rear of frontal lobes Controls voluntary movements Mapping the Motor Cortex Functions of the Cortex Sensory Functions Sensory Cortex front of the parietal lobes registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. Functions of the Cortex Functions of the Cortex Association Areas Association areas Frontal lobes • Phineas Gage Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Association area areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. Phineas Gage Film Time…. http://www.pbs.or g/saf/1302/video/ watchonline.htm Language Aphasia impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding). Broca’s Area Left frontal lobe Expressive language; muscle movement Damaged = form ideas but not express them as speech Ex. A stroke Wernicke’s Area Left temporal lobe Controls receptive language; our ability to understand what someone else says Language Language Language Language Language Language Brain Plasticity Plasticity The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions Greatest in childhood Important if parts of the brain are damaged or destroyed Module 8: The Brain Hemispheric Differences: Language and Spatial Abilities Right Hemisphere Spatial abilities Connections between words Perceive, organize, distance Left Hemisphere Language functions 2 important parts of left brain: Broca’s area Wernicke’s area Splitting the Brain Vogel and Bogen Corpus-callosum • large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them Split Brain a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers. Cut to prevent seizures Half the Brain… Film Time…. http://www.pbs.org/saf/1302/video/watc honline.htm 5. The Divided Brain Right-Left Brain Differences Left/Right Hemisphere Specialization LEFT Analytic thought Logic Facial recognition Emotional processing Holistic thought Conclusions based upon a logical or consecutive order Language Step by step process RIGHT Using words to name/describe/define Math & Science Number use, awareness of time, symbols, facts & linear reasoning Intuition Insight based upon “hunches” Creativity Seeing “big” picture before understanding details Demonstrative with minimal word use, understanding relationships Art & Music Putting pieces together to form “wholes” The Brain and Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves and our environment. Evolutionary Psychologists Consider consequences Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive neuroscience the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory and language). Relating brain states with conscious experiences. Dual Processing The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks. Conscious left brain Intuitive right brain Conscious Unconscious The End The Brain’s Right Hemisphere Spatial abilities; connections between words To perceive or organize things in a given space, judge distance, understand geometric objects, etc. Helps in making connections between words Motor Cortex Area at the rear of the frontal lobes Controls voluntary movement Different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body. The motor cortex in the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and visa versa. Somatosensory Cortex Located in the front of the parietal lobes Registers and processes body senses Soma is Greek for “body.” Brainstem and Thalamus The Frontal Lobe Play “The Frontal Lobes: Cognition and Awareness” (9:05) Segment #7 from The Mind: Psychology Teaching Modules (2nd edition). Brain Structures – Cerebral Cortex Insert “Brain Structures” Video #2c from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. Brain Structures – Cerebral Cortex Insert “Brain Structures” Video #2d from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the “Readme” file on the CD-ROM. Brain Structures – Cerebral Cortex Insert “Brain Structures” Video #2e from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. Brain Structures – Cerebral Cortex Insert “Brain Structures” Video #2f from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. Split Brain Patient Play “The Divided Brain” (6:46) Module #5 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition). Language and the Brain Play “Language Centers in the Brain” (3:39) Segment #16 from Psychology: The Human Experience. Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas Play “Language and Speech: Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas” (7:44) Module #6 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition). Brain Specialization Insert “Brain Imaging” Video #2b from Worth’s Digital Media Archive for Psychology. Instructions for importing the video file can be found in the ‘Readme’ file on the CD-ROM. Brain Plasticity If desired, play “A Case Study of Brain Damage” (5:18) Segment #4 from Psychology: The Human Experience. This clip provides an introduction for segment #5 on Brain Plasticity. Play “Brain Plasticity” (6:21) Segment #5 from Psychology: The Human Experience. Brain Plasticity Play “Brain Anomaly and Plasticity: Hydrocephalus” (7:02) Module #7 from The Brain: Teaching Modules (2nd edition). Corpus Callosum Tand of neural fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres and carries messages between them Is sometimes cut to prevent seizures Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex